Antibodies and vaccination — Paper 1 · A Level Biology 9700

35 Which description is correct for B-lymphocytes? made from bone processed in release marrow stem cells the thymus antibodies Jv Jv Jv 0 Oo WwW > v v x v x v x x v

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2004

36 An antiserum to a snake toxin can be obtained by injecting the toxin into a horse. The antiserum is made from plasma taken from the horse a few weeks later. The antiserum is used to treat a person who has been bitten by the same species of snake. What does the person’s treatment bring about? A artificial active immunity B artificial passive immunity C natural active immunity D natural passive immunity

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2004

37 The diagram shows different elements concerned with the immune response in humans. 4 1 3 2 What are the parts numbered 1 to 4? 1 2 3 4 A lymphocyte antigen pathogen phagocyte B phagocyte antibody pathogen lymphocyte C phagocyte antibody lymphocyte pathogen D pathogen antigen lymphocyte phagocyte

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2004

36 The diagram shows part of the immune response. cell Q pathogen with chemical P cell R with protein on on surface surface to fit P multiplication What are P, Q and R? P Q R A antibody phagocyte T helper cell B antigen T helper cell B-lymphocyte C antibody T helper cell phagocyte D antigen B-lymphocyte T helper cell

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2006

37 New-born babies have natural passive immunity. Why is this only temporary? A No memory cells are produced in the baby. B The antibodies are insufficient in number. C The antibodies only act in the mother. D The immunity is not inherited.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2006

37 The numbers on the diagram refer to different types of immunity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 by antibodies following injection reaction in the reaction following passing through of antibodies body to infection vaccination placenta in serum Which term is correct for each of these numbers? 1 2 3 4 5 6 A active passive natural artificial natural artificial B active passive artificial natural artificial natural C passive active natural artificial natural artificial D passive active artificial natural artificial natural

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2006

37 Where are antibodies and antigens found? on surface of on surface of in blood plasma pathogen macrophage A antibody antibody antigen B antibody antigen antibody C antigen antibody antigen D antigen antigen antibody

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2007

36 Which factors would help prevent which disease? 1 covering water containers 2 disinfecting and chlorinating water 3 use of antiviral drugs 4 vaccination cholera malaria tuberculosis (TB) A 2 1 4 B 1 and 2 2 3 C 4 2 3 D 3 1 and 2 4

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2008

37 Which future development in vaccine production is most important in the fight to eradicate measles in developing countries? A a combined vaccine to combat it and other diseases B a single vaccine, without the need for boosters C a vaccine containing only live measles viruses D a vaccine produced by genetic engineering techniques

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2008

35 The diagram represents the structure of a molecule of antibody. Y Z X Which arrangement of labels X, Y and Z correctly identifies its different parts? X Y Z A antigen binding site constant region variable region B constant region antigen binding site variable region C constant region variable region antigen binding site D variable region antigen binding site constant region

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2008

37 Which examples show the different types of immunity? active artificial passive natural A immunity to measles after infection receiving antibodies to measles in colostrum B immunity to measles after infection receiving antibodies to tetanus by injection C immunity to smallpox after vaccination receiving antibodies to measles in colostrum D immunity to smallpox after vaccination receiving antibodies to tetanus by injection

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2008

34 After an immune response, memory cells remain in the blood for a long time. What is the function of memory cells? A They can ingest invading bacteria. B They contain lots of antibodies. C They divide to make plasma cells. D They kill cells infected with virus.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2009

35 What are produced by B-lymphocytes? killer lymphocyte memory cells plasma cell clones clones A v v x B v x v Cc v v v D x v v

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2009

37 In an investigation into the immune response, a volunteer was exposed to two different antigens, X and Y. The relative antibody concentration in the blood was measured at regular intervals over 60 days. The graph shows the time when the volunteer was exposed to each antigen and the antibody concentration against time for antigens X and Y. antibody concentration antibody for antigen X / arbitrary units antibody for antigen Y 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 first exposure second exposure time / days to antigen X to antigen X first exposure to antigen Y What is the explanation for the results displayed on the graph? A A primary and secondary immune response against antigen X occurred, with the memory B-lymphocytes inhibiting the secondary immune response against antigen Y. B A primary immune response to antigen Y occurred and memory B-lymphocytes specific to antigen Y enhanced the secondary immune response to antigen X. C Memory B-lymphocytes specific to antigen X enabled a secondary immune response to occur; different B-lymphocytes were activated for a primary immune response for antigen Y. D Plasma cells remaining from the first exposure to antigen X undergo rapid clonal selection to produce high levels of antibody against antigen X and lower levels of antibody against antigen Y.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2010

35 In an investigation into the immune response, a volunteer was exposed to two different antigens, X and Y. The relative antibody concentration in the blood was measured at regular intervals over 60 days. The graph shows the time when the volunteer was exposed to each antigen and the antibody concentration against time for antigens X and Y. antibody concentration antibody for antigen X / arbitrary units antibody for antigen Y 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 first exposure second exposure time / days to antigen X to antigen X first exposure to antigen Y What is the explanation for the results displayed on the graph? A A primary and secondary immune response against antigen X occurred, with the memory B-lymphocytes inhibiting the secondary immune response against antigen Y. B A primary immune response to antigen Y occurred and memory B-lymphocytes specific to antigen Y enhanced the secondary immune response to antigen X. C Memory B-lymphocytes specific to antigen X enabled a secondary immune response to occur; different B-lymphocytes were activated for a primary immune response for antigen Y. D Plasma cells remaining from the first exposure to antigen X undergo rapid clonal selection to produce high levels of antibody against antigen X and lower levels of antibody against antigen Y.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2010

21 In an investigation into the immune response, a volunteer was exposed to two different antigens, X and Y. The relative antibody concentration in the blood was measured at regular intervals over 60 days. The graph shows the time when the volunteer was exposed to each antigen and the antibody concentration against time for antigens X and Y. antibody concentration antibody for antigen X / arbitrary units antibody for antigen Y 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 first exposure second exposure time / days to antigen X to antigen X first exposure to antigen Y What is the explanation for the results displayed on the graph? A A primary and secondary immune response against antigen X occurred, with the memory B-lymphocytes inhibiting the secondary immune response against antigen Y. B A primary immune response to antigen Y occurred and memory B-lymphocytes specific to antigen Y enhanced the secondary immune response to antigen X. C Memory B-lymphocytes specific to antigen X enabled a secondary immune response to occur; different B-lymphocytes were activated for a primary immune response for antigen Y. D Plasma cells remaining from the first exposure to antigen X undergo rapid clonal selection to produce high levels of antibody against antigen X and lower levels of antibody against antigen Y.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2010

35 The diagram shows part of the immune response. cell Q pathogen with chemical P cell R with protein on on surface surface to fit P multiplication What are P, Q and R? P Q R A antibody B-lymphocyte T helper cell B antibody T helper cell B-lymphocyte C antigen B-lymphocyte T helper cell D antigen T helper cell B-lymphocyte

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2010

36 When a body cell is infected by a pathogen, which describes a correct immune response? A Killer T cells punch holes in infected cells, releasing antibodies. B Killer T cells release cytokines, infected body cells release antibodies. C Memory cells release antibodies, killer T cells secrete cytokines. D T helper cells release cytokines, plasma cells release antibodies.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2010

37 An enzyme hydrolyses the two heavy polypeptide chains of an antibody molecule. The hydrolysis occurs at the hinge region and breaks the antibody into three fragments. How many of these fragments are able to bind to antigens? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2010

38 The diagram shows the response to a pathogen by the immune system. some form Q S division Q P Q some release R Q Q Q Which row correctly identifies P, Q, R and S? P Q R S A antibody T-lymphocyte antigen plasma cell B antigen B-lymphocyte antibody memory cell C antigen T-lymphocyte antitoxin B-lymphocyte D bacteria B-lymphocyte antibody T-lymphocyte

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2010

38 Smallpox has been eradicated, but not malaria or cholera. Which statements correctly explain this? 1 Cholera bacteria in the intestines are not destroyed by antibiotics. 2 Plasmodium antigens change during the life cycle. 3 Smallpox antigens remain stable. 4 Vaccines only work against viruses. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2011

37 The disease smallpox has been eradicated by a worldwide vaccination programme. Which set of reasons correctly identifies the problems associated with planning vaccination programmes to eradicate other diseases? sickle cell TB malaria cholera anaemia A invade gut cells genetically different poor response where immune inherited vaccines with system less recessive needed for malnourished effective condition active and children; dormant-to- boosters then active forms required B different stages poor response genetically different with different with inherited vaccines antigens; malnourished recessive needed for invades body children; condition active and cells boosters then dormant-to- required active forms C different different stages genetically invade gut cells vaccines with different inherited where immune needed for antigens; recessive system less active and invades body condition effective dormant-to- cells active forms D genetically different invade gut cells different stages inherited vaccines where immune with different recessive needed for system less antigens; condition active and effective invades body dormant-to- cells active forms

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2011

37 Smallpox has been eradicated, but not malaria or cholera. Which statements correctly explain this? 1 Cholera bacteria in the intestines are not destroyed by antibiotics. 2 Plasmodium antigens change during the life cycle. 3 Smallpox antigens remain stable. 4 Vaccines only work against viruses. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2011

37 Breast milk produced by the mother for a new-born baby contains antibodies. What do these antibodies provide? A artificial active immunity B artificial passive immunity C natural active immunity D natural passive immunity

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2011

16 Breast milk produced by the mother for a new-born baby contains antibodies. What do these antibodies provide? A artificial active immunity B artificial passive immunity C natural active immunity D natural passive immunity

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2011

37 Antibodies can act in a number of ways to protect the body from pathogenic bacteria. Which event will not occur following antigen-antibody binding? A agglutination of bacteria to reduce their spread B increased susceptibility to phagocytosis C neutralisation of toxins to make them harmless D secretion of histamine to produce an allergic reaction

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2012

34 To prevent a disease, dead bacteria may be injected into the body. What type of immune response is produced? passive artificial A no no B no yes C yes no D yes yes

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2012

35 The graph shows the amount of antibody produced in response to an antigen. concentration of antibody in the blood 0 10 20 30 40 time in days first exposure to an antigen From the graph, which statement is correct? A It takes 25 days to achieve active immunity. B Memory cells for this antigen are present in the body within 20 days. C T-helper lymphocytes are activated on day 12. D The second exposure to the antigen occurred on day 25.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2012

34 Antibodies can act in a number of ways to protect the body from pathogenic bacteria. Which event will not occur following antigen-antibody binding? A agglutination of bacteria to reduce their spread B increased susceptibility to phagocytosis C neutralisation of toxins to make them harmless D secretion of histamine to produce an allergic reaction

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2012

35 What happens when people are injected with dead bacteria? A B-lymphocytes produce antibodies. B B- lymphocytes produce antigens. C T- lymphocytes produce antibodies. D T- lymphocytes produce antigens.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2012

36 To prevent a disease, dead bacteria may be injected into the body. What type of immune response is produced? natural active A no no B no yes C yes no D yes yes

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2012

37 The graph shows the primary and secondary responses of the immune system to antigens. X concentration of antibodies in plasma Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 weeks after first or second exposure to antigen What are responses X and Y? X Y A primary response secondary response caused by cloning of B–lymphocytes formed during the primary response B primary response secondary response caused by cloning of T–lymphocytes formed during the primary response C secondary response caused by cloning primary response of B–lymphocytes formed during the primary response D secondary response caused by cloning primary response of T–lymphocytes formed during the primary response

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2012

35 A child is vaccinated against a viral disease. A few weeks later she is exposed to the same virus. What is the expected response to this exposure? A increased numbers of B-lymphocytes B increased numbers of T-lymphocytes C large numbers of antibodies are released D large numbers of antigens are released

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2012

36 Why has it proved difficult to develop an effective vaccine against malaria? A Mosquitoes have many stages in their life cycles. B The human immune system does not recognise the antigens of the parasite. C The parasites can only be attacked when outside the liver cells and red blood cells. D Vaccines are rapidly broken down by proteases in the stomach.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2012

36 Which development in vaccine production would be most important in the fight to eradicate measles in developing countries? A a combined vaccine to combat it and other diseases B a single vaccine, without the need for boosters C a vaccine containing only live measles viruses D a vaccine produced by genetic engineering techniques

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2013

37 Which statement about both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is correct? A They become active only when a specific antibody binds to their surface receptor. B They divide to form clones when meeting an antitoxin in a cell. C They produce memory cells to respond to an antigen when exposed in the future. D They release hormone-like cytokines which stimulate release of antibodies.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2013

38 A student wrote down three statements about antibodies. 1 Their structure depends on peptide, hydrogen and disulfide bonds. 2 They are protein molecules with both tertiary and quaternary structure. 3 Four polypeptides provide four antigen binding sites. Which statements are true? A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2013

35 New-born babies have natural passive immunity. What is the correct explanation for this? immunity is not inherited antibodies are broken down 0 Oo WwW > << x x key Y =correct X =not correct ~~ { & &

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2013

36 Which is a correct description of different types of immunity? natural active natural passive artificial active artificial passive A antibodies cross injection of injection of no memory the placenta antigens antibodies cells form B memory antibodies cross injection of injection of cells form the placenta antigens antibodies C injection of memory antibodies cross injection of antibodies cells form the placenta antigens D injection of injection of no memory antibodies cross antigens antibodies cells form the placenta

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2013

37 The World Health Organization (WHO) set a target to eradicate polio, using vaccination, by the year 2000. However, cases are still being reported in some parts of the world after this date. What explains these new cases of polio? 1 Some parts of countries are difficult to reach because of poor transport or wars. 2 There is not enough research to develop more effective vaccines. 3 Records of vaccinated and unvaccinated people are incomplete. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2013

36 What are the function(s) of plasma cells during an immune response? 1 destroy cancer cells 2 differentiate into memory cells 3 secrete antibodies A 2 only B 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2013

37 Some of the facts about a pathogen, P, are that: 1 it is transmitted in food and water 2 it lives in human intestines 3 it has many genes coding for surface proteins 4 it changes its surface antigens 5 it may or may not trigger an immune response. Which explains why it is difficult to develop an effective vaccine for P? A P can mutate to produce different antigens. B P is a eukaryotic cell with many genes. C P is found in contaminated food and water and affects the gut. D People can be infected with P and may not show symptoms.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2013

38 Which type of immunity occurs as a result of the ingestion of antibodies by an infant through its mother’s milk? artificial natural active A B passive C D

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2014

36 Which statement concerning the defence in the body against infectious disease is not correct? A Antibodies against specific antigens are produced by plasma cells in passive immunity, but the protection is short-lived as no memory cells are produced. B A specific immune response involves activation of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes following recognition of, and binding to, a specific antigen. C Following invasion by microorganisms, natural active immunity can be gained by initiating an immune response. D Lysosomes fuse with vacuoles that have been formed by phagocytes and which contain invading microorganisms.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2014

37 An antiserum to a snake toxin can be obtained by injecting the toxin into a horse. The antiserum is made from blood plasma taken from the horse a few weeks later. The antiserum is injected into a person who has been bitten by the same species of snake. Which type of immunity occurs as a result of using this antiserum? A artificial active B artificial passive C natural active D natural passive

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2014

36 Why has vaccination failed to eradicate cholera? A The pathogen exists in many strains which mutate. B The pathogen is present in the lumen of the gut. C The pathogen is waterborne. D There is a stage of the life cycle in other mammals.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2014

36 The statements refer to polio and tuberculosis (TB). 1 Macrophages present antigens in vaccines to stimulate an immune response. 2 The TB antigens necessary to produce an immune response are proteins which would be digested in the stomach and small intestine. 3 There are no B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in the stomach. Which explains why polio vaccine can be taken by mouth but TB vaccine has to be injected? A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2014

38 Which method of gaining immunity can be described as natural active immunity? A feeding on colostrum B inhaling the chicken pox virus C injection with antibodies D through the placenta

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2014

35 Which statements explain why cholera has not been eradicated by vaccination? 1 Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. 2 Many people can have the disease, but show no symptoms. 3 People are mobile due to global trade and tourism. 4 The cholera pathogens target cells in the small intestine. A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 4 only D 3 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2014

37 Which type of immunity occurs following infection by a pathogen? natural artificial active A B passive C D

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2014

36 During an outbreak of a very infectious disease, vulnerable people need immediate protection. Which type of immunity would be given to these people? natural artificial active A B passive C D

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2015

37 The synthesis of specific antibodies in response to vaccination is an example of which type of immunity? natural artificial active A B passive C D

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2015

36 What describes natural passive immunity? A protection against a pathogen by an injection of antibodies B protection against a pathogen by drinking colostrum containing antibodies C stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens contained in a vaccine D stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens on the surface of invading pathogens

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2015

37 What happens when people are injected with dead bacteria? A B-lymphocytes produce antibodies. B B-lymphocytes produce antigens. C T-lymphocytes produce antibodies. D T-lymphocytes produce antigens.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2015

37 There has been an increase in the number of cases of the disease whooping cough. A pregnant woman is vaccinated against whooping cough to protect the new born baby from this disease. How does the immune response of the mother help to protect a new born baby from whooping cough? before birth, baby type of protection receives from mother gained by baby A antibodies natural passive B antigens artificial active C memory cells artificial passive D pathogens natural active

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2015

36 What describes artificial passive immunity? A protection against a pathogen by an injection of antibodies B protection against a pathogen by drinking colostrum containing antibodies C stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens contained in a vaccine D stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens on the surface of invading pathogens

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2015

37 Which statements correctly describe lymphocytes? 1 Each B-lymphocyte has the ability to make several types of antibody molecules. 2 Some B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes become memory cells. 3 Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma. 4 Some T-lymphocytes stimulate macrophages to kill infected cells. A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 1, 2 and 3 only C 2, 3 and 4 only D 1 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2015

36 What describes natural active immunity? A protection against a pathogen by an injection of antibodies B protection against a pathogen by drinking colostrum containing antibodies C stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens contained in a vaccine D stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens on the surface of invading pathogens

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2015

37 The bacterium that causes the disease tetanus produces a toxin that acts as an antigen. The graph shows the concentration of an antibody in the blood of two people, G and H. On day 0, G was injected with antibodies to the tetanus toxin and H was injected with the vaccine for tetanus. 25 G H 20 antibody 15 concentration / arbitrary units 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 time / days time of injection time of infection with tetanus bacteria What would be the result after G and H were infected with the tetanus bacteria on day 20? A concentration of antibodies in H would remain constant B G would fail to produce tetanus antibodies C G would peak in antibody production 12 days after infection D H would produce a new antibody peak 12 days after infection

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2015

40 An enzyme hydrolyses the two heavy polypeptide chains of an antibody molecule. The hydrolysis occurs at the hinge region and breaks the antibody into three fragments. How many of these fragments are able to bind to antigens? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2016

39 Rabies is a viral disease which can be spread to humans by a bite from an infected animal. One method of treatment is to inject the patient with antibodies specific to the rabies virus. Which statements about this treatment are correct? 1 The patient will have natural passive immunity to rabies. 2 The injected antibodies will be broken down by the patient. 3 The patient’s memory cells will be able to produce this antibody more rapidly in the future. 4 The immunity provided will only be of short duration. A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2016

38 Which statement describes how passive natural immunity is obtained? A A vaccination containing dead microorganisms is given. B An immunisation containing specific antigens is given. C Antibodies are passed from mother to developing baby. D Antibodies from another individual are injected.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2016

40 What explains why monoclonal antibodies can be used to target cancer cells? A Cancer cells have different antigens from normal body cells. B Specific cancer drugs can be attached to the monoclonal antibody. C They are one type of a specific antibody that binds to an antigen. D They are secreted by hybridomas of cancer cells and B-lymphocytes.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2016

40 Which row describes passive immunity? involves an memory triggered by immune cells permanent an antigen protection response produced A Jv v v v B Jv v x x Cc x x v v D x x x x key J/ = true X = false

1 marks

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2016

40 Which statement about immunity is correct? A Antibody donation, but not antibody production, occurs with artificial active and artificial passive immunity. B Artificial active immunity lasts for a greater length of time than natural passive immunity. C Natural active immunity provides a faster response to infection than artificial active immunity. D Recognition and binding by specific B-lymphocytes only occurs with natural immunity.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2016

38 Which event will occur following antigen-antibody binding? A agglutination of bacteria to reduce their spread B decreased susceptibility to phagocytosis C more helper T cells are activated by the release of cytokines D more plasma cells are cloned to produce more antigens

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2016

40 The graph shows the antibody concentration in blood following vaccination and a booster vaccination 28 days later. booster vaccination secondary response vaccination antibody concentration primary response 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 time / days Which statements about the changes in antibody concentration are correct? 1 Antibody concentration falls after the primary response because antibodies are broken down and are no longer being produced. 2 The secondary response is more rapid due to memory B cells produced from activated B cells in the primary response. 3 The secondary response lasts longer than the primary response because memory B cells live longer than plasma B cells. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2016

40 Two people, G and H, were each given an injection to protect them against a particular pathogen. One person was injected with antibodies. The other person was injected with a vaccine. The graph shows the concentrations of the antibody against this pathogen in the blood of the two people, G and H, over a period of 20 days following the injection. 25 H 20 G antibody 15 concentration / arbitrary units 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 time / days time of injection Which row correctly describes the type of immunity shown by G and H? G H A artificial active immunity artificial passive immunity B artificial passive immunity artificial active immunity C natural active immunity natural passive immunity D natural passive immunity artificial active immunity

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2017

38 Smallpox has been eradicated, but malaria and cholera have not. Which statements correctly explain this? 1 Cholera pathogens in the intestines are not destroyed by antibiotics. 2 Plasmodium antigens change during the life cycle. 3 Smallpox antigens remain stable. 4 Vaccines only work against viruses. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2017

39 When a person is given a vaccination immunity to certain pathogens develops. Which of the effects of vaccination are correct? 1 production of antibodies to protect against future infections 2 results in artificial active immunity 3 stimulation of appropriate lymphocytes A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2017

38 Which type of new vaccine production would be most important in the fight to eradicate measles in developing countries? A a combined vaccine to combat it and other diseases B a single vaccine, without the need for boosters C a vaccine containing only live measles pathogens D a vaccine containing monoclonal antibodies

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2017

40 A monoclonal antibody specific for a virus was produced. This antibody was treated with an enzyme to break the bonds between the variable and constant regions. The separated variable and constant regions were then added to cells infected with the virus. Which statements are correct? 1 The constant regions would bind to different parts of the virus antigens. 2 The viruses could be engulfed by phagocytes if they were present. 3 The variable regions would all bind to the same part of the virus antigens. A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2017

40 An influenza vaccine can be made by growing the viruses in chicken eggs. The viruses are extracted in liquid from the eggs and inactivated. The purified egg extract containing the viruses is then used as the vaccine. What is a side-effect of using this vaccine in some people? A An auto-immune condition could occur. B An immune response to egg antigens could occur. C The egg antigens could cause infections. D The influenza viruses could cause infections.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2017

39 The flow diagram shows the events following activation of a T-lymphocyte by binding to antigens on an infected cell. T-lymphocyte helper cells killer cells B-lymphocytes X Y more activated killer cells Z memory cells Which row correctly identifies X, Y and Z? X Y Z A memory cells macrophages antibodies B memory cells memory cells plasma cells C neutrophils memory cells plasma cells D plasma cells neutrophil memory cells

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2017

40 Smallpox was eradicated from the human population by a worldwide preventative programme. Which type of immunity was triggered in people who were treated as part of this programme? A artificial active immunity B artificial passive immunity C natural active immunity D natural passive immunity

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2017

39 The hybridoma method is used for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Which two types of cell are used in this method? A stem cell and B-lymphocyte B stem cell and T-lymphocyte C tumour cell and B-lymphocyte D tumour cell and T-lymphocyte

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2018

40 A vaccine is used to create artificial active immunity. After being given a vaccine, it will take a period of time before a person develops long-term immunity against the disease. Which statement about this period of time explains this delay? A No memory cells have been produced from B-lymphocytes. B No plasma cells have been produced from B-lymphocytes. C The primary immune response has not produced enough antibodies. D The secondary immune response has not produced enough antibodies.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2018

38 Hybridomas are used as a basis for the production of large numbers of monoclonal antibodies. Which statement describes how hybridomas are made? A fusing activated T-lymphocytes with cancer cells B fusing B-lymphocytes with cancer cells C fusing memory cells with cancer cells D fusing T-lymphocytes with cancer cells

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2018

39 Which statement about the properties of the antigen binding sites in antibody molecules is correct? A They are located on the light chains only. B They have a hinge region to give flexibility for different antigens. C They have binding sites for receptors on phagocytes. D They have variable amino acid sequences for different antigens.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2018

40 The statements describe ways in which different types of monoclonal antibodies can work. 1 binding to proteins on cell surfaces and triggering the immune system 2 blocking molecules on cell surfaces that inhibit T-cells 3 blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger cell division 4 blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger the immune response Which types of monoclonal antibody could be used to treat cancer? A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 1, 2 and 3 only C 1 and 4 only D 2, 3 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2018

38 How many variable regions are there on a typical Y-shaped antibody molecule? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2018

40 The diagram allows the identification of different types of immunity. immunity short term long term 1 acquired by fetus from acquired by injection acquired as a result acquired by injection the maternal circulation of antibodies into of infection by a of an attenuated across the placenta the bloodstream pathogen pathogen 2 3 Which row correctly identifies the types of immunity labelled 1, 2 and 3? 1 2 3 A active artificial natural B active natural artificial C passive artificial natural D passive natural artificial

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2018

38 A vaccine is available against most common strains of the influenza virus. The virus that causes influenza often undergoes mutation in the gene coding for its antigenic protein. Which statements explain why vaccinated people are not immune to a mutated influenza virus? 1 They will not have primary immune response to the mutated antigen. 2 They will not have a secondary immune response to the mutated antigen. 3 Their memory cells do not recognise the mutated antigen. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2018

36 Which statements about infectious diseases are correct? 1 Cholera has a vaccine available and is caused by a bacterial pathogen of the Vibrio group. 2 Measles has a vaccine available and is caused by a pathogen called Morbillivirus. 3 Smallpox was eradicated by vaccination and was caused by a bacterial pathogen called Variola. A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2018

39 The graph shows how the body reacts following exposure to an antigen for the first and second time. first second concentration exposure exposure of antibody time What is the direct cause of the increase in antibody production after the second exposure to antigens? A B-memory cells B macrophages C plasma cells D T-memory cells

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2018

40 Why has it proved difficult to develop an effective vaccine against malaria? A Mosquitoes have many stages in their life cycles. B The human immune system does not recognise the antigens of the parasite. C The parasites can only be attacked when outside the liver cells and red blood cells. D Vaccines are rapidly broken down by proteases in the stomach.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2018

37 A West African country introduced a measles vaccination during a measles epidemic. Later, it was realised that vaccinated children were more likely to survive childhood than unvaccinated children, even when there were no measles epidemics. The vaccine had given the children some protection against other pathogenic infections. Which statement could account for this extra protection? A B-lymphocytes produced memory cells which gave the children passive immunity to these infections. B Memory cells produced plasma cells which secreted anti-measles antibodies that bound to antigens that closely resembled measles antigens. C Memory cells produced plasma cells which secreted anti-measles antibodies that bound to any antigen. D T-lymphocytes produced memory cells which gave the children natural immunity against these other infections.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2018

38 Which graph shows the changes in antibody concentration following a second exposure to the same infection? 1000 antibody 100 A concentration / arbitrary units 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time / days first exposure second exposure 1000 antibody 100 B concentration / arbitrary units 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time / days first exposure second exposure 1000 antibody 100 C concentration / arbitrary units 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time / days first exposure second exposure 1000 antibody 100 D concentration / arbitrary units 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time / days first exposure second exposure

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2018

40 Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease of the gas exchange system, caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Which method provides protection to infants against whooping cough and reduces the chance of developing this disease later in life? A a short course of more than one type of antibiotic B a six month course of one type of antibiotic C injections of antibody specific to Bordetella pertussis D injections of dead Bordetella pertussis bacteria

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2018

39 Where are antibodies found during an immune response? on the surface of pathogens ~ Kw & on the surface of memory cells x < x key JY = antibodies found X = antibodies not found

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2019

40 The graph shows the changes that occur in the concentration of antibodies in the blood of a baby before birth and during the first few months after birth. birth total antibodies concentration of antibodies antibodies in blood of made by baby baby antibodies from mother 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 time / months Which description about the changes in immunity during the first few months after birth is correct? A active artificial immunity decreases, active natural immunity increases B active natural immunity decreases, active artificial immunity increases C passive artificial immunity decreases, active natural immunity increases D passive natural immunity decreases, active natural immunity increases

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2019

40 Which row shows the cells that are able to divide continuously and are involved in monoclonal antibody production? cancer cells mouse B-lymphocyte plasma cells hybridoma cells v v x v key / = correct X = not correct

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2019

38 Which are specific immune responses? 1 phagocytosis 2 production of antibodies 3 production of memory cells A 1 and 3 only B 1 only C 2 and 3 only D 2 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2019

39 Newborn babies have natural passive immunity. What is correct for this type of immunity? immunity is antibodies are temporary broken down A Jv Jv key B v x ¥ = correct Cc x v X = not correct D x x

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2019

40 The diagrams show three different types of antibody structure. IgG IgA IgM Which row is correct? IgG IgA IgM A one binding site for two light chains two heavy chains an antigen molecule B two heavy chains four binding sites five hinge regions for antigen molecules C two hinge regions four heavy chains five light chains D two light chains four hinge regions ten binding sites for antigen molecules

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2019

39 Growth factors are chemicals that stimulate a cell to divide. Growth factors are transported around the body in the blood, and they attach to cells that have complementary growth factor receptors on their surface. Some cells have too many growth factor receptors on their surface and so the cells continue to divide, forming a tumour. Trastuzumab is used as a treatment for some cancers. Trastuzumab works by binding to a specific growth factor receptor on a tumour cell. This stops the cell dividing and the cell dies. What is trastuzumab? A a monoclonal antibody B a vaccine C an antibiotic D an enzyme inhibitor

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2019

40 What describes artificial active immunity? A protection against a pathogen by an injection of antibodies B protection against a pathogen by drinking colostrum containing antibodies C stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens contained in a vaccine D stimulation of lymphocytes by antigens on the surface of invading pathogens

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2019

39 Which sequence summarises the hybridoma method for the production of monoclonal antibodies? A B C D inject mammal inject mammal inject mammal inject mammal with antibodies with antibodies with antigens with antigens ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ harvest harvest harvest harvest antibodies B-lymphocytes antibodies B-lymphocytes from blood from spleen from blood from spleen ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ test for fuse with test for fuse with wanted antibody cancer cells wanted antibody cancer cells ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ fuse with test for fuse with test for cancer cells wanted antibody cancer cells wanted antibody ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ large scale large scale large scale large scale culture culture culture culture

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2019

40 The vaccination programme for smallpox was a medical success story which resulted in the World Health Organisation finally declaring the world free from smallpox in 1980. Which statement correctly identifies the reasons for the success of the smallpox vaccination programme? A The virus also infected animals making it easy to stop the transmission cycle. B The virus remained in the body following infection and could become active later. C The virus was stable and not prone to mutations. D The virus was unstable and prone to mutations.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2019

38 Immune response to a vaccination against a virus can be assessed by making three measurements: 1 the concentration of anti-virus antibody in the blood 2 the time taken to increase the antibody concentration significantly after a booster vaccination 3 the number of virus-specific lymphocytes per cm 3 blood. What describes the immunity of an individual when the values of 1, 2 and 3 are all low ten years after vaccination? A active immunity due to the presence of memory cells B low immunity due to the absence of antibodies C low immunity due to the absence of memory cells D passive immunity due to the presence of antibodies

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2019

40 Which features of monoclonal antibodies make them useful in the diagnosis and treatment of disease? 1 A particular monoclonal antibody attaches to a specific antigen. 2 Identical monoclonal antibodies can be produced in large numbers. 3 Binding a monoclonal antibody to its specific antigen may mark that antigen for destruction by white blood cells. 4 Fluorescent or radioactive markers can be attached to a monoclonal antibody to show where the antigen is in the body. A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 1, 2 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 3 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2019

39 The enzyme telomerase prevents loss of telomeres after many mitotic cell cycles. Three types of cell are used to produce monoclonal antibodies. 1 cancer cells undergoing uncontrolled cell division 2 mature B-lymphocytes 3 hybridoma cells Which cells involved in this technique contain active telomerase enzyme? A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2019

40 What explains why monoclonal antibodies are useful in the diagnosis of disease? A They bind to and neutralise one type of antibody. B They bind to and neutralise one type of pathogen. C Their shape is complementary to one specific antibody. D Their shape is complementary to one specific antigen.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2019

40 A student was asked to explain why vaccination has successfully eradicated smallpox but not other diseases, such as measles, malaria and sickle cell anaemia. These are the statements made by the student. 1 The antigens of the virus causing smallpox did not change, unlike the antigens of the virus causing measles. 2 Sickle cell anaemia has many different types of mutation, unlike smallpox, so each would require a vaccine. 3 Unlike smallpox, malaria involves animals as part of the transmission cycle and this makes the cycle harder to break. 4 The vaccine against measles often causes a poor primary immune response so that booster vaccines are required, unlike the vaccine against smallpox. Which statements are possible explanations? A 1, 3 and 4 B 1 and 2 C 1 and 4 only D 2 and 4

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2020

39 Which row correctly describes the type of immunity gained from being injected with an antitoxin? active artificial passive natural v Jv x x key Y =correct X =not correct 0 0O WwW D> v x x v x x << x KM

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2020

40 A monoclonal antibody, specific for a virus, was treated with an enzyme to break the bonds between the variable and constant regions. The separated variable and constant regions were then added to cells infected with the virus. Which statements are correct? 1 The constant regions would bind to different parts of the virus antigens. 2 The viruses could be engulfed by phagocytes if they were present. 3 The variable regions would all bind to the same part of the virus antigens. A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2020

39 Which method of gaining immunity can be described as natural active immunity? A feeding on colostrum B inhaling the chicken pox virus C injection with antibodies D through the placenta

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2020

40 Which statements correctly explain why smallpox has been eradicated, but not malaria or cholera? 1 Cholera vaccines provide only short-term immunity. 2 Plasmodium antigens change during the life cycle. 3 Smallpox antigens remain stable. 4 Vaccines only work against viruses. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2020

39 Monoclonal antibodies are produced for use in diagnosis or treatment of disease. To obtain the antibodies for an antigen, a mouse is injected with the antigen. Some of the events in the production of the monoclonal antibody are listed. 1 Plasma cells are fused with cancer cells to form a hybridoma. 2 Hybridomas that secrete the required antibody are identified and cloned. 3 B-lymphocytes that recognise the antigen multiply and become plasma cells. 4 Hybridomas divide by mitosis and secrete antibodies. 5 Plasma cells are removed from the mouse spleen. What is the sequence of the first four events in the production of the monoclonal antibody? A 3  5  1  2 B 3  5  1  4 C 5  1  2  4 D 5  1  4  2

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2020

40 Which row describes passive immunity? involves an memory triggered by permanent : immune cells ; an antigen protection response produced A v v v v B v v x Xx Cc x x v v D x x x Xx key Y = correct X = not correct

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2020

37 The statements are about infectious diseases. 1 Disease may be spread between humans by contact. 2 Disease-causing organism has many antigenic variations. 3 Spread of disease may be influenced by climate. 4 A vaccination programme is available. Which row matches the correct statement numbers with each disease? cholera measles malaria A 1 1 and 2 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 4 2 C 2 and 3 1 and 3 1 and 4 D 4 1 and 4 2 and 3

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2020

38 Muscle cells have cell surface receptors for the neurotransmitter, ACh. These receptors allow the muscle to respond to a nerve impulse. In the condition myasthenia gravis, the helper T cells stimulate a clone of B cells to become plasma cells and secrete antibodies that bind to and block these ACh receptors. The muscles cannot be stimulated and begin to break down. A short-term treatment for myasthenia gravis is to inject monoclonal antibodies into the blood. What is the target of these monoclonal antibodies? A antibodies that bind to ACh receptors B muscle cell surface ACh receptors C plasma cells secreting anti-ACh receptor antibodies D the stimulating neurotransmitter ACh

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2020

39 The diagram shows the simplified structure of an antibody. X U V W Which statement is correct? A U and X allow the antibody to bind to two different antigens. B V allows the antibody to fit around the antigen. C W can bind to one specific antigen. D X can bind with a specific phagocyte receptor.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2020

40 Why have vaccination programmes eradicated smallpox but not TB? A Vaccination can provide immunity only for smallpox but not for TB. B Only TB is associated with poor living conditions. C The smallpox virus showed little variation of antigens. D The TB pathogen is a bacterium and the smallpox pathogen is a virus.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2020

40 Why are spleen cells fused with myeloma cells during monoclonal antibody production? A so that the antibodies become specific for the necessary antigen B so that the resulting hybridoma cells can reproduce indefinitely C to allow antibodies that are not specific for the required antigen to be removed D to increase the rate of production of antibodies produced by the hybridoma cells

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2021

39 What is correct about the role of memory cells in long-term immunity? 1 They divide to form plasma cells and memory cells when the pathogen enters the body a second time. 2 They produce a fast response so that the person infected with the pathogen does not become ill again. 3 They produce more antibodies than were produced during the primary immune response. 4 They remain in the blood and lymphatic system after the pathogen has been destroyed. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2021

40 Which events result in a person developing actively acquired immunity? 1 becoming infected by TB bacteria 2 drinking breast milk 3 receiving an injection of antigens 4 receiving an injection of antibodies A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 3 and 4 C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 4

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2021

36 Which statement explains why a one-dose vaccination programme for measles has not yet eliminated the disease? A Many infants under the age of eight months have passive immunity. B Some children need several booster doses to develop full immunity. C The one-dose measles vaccine has a success rate of 93%. D The virus does not often change its antibodies.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2021

38 What explains why monoclonal antibodies can be used to target cancer cells? A Cancer cells have different antigens from normal body cells. B Specific cancer drugs can be attached to the monoclonal antibody. C They secrete a type of antigen that binds to a specific antibody. D They are secreted by hybridomas of cancer cells and B-lymphocytes.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2021

39 Which statements correctly describe lymphocytes? 1 Each B-lymphocyte has the ability to make several types of antibody molecules. 2 Some B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes become memory cells. 3 Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma. 4 Some T-lymphocytes stimulate macrophages to kill infected cells. A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 1, 2 and 3 only C 1 and 4 only D 2, 3 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2021

40 A country introduced a measles vaccination during a measles epidemic. Later, it was realised that vaccinated children were more likely to survive childhood than unvaccinated children, even when there were no measles epidemics. The vaccine had given the children some protection against other pathogenic infections. Which statement could account for this extra protection? A B-lymphocytes produced memory cells which gave the children passive immunity to these infections. B Memory cells produced plasma cells which secreted anti-measles antibodies that bound to antigens that closely resembled measles antigens. C Memory cells produced plasma cells which secreted anti-measles antibodies that bound to any antigen. D T-lymphocytes produced memory cells which gave the children natural immunity against these other infections.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2021

39 The diagram shows the immune response following infection by a virus. activated cells F activated cell chemical chemical chemical stimulation stimulation stimulation E H G host cell infected with virus secretion of antibodies Which row identifies the cells labelled E, F, G and H? E F G H A B-memory cell T-helper cell T-killer cell plasma cell B B-memory cell T-memory cell macrophage plasma cell C plasma cell T-memory cell T-helper cell B-memory cell D T-killer cell B-memory cell macrophage T-helper cell

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2021

40 Monoclonal antibodies are used to test for the presence of the hormone HCG in the urine of a human female during early pregnancy. Which statements describe how the monoclonal antibodies used in this test are produced? 1 HCG is injected into a mouse, and plasma cells in the mouse produce antibodies specific to HCG. 2 Antibodies are extracted from the mouse and then fused with cancer cells to produce hybridoma cells. 3 Single hybridoma cells are cultured and they divide by mitosis to produce a clone of hybridoma cells. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2021

39 Where are antibodies found during an immune response? on the surface in blood of memory cells plasma A J J B Jv x Cc x v D x x key JY = antibodies found X = antibodies not found

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2021

40 Tetanus is a bacterial infection. The graph shows the blood antibody concentration of two people. On day 0, person G was injected with antibodies to the tetanus toxin and person H was injected with the vaccine for tetanus. 25 G H 20 antibody 15 concentration / arbitrary units 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 time / days time of injection What could be the result if G and H were infected with the tetanus bacteria on day 20? A Tetanus antibodies would not be produced in person G. B Antibody production would peak after day 32 in person G. C Antibody concentration would stay constant in person H. D A second antibody peak would occur in person H that would be lower than the first peak.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2021

39 In the hybridoma method, what is grown by cell culture to produce monoclonal antibodies? A antigens B clones C lymphocytes D myeloma cells

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2022

38 Rabies is a viral disease which can be spread to humans by a bite from an infected animal. One method of treatment is to inject the patient with antibodies specific to the rabies virus. Which statements about this treatment are correct? 1 The patient will have natural passive immunity to rabies. 2 The injected antibodies will be broken down by the patient. 3 The patient’s memory cells will be able to produce this antibody more rapidly in the future. 4 The immunity provided will only last a short time. A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2022

40 A student used a diagram to show four types of cells involved in the primary immune response. cell type 4 cell type 1 recognise the foreign release chemicals that antigen, move towards stimulate phagocytes it and surrounds it to engulf antigens unknown antigen enters the body cell type 3 cell type 2 produce the antibodies destroy cells infected required to bind to with viruses which would the antigen be released into the body Which row is correct? cell 1 cell 2 cell 3 cell 4 A B-lymphocyte macrophage T-killer cell T-helper cell B macrophage B-lymphocyte T-helper cell T-killer cell C T-helper cell T-killer cell B-lymphocyte macrophage D T-killer cell T-helper cell B-lymphocyte macrophage

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2022

38 Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease which causes the body’s immune system to attack its own cells. The disease can be treated using monoclonal antibodies. The table shows how five different monoclonal antibodies can work. monoclonal mode of action antibody 1 binding to proteins on cell surfaces and triggering the immune system 2 blocking molecules on cell surfaces that inhibit T-lymphocytes 3 blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger cell division 4 binding to antigens on cell surfaces and releasing a drug 5 blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger the immune response Inflammation and swelling of joints are symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. The cytokine, TNFalpha, activates cells in the immune system leading to death of cells in the joint. Which types of monoclonal antibody could be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis? A 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 B 1, 2, 3 and 4 only C 2, 3 and 5 only D 4 and 5 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2022

39 Which statements explain why some vaccines can be taken by mouth but tuberculosis (TB) vaccine has to be injected? 1 Macrophages present antigens in vaccines to stimulate an immune response. 2 The TB antigens necessary to produce an immune response are proteins which would be digested in the stomach and small intestine. 3 There are no B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in the stomach. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2022

40 A student wrote the following statements about the production of monoclonal antibodies. Which statement is not correct? A Non-self antigen is injected into a mammal. B Plasma cells secrete the specific antibody in response to a non-self antigen. C Selected hybridoma cells divide by mitosis to form a clone. D T-lymphocytes are fused with cancer cells to form hybridoma cells.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2022

39 Immunity to certain pathogens develops when a person is given a vaccination. Which effects of vaccination are correct? 1 production of antibodies to protect against future infections 2 results in artificial active immunity 3 stimulation of appropriate lymphocytes A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2022

40 Repeated infections with malaria result in more effective immunity to malaria. Which type of immunity is responsible for the more effective immunity? A artificial active B artificial passive C natural active D natural passive

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2023

40 A successful vaccination programme provides a level of immunity where the majority of a population is protected. There are several factors that can affect the success of a vaccination programme. Which row correctly shows the factors that can affect the success of a vaccination programme? frequent mutation of the pathogen vaccination from eight weeks old pathogen is able to invade T-cells booster vaccinations needed frequently A Jv Jv x J B Jv x J J Cc x Jv J x D v x Jv x key ¥ = affects X = does not affect

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2023

40 Monoclonal antibodies are produced using the hybridoma method. What are removed from the spleen of a mouse to produce monoclonal antibodies? A antigens B clones C lymphocytes D myeloma cells

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2023

40 The diagram shows the simplified structure of an antibody. X U V W Which statement is correct? A U and X allow the antibody to bind to two different antigens. B V allows the antibody to be flexible to bind to two antigens. C W can bind to one specific antigen. D X can bind with a specific phagocyte receptor.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2023

40 Some vaccines do not contain antigens. The vaccines contain a molecule of mRNA. Cells in the immune system use the mRNA molecule to make a protein antigen. The statements describe the stages of how mRNA vaccines work when they enter a cell of the immune system. 1 B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes with complementary receptors bind to the protein. 2 Lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells that give long lasting immunity. 3 Ribosomes translate the mRNA molecule to make a protein. 4 The cell displays the protein on its cell surface membrane. What is the correct order of the stages of how mRNA vaccines work? A 1 → 2 → 4 → 3 B 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 C 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 D 4 → 1 → 2 → 3

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2023

39 Monoclonal antibodies are now being used to treat some human diseases. What explains why monoclonal antibodies are suitable for this purpose? 1 They can divide by mitosis to produce the large numbers of antibodies required for treatment. 2 They are specific to a particular antigen. 3 They can be modified so that they do not act as antigens themselves. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 only C 2 and 3 only D 2 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2024

40 Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus. The graph shows the number of cases of measles each year in a country before and after a vaccine was introduced. 900 000 vaccination introduced 800 000 700 000 600 000 number of 500 000 cases of measles 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 year What could have caused the decrease in the number of cases of measles after vaccination was introduced? vaccines provided vaccines provided fewer people are artificial active artificial passive able to act as hosts immunity in people immunity in people for the virus A ✓ ✗ ✓ key B ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓= yes C ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ = no D ✓ ✗ ✗

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2024

37 Whooping cough is a highly infectious disease of the gas exchange system, caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Which method provides protection to infants against whooping cough and reduces the chance of developing this disease later? A a short course of more than one type of antibiotic B a six-month course of one type of antibiotic C injections of antibodies specific to Bordetella pertussis D injections of antigens from Bordetella pertussis bacteria

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2024

40 What is fused with a B-lymphocyte to form a hybridoma cell in monoclonal antibody production? A antigen B clone C macrophage D myeloma cell

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 May/June 2024

39 Which statement about the properties of the antigen-binding sites in different antibody molecules is correct? A They are located on the light chains only. B They have a hinge region to give flexibility for different antigens. C They have binding sites for receptors on phagocytes. D They have variable amino acid sequences for different antigens.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2024

40 The diagram shows a stage in monoclonal antibody production. X + cancer cells hybridoma cells What is represented by X? A T-lymphocytes B B-lymphocytes C antigens D antibodies

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2024

40 Influenza is an infectious disease caused by a virus. It is possible to have influenza more than once. Which statements explain why it is possible to have influenza more than once? 1 The viral antigens change as a result of mutations. 2 The immune system may be weak and make few B-memory cells. 3 Untreated HIV infection has resulted in a low T-helper cell count. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2024

39 What will be produced by the division of memory cells during a secondary immune response? A macrophages B plasma cells C neutrophils D monocytes

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2024

40 A vaccine is used to give immunity to the virus that causes the disease influenza. A new influenza vaccine is needed every year because the virus mutates regularly. What is the reason for needing a new influenza vaccine every year? A Memory cells become less effective as they age. B The primary immune response does not produce enough antibodies. C The secondary immune response does not produce enough antibodies. D The virus antigens change and are not recognised by the immune system.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2024

36 A bacterial pathogen produces a protein that acts as a toxin. This toxin is harmful to humans. Scientists are developing monoclonal antibodies that can be used to detect the presence of the toxin in the body so that early treatment can be given. Which statements describe steps in the development of these monoclonal antibodies? 1 The toxin protein is injected into a mouse and triggers mitosis of specific B-lymphocytes. 2 Antibodies are collected from the spleen of the mouse and fused with myeloma cells. 3 A hybridoma cell produces many antibodies with a variety of different variable regions. A 1 and 2 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 3 only

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2024

38 Why is passive immunity effective for only a short time? A Antibodies are rapidly broken down. B Antigens are rapidly broken down. C Memory cells soon die. D Phagocytes soon die.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Oct/Nov 2024

39 Which row is correct? involved in secrete phagocytosis antibodies A T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes B T-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes C B-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes D B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2024

38 The diagrams show three different bonds. 1 2 3 O H H N H O C N C S S C H H H Which bonds are found in an antibody molecule? A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2025

39 Specific monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat some forms of cancer. One example is trastuzumab, which can be used in the treatment of tumours caused by cancer. Which statements could help to explain why monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab are suitable for this role? 1 The variable regions of monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab can change, allowing the antibodies to bind to cancer cells even if their antigens mutate. 2 Monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab bind to specific cell surface receptors on cancer cells, which prevents these receptors from receiving signals that are needed for cancer cells to grow and divide. 3 The antigen-binding sites of monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab are complementary to antigens found on some cancer cells, and have stable tertiary structures that do not change. A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2025

40 The HIV virus causes illness by infecting and destroying T-helper cells. This leads to AIDS and an inability to produce an effective immune response. Which components of the immune system are produced less effectively when AIDS develops? 1 memory cells 2 plasma cells 3 antibodies A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/12 Feb/March 2025

40 Two people, G and H, were each given an injection to protect them against a particular pathogen. One person was injected with antibodies. The other person was injected with a vaccine. The graph shows the concentrations of the antibody against this pathogen in the blood of the two people, G and H, during a period of 20 days after their injections. 25 H 20 G antibody 15 concentration / arbitrary units 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 time / days time of injection Which row correctly describes the type of immunity shown by G and H? G H A artificial active immunity artificial passive immunity B artificial passive immunity artificial active immunity C natural active immunity natural passive immunity D natural passive immunity natural active immunity

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/12 May/June 2025

36 The diagram shows the structure of an antibody. X Y Z Which statements about the antibody are correct? 1 X has a similar shape to the antigen. 2 Y is the hinge region held by disulfide bonds. 3 Z is a constant region which binds to receptors on B-lymphocytes. A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2025

39 What are the functions of plasma cells during an immune response? 1 to destroy cancer cells 2 to differentiate into memory cells 3 to secrete antibodies A 1, 2 and 3 B 2 and 3 only C 2 only D 3 only

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9700/13 May/June 2025

40 Some ways in which different types of monoclonal antibodies can work are described. 1 binding to proteins on cell surfaces and triggering the immune system 2 blocking molecules on cell surfaces that inhibit T-cells 3 blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger cell division 4 blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger the immune response Which types of monoclonal antibody could be used to treat cancer? A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 1, 2 and 3 only C 1 and 4 only D 2, 3 and 4 only

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/14 May/June 2025

4 The photomicrograph shows part of a cell. Which row is correct? the organelles this cell will this could be | shown could be contain 70S part of a used to make ribosomes plant cell antibodies key ¥ = correct X = not correct

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2025

39 The hybridoma method is used for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Which two types of cell are used in this method? A stem cell and B-lymphocyte B stem cell and T-lymphocyte C tumour cell and B-lymphocyte D tumour cell and T-lymphocyte

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9700/11 Oct/Nov 2025

39 Four different treatments were tested in a human volunteer during a year. One of these treatments was a vaccine. The treatments were injected into the volunteer and blood samples were taken after two weeks. The samples were analysed to obtain a cell count for four types of cell. The results are shown in the table. Which treatment was the vaccine? (Assume the volunteer's baseline blood cell count was the same before each treatment.) cell count / cells per cm3 monocytes neutrophils plasma cells macrophages A 250 180 450 230 B 500 190 220 240 C 260 450 240 250 D 250 190 230 550

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2025

40 A bacterial pathogen produces a protein that acts as a toxin. This toxin is harmful to humans. People can be vaccinated to protect them from the effects of this pathogen. Which statement describes the sequences of events that occur in a vaccinated person to protect them from the effects of this pathogen? A Memory cells divide by mitosis and then differentiate into macrophages that engulf and digest the toxin. B Memory cells divide by mitosis and then differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies to bind to the toxin. C Macrophages divide by mitosis and then differentiate into memory cells that engulf and digest the toxin. D Plasma cells divide by mitosis and then differentiate into memory cells that produce antibodies to bind to the toxin.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9700/13 Oct/Nov 2025