General properties of waves — Paper 3 · IGCSE Physics 0625

7 Fig. 7.1 shows how the air pressure at one instant varies with distance along the path of a For continuous sound wave. Examiner’s Use air pressure normal P X Y air pressure distance in direction of travel of the wave Fig. 7.1 (a) What type of waves are sound waves? … [1] (b) On Fig. 7.1, mark on the axis PY (i) one point C where there is a compression in the wave, [1] (ii) one point R where there is a rarefaction in the wave. [1] (c) Describe the motion of a group of air particles situated on the path of the wave shown in Fig. 7.1. … … … [2] (d) The sound wave shown has speed of 340 m / s and a frequency of 200 Hz. Calculate the distance represented by PX on Fig. 7.1. distance = … [2]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) Longitudinal or pressure waves B1 1 (b) a correct C marked B1 a correct R marked B1 2 (c) oscillation/vibration/backwards and forwards M1 along PY (consider pressure waves as alternative) A1 2 (d) wavelength = 340/200 C1 PX(= λ /2) = 0.85 m A1 2 [7]

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2006

7 Fig. 7.1 is a drawing of a student’s attempt to show the diffraction pattern of water waves that For have passed through a narrow gap in a barrier. Examiner’s Use barrier with narrow gap direction of water waves Fig. 7.1 (a) State two things that are wrong with the wave pattern shown to the right of the barrier. 1. … 2. … [2] (b) In the space below, sketch the wave pattern when the gap in the barrier is made five times wider. [2] (c) The waves approaching the barrier have a wavelength of 1.2 cm and a frequency of 8.0 Hz. Calculate the speed of the water waves. speed = … [2]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) straight not circular or WTTE waves not same wavelength/same distance apart waves should extend into shadow area (more) any 2 B2 [2] (b) diagram showing large flat piece M1 with circular edges (ignore any wavelength changes) but straight part must be (very) nearly equal to slit width A1 [2] (c) speed = 1.2 x 8 C1 = 9.6 cm/s A1 [2] [Total: 6]

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2006

7 (a) In the space below, draw a diagram to represent a sound wave. On your diagram, mark and label (i) two consecutive compressions and two consecutive rarefactions, (ii) the wavelength of the wave. [3] (b) Fig. 7.1 shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum. INFRA– X-RAYS RED Fig. 7.1 (i) On Fig. 7.1, label the positions of γ-rays, visible light waves and radio waves. [1] (ii) State which of the three types of wave in (i) has the lowest frequency. … [1] (iii) State the approximate value of the speed in air of radio waves. … [1] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) (i) diagram showing compressions and rarefactions (could be either spaced vertical lines or dots, or coil or sine wave) B1 2C’s and 2R’s in approx correct place B1 (ii) wavelength correctly marked, by eye B1 (b) (i) all 3 in correct positions B1 (ii) radio (waves) B1 (iii) 3 × 108 m/s B1 [Total: 6] IGCSE – October/November 2007 0625 03

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2007

1 A weight attached to one end of a short length of string is swinging from side to side. The For highest points in the swing are A and B, as shown in Fig. 1.1. Examiner’s Use A B Fig. 1.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 1.1, state what is meant by the amplitude of the oscillations. … [2] (b) Describe how the amplitude of the oscillations could be measured. … … … … … [3] [Total: 5]

5 marks

Mark scheme: 1 (a) mention of distance AB OR distance between highest points of weight OR distance along arc AB of circle OR angle between extreme positions of string C1 idea of half of one of the above A1 (b) use of protractor / ruler ) note value of max angle/distance or its double ) any 3 B1 × 3 from vertical or halve ) avoidance of parallax ) [5]

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2009

6 Some plane waves travel on the surface of water in a tank. They pass from a region of deep For water into a region of shallow water. Fig. 6.1 shows what the waves look like from above. Examiner’s Use boundary waves move this way deep shallow water water Fig. 6.1 (a) State what happens at the boundary, if anything, to (i) the frequency of the waves, … [1] (ii) the speed of the waves, … [1] (iii) the wavelength of the waves. … [1] (b) The waves have a speed of 0.12 m / s in the deep water. Wave crests are 0.08 m apart in the deep water. Calculate the frequency of the source producing the waves. State the equation that you use. frequency = … [3] (c) Fig. 6.2 shows identical waves moving towards the boundary at an angle. For Examiner’s Use boundary A B waves move this way deep shallow water water Fig. 6.2 On Fig. 6.2, draw carefully the remainder of waves A and B, plus the two previous waves which reached the shallow water. You will need to use your ruler to do this. [3] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (i) same / unchanged / nothing B1 (ii) reduced / slows down B1 (iii) reduced B1 (b) v = fλ in any form or in words [not numbers] OR f =1/T in any form or in words [not numbers] B1 0.12 = f × 0.08 OR T = 0.08 / 0.12 C1 1.5 Hz / cycles per sec / c.p.s. / per s [only 2 marks if B1 mark above not scored] A1 IGCSE – May/June 2010 0625 31 (c) (ignore length of waves) waves bending in correct direction (be generous) M1 A and B correct by eye, straight and parallel A1 C and D parallel to A and B by eye A1 [9]

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2010

7 (a) The following list contains the names of types of energy transfer by means of waves. γ-rays, infra-red, radio/TV/microwaves, sound, visible light, X-rays (i) Which one of these is not a type of electromagnetic wave? … [1] (ii) State the nature of the wave you have named in (a)(i). … [1] (iii) The remaining names in the list are all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, but one region is missing. Name the missing region. … [1] (b) A television station emits waves with a frequency of 2.5 × 108 Hz. Electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the wavelength of the waves emitted by this television station. State the equation you use. wavelength = … [3] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) (i) sound B1 (ii) particle OR mechanical OR compression OR longitudinal OR matter wave B1 (iii) ultra violet/uv B1 (b) v = fλ OR λ = v/f B1 3.0 × 108/2.5 × 108 OR 3.0 x 108 = 2.5 × 108 λ C1 1.2 m A1 [Total: 6]

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2010

10 (a) A small object S is dipped repeatedly into water near a flat reflecting surface. Fig. 10.1 gives an instantaneous view from above of the position of part of the waves produced. reflecting surface S Fig. 10.1 On Fig. 10.1, (i) put a clear dot at the point from which the reflected waves appear to come (label the dot R), (ii) draw the reflected portion of each of the three waves shown. [3] (b) Fig. 10.2 shows a small object P in front of a plane mirror M. M P Fig. 10.2 On Fig. 10.2, carefully draw two rays that show how the mirror forms the image of object P. Label the image I. [3] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 10 (a) (i) R in correct position, by eye B1 (ii) 3 reflected waves correctly meeting mirror ) 3 reflected wave equidistant, by eye ) -1 e.e.o.o. B2 3 reflected waves centred on candidate’s R ) (b) 1st ray + reflection correct by eye B1 2nd ray + reflection correct by eye B1 reflected rays projected back, to meet behind mirror OR labelled I and in correct position B1 [Total: 6]

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2010

7 (a) The speed of light in air is known to be 3.0 × 108 m / s. Outline how you would use a refraction experiment to deduce the speed of light in glass. You may draw a diagram if it helps to clarify your answer. … … … … … … [4] (b) A tsunami is a giant water wave. It may be caused by an earthquake below the ocean. Waves from a certain tsunami have a wavelength of 1.9 × 105 m and a speed of 240 m / s. (i) Calculate the frequency of the tsunami waves. frequency = … [2] (ii) The shock wave from the earthquake travels at 2.5 × 103 m / s. The centre of the earthquake is 6.0 × 105 m from the coast of a country. Calculate how much warning of the arrival of the tsunami at the coast is given by the earth tremor felt at the coast. warning time = … [4] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) idea of fine ray/beam shone into (glass) block / pins appropriately placed shown in diagram or described B1 angles i & r or C measured OR correct i & r or C marked on diagram B1 sini/sinr OR sinr/sini OR 1/sinC OR sinC B1 n = speed in air/speed in glass OR c/v = sini/sinr OR n = 1/sinC OR c/v = 1/sinC B1 (b) (i) v = fλ OR 240/1.9 × 105 OR T=d/s AND f=1/T B1 0.00126 Hz OR 0.0013 Hz NOT 0.0012 Hz ignore more than 3 s.f. accept s-1 A1 (ii) distance = speed × time in any form accept s = 2d/t C1 (time for tremor =) 240 (s) or 4 mins also gives first C1 C1 (time for tsunami = ) 2500 (s) or 41 mins 40 s also gives first C1 C1 (warning time = ) 2260 (s) or 37 mins 40 s A1 [10]

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2011

6 (a) (i) A long rope, fixed at one end, is being used by a student to demonstrate transverse waves. State what the student does to the rope to produce the transverse wave. … … [1] (ii) Fig. 6.1 shows a section of the rope when the transverse wave is present. Fig. 6.1 On Fig. 6.1, show 1. a distance, labelled λ, corresponding to the wavelength of the wave, 2. a distance, labelled A, corresponding to the amplitude of the wave. [2] (iii) Suggest what the student could do to reduce the wavelength of the wave. … … [1] (b) The diagram in Fig. 6.2 represents waves on the surface of water in a ripple tank. The waves are travelling from deep water across a boundary into shallow water. deep water shallow water Fig. 6.2 Explain how the diagram shows that water waves travel more slowly in shallow water than in deep water. … … … … [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (i) shake end of rope (e.g. from side to side / up and down) B1 (ii) distance from crest to crest / trough to trough / any 2 adjacent points in phase, labelled λ B1 distance from central horizontal line to peak or trough, labelled A B1 (iii) increase rate of shaking end of rope (to increase frequency) / shake faster / move more quickly B1 (b) in shallow water wavelength is smaller OR waves / lines are closer together B1 frequency is constant B1 (slower because) speed = frequency × wavelength B1 OR lines / waves closer together in shallow water / waves in shallow water lag behind B1 smaller distance travelled in same time by waves in shallow water o.w.t.t.e. B1 (slower because) speed = distance / time B1 [7]

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2011

6 (a) (i) A long rope, fixed at one end, is being used by a student to demonstrate transverse waves. State what the student does to the rope to produce the transverse wave. … … [1] (ii) Fig. 6.1 shows a section of the rope when the transverse wave is present. Fig. 6.1 On Fig. 6.1, show 1. a distance, labelled λ, corresponding to the wavelength of the wave, 2. a distance, labelled A, corresponding to the amplitude of the wave. [2] (iii) Suggest what the student could do to reduce the wavelength of the wave. … … [1] (b) The diagram in Fig. 6.2 represents waves on the surface of water in a ripple tank. The waves are travelling from deep water across a boundary into shallow water. deep water shallow water Fig. 6.2 Explain how the diagram shows that water waves travel more slowly in shallow water than in deep water. … … … … [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (i) shake end of rope (e.g. from side to side / up and down) B1 (ii) distance from crest to crest / trough to trough / any 2 adjacent points in phase, labelled λ B1 distance from central horizontal line to peak or trough, labelled A B1 (iii) increase rate of shaking end of rope (to increase frequency) / shake faster / move more quickly B1 (b) in shallow water wavelength is smaller OR waves / lines are closer together B1 frequency is constant B1 (slower because) speed = frequency × wavelength B1 OR lines / waves closer together in shallow water / waves in shallow water lag behind B1 smaller distance travelled in same time by waves in shallow water o.w.t.t.e. B1 (slower because) speed = distance / time B1 [7]

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2011

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the position of layers of air, at one moment, as a sound wave of constant frequency passes through the air. Compressions are labelled C. Rarefactions are labelled R. C R C R C R C R C R C Fig. 6.1 (i) State how Fig. 6.1 would change if 1. the sound had a higher frequency, … [1] 2. the sound were louder. … … … [2] (ii) On Fig. 6.1, draw a line marked with arrows at each end to show the wavelength of the sound. [1] (b) In an experiment to measure the speed of sound in steel, a steel pipe of length 200 m is struck at one end with a hammer. A microphone at the other end of the pipe is connected to an accurate timer. The timer records a delay of 0.544 s between the arrival of the sound transmitted by the steel pipe and the sound transmitted by the air in the pipe. The speed of sound in air is 343 m / s. Calculate the speed of sound in steel. speed of sound in steel = … [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (i) 1. compressions and/or rarefactions closer together OR more compressions and/or rarefactions B1 ignore wavelength shorter 2. layers closer together at compressions B1 layers farther apart at rarefactions B1 OR compressions narrower (B1) rarefactions wider (B1) ignore wavelength shorter ignore ‘amplitude greater’ ignore ‘maximum displacement greater’ (ii) distance between 2 compressions or 2 rarefactions shown with reasonable accuracy B1 (b) time taken by sound in air = 200 / 343 = 0.583 s C1 time taken by sound in steel = 0.583 – 0.544 = 0.039 s C1 5128 m/s A1 [7]

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2011

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows an aerial view of wavefronts passing from the open sea into an outer For harbour. Examiner’s Use open sea outer harbour direction of wall wave travel outer harbour inner harbour wall inner harbour Fig. 5.1 (i) The wavefronts in the outer harbour are curving at their ends. Name the process that is occurring at the entrance to the harbour. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 5.1, carefully complete the wave pattern as the wavefronts progress through the outer harbour and into the inner harbour. Show the rest of the wave pattern in the outer harbour and three wavefronts in the inner harbour. [3] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows an aerial view of wavefronts in deep water approaching a region of For shallow water where they travel more slowly. Examiner’s Use deep water shallow water direction of wave travel interface Fig. 5.2 (i) Name the process that occurs as the wavefronts pass from deep to shallow water. … [1] (ii) Complete Fig. 5.2 to show possible positions of the five wavefronts in the shallow water. [2] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 5 (a) (i) diffraction B1 [1] (ii) 1 or 2 parallel waves (and part-circular ends) in outer harbour NOT part-circular ends going down B1 3 part-circular waves, > 45° each side by eye, in inner harbour allow flat below gap centred in gap, allow error up to 1λ vertically B1 wavelength constant throughout, must have 3 extra wavefronts, judged along line of direction of wave travel in Fig. 5.1 B1 [3] (b) (i) refraction B1 [1] (ii) at least 4 parallel, straight waves joined onto original waves B1 at least 3 straight waves, sloping down to the right OR with constant reduced λ B1 [2] [Total: 7]

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2013

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the surface of water in a tank. For Examiner’s Use barrier Fig. 7.1 Straight wavefronts are produced at the left-hand end of the tank and travel towards a gap in a barrier. Curved wavefronts travel away from the gap. (i) Name the process that causes the wavefronts to spread out at the gap. … [1] (ii) Suggest a cause of the reduced spacing of the wavefronts to the right of the barrier. … [1] (iii) State how the pattern of wavefronts to the right of the barrier changes when the gap is made narrower. … [1] (b) Fig. 7.2 shows a wave travelling, in the direction of the arrow, along a rope. For Examiner’s Use 2.4 m Fig. 7.2 (i) Explain why the wave shown in Fig. 7.2 is described as a transverse wave. … … [1] (ii) The speed of the wave along the rope is 3.2 m / s. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) (i) diffraction B1 (ii) waves travel slow(er) / water is shallow(er) B1 (iii) angular spread of wavefronts increases o.w.t.t.e. OR amplitude of waves is smaller B1 (b) (i) oscillation / up and down motion (of rope) is at right angles to the direction of the wave OR motion of rope / particles is at right angles to the direction of the wave B1 (ii) λ = 2.4 / 2 = 1.2 m C1 v = fλ in any form OR (f =) v/λ OR 3.2 / 1.2 C1 2.7 Hz A1 OR t = 2.4 / 3.2 (C1) f = 2 × 3.2 / 2.4 (C1) 2.7 Hz (A1) [Total: 7]

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2013

6 (a) Draw a straight line from each wave to the most appropriate speed on the right. For Examiner’s Use wave speed 15 m / s (1.5 × 10 m / s) 300 m / s (3 × 102 m / s) light in air 1500 m / s (1.5 × 103 m / s) sound in air 1 500 000 m / s (1.5 × 106 m / s) sound in water 300 000 000 m / s (3 × 108 m / s) 1 500 000 000 m / s (1.5 × 109 m / s) [3] (b) Fig. 6.1 shows a railway-line testing-team checking a continuous rail of length 120 m. The diagram is not to scale. earphone steel rail hammer sensor Fig. 6.1 (not to scale) One tester strikes one end of the rail with a hammer. The other tester hears the sound For transmitted through the air and transmitted through the rail. He hears the two sounds at Examiner’s different times. Use The speed of sound in steel is 5000 m / s. Calculate the time difference, using your value from (a) for the speed of sound in air. time difference = … [4] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) light in air BOX 5 3 × 108 m / s B1 sound in air BOX 2 300 m / s B1 sound in water BOX 3 1500 m / s B1 [3] (b) distance = speed × time in any form NOT speed = 2d/t C1 tair = 120 ÷ value for speed of sound in air C1 trail (= 120 / 5000) = 0.024 s C1 (time difference =) candidate’s tair – candidate’s trail correctly evaluated (expect 0.400 – 0.024 = 0.376 s) A1 [4] [Total: 7]

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2013

8 (a) Draw a straight line from each quantity on the left-hand side to a speed on the right-hand side which is typical for that quantity. 30 m / s 300 m / s speed of sound in gas 3000 m / s speed of sound in solid 30 000 m / s 300 000 m / s [2] (b) Explain why sound waves are described as longitudinal. … … [2] (c) Fig. 8.1 shows how the displacement of air molecules, at an instant of time, varies with distance along the path of a sound wave. displacement 0 0 distance along path of sound wave Fig. 8.1 (i) On Fig. 8.1, sketch two cycles of a sound wave that has a shorter wavelength and a greater amplitude. [2] (ii) State two changes in the sound heard from this wave compared with the original wave. 1. … 2. … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 8 (a) speed of sound in gas: 300 m / s B1 speed of sound in solid: 3000 m / s B1 (b) particles / molecules / atoms oscillate / vibrate OR pressure variation / compressions / rarefactions / displacements move B1 in the direction of travel (of the wave / sound) B1 (c) (i) two complete wavelengths / cycles with shorter wavelength B1 wave drawn has greater amplitude B1 (ii) higher frequency / pitch B1 louder / higher volume B1 [Total: 8]

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2014

7 (a) State how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave. … … … [2] (b) A sound wave of frequency 7.5 kHz travels through a steel beam at a speed of 6100 m / s. (i) Calculate the wavelength of this sound wave in the steel beam. wavelength = … [2] (ii) The sound wave passes from the end of the beam into air. State 1. the effect on the speed of the sound, … [1] 2. the effect on the wavelength of the sound. … [1] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) vibrations OR compressions AND rarefactions M1 vibrations parallel to direction of travel (of wave energy) OR compressions move in direction of travel (of wave energy) A1 (b) (i) (ä=)v / f OR 6100 / 7500 OR 6100 / 7.5 C1 0.81(33333) m OR 813(33333) mm A1 (ii) 1. decreases B1 2. same answer as 1. B1 [Total: 6]

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2014

5 (a) Two types of seismic waves are produced by earthquakes. They are called P-waves and S-waves. P-waves are longitudinal and S-waves are transverse. (i) Explain what is meant by the terms longitudinal and transverse. longitudinal … … transverse . … … [2] (ii) State another example of 1. a longitudinal wave, … 2. a transverse wave. … [2] (iii) A seismic wave has a speed of 7.2 km / s and a frequency of 30 Hz. Calculate its wavelength. wavelength = … [2] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows an electric bell ringing in a sealed glass chamber containing air. to vacuum pump bell Fig. 5.1 A student hears the bell ringing. The air is then removed from the chamber. State and explain any change in the sound heard by the student. … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5 (a) (i) longitudinal: oscillations/vibration of particles/molecules in direction of travel (of wave) B1 transverse: oscillation /vibrations of particles/molecules perpendicular to direction of travel (of wave) B1 (ii) 1. e.g. sound wave / compression wave on a spring B1 2. e.g. any named electromagnetic wave / ripples / water wave / wave on a stretched rope B1 (b) use of v = fλ in any form OR (λ =) v / f OR 7200 / 30 OR 7.2 / 30 C1 240 m / 0.24 km A1 (c) no sound heard / quieter sound B1 medium/air required to transmit sound OR sound does not travel through a vacuum B1 [Total: 8]

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2014

7 (a) A police car siren emits sound waves that vary in pitch. Tick two boxes that apply to the sound waves emitted by the siren. electromagnetic longitudinal transverse visible frequency 0.1–10 Hz frequency 100–10 000 Hz frequency 100 000–1 000 000 Hz [2] (b) Fig. 7.1 is a top view of one wavefront of a water wave before it strikes a hard boundary. boundary direction of travel wavefront of wavefront Fig. 7.1 (i) Name the process that occurs as the wavefront strikes the boundary. … [1] (ii) Explain, in terms of wave theory, what occurs as the wavefront strikes the boundary. … … … … … [2] (iii) State whether there is an increase, a decrease or no change in the wavelength of the wave after it strikes the boundary. … [1] (iv) The speed of the wave is 3.0 m / s and its wavelength 7.0 cm. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) longitudinal (2nd box) B1 frequency 100 – 10 000 Hz (6th box) B1 (note: –1 for e.e.o.o) (b) (i) reflection B1 (ii) any two from: • new wave(fronts/lets) generated • same speed OR frequency • angle of incidence = angle of reflection OR wavefronts make same angle (with boundary) B2 (iii) no change B1 (iv) v/λ OR v = fλ in any form C1 (f = 3.0/0.07 =) 43 Hz A1 [Total: 8]

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2014

6 A water wave in a tank travels from a region where the speed of the wave is faster into a region where it is slower. Fig. 6.1 is a one-quarter scale diagram that shows the wavefronts in the region where the speed is faster. faster region wavefronts tank slower region Fig. 6.1 (scale: 1.0 cm represents 4.0 cm) (a) (i) Take measurements from the scale diagram in Fig. 6.1 to determine the wavelength of the water wave as it travels in the faster region. wavelength = … [2] (ii) The speed of the wave in the faster region is 0.39 m / s. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … [2] (b) On Fig. 6.1, draw lines that indicate the positions of the wavefronts of the water wave in the slower region. [2] (c) State what happens to the frequency of the water wave as it passes into the slower region. … … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (i) any value between 6 and 7 mm seen C1 26 ± 2 mm OR 2.6 ± 0.2 cm A1 (ii) v = f λ in any form OR (f =) v ÷ λ OR 0.39 ÷ 0.026 C1 = 15 Hz ecf (i) A1 (b) at least 4 wavefronts showing refraction in correct direction B1 7 parallel wavefront lines continuous with those in fast region B1 (c) unchanged / nothing B1 [Total: 7]

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2015

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a metal strip, held in a clamp. metal strip X Y Z clamp Fig. 5.1 The end of the strip is pulled down and released, so that the strip vibrates. X and Z are the extreme positions of the end of the strip during this vibration. Y is the mid-position. Explain what is meant by (i) the frequency of vibration of the strip, … … (ii) the amplitude of vibration of the end of the strip. … … [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows two tall buildings, A and B, that are 99 m apart. 99 m A B P 33 m Fig. 5.2 (not to scale) A student stands at P so that his distance from building A is 33 m. After clapping his hands once, he hears several echoes. The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s. Calculate the time interval between clapping his hands and hearing (i) the first echo, time = … [2] (ii) the third echo. time = … [1] (c) Write down an approximate value for the speed of sound (i) in water, speed = … (ii) in steel. speed = … [2] (d) Fig. 5.3 shows a dolphin in water emitting a sound wave of frequency 95 kHz. Fig. 5.3 (not to scale) Using your value from (c)(i), calculate the wavelength of this sound wave. wavelength = … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 5 (a) (i) (number of complete) vibrations (of the strip) per second/unit time B1 (ii) maximum displacement of end of strip from mid-position OR XY OR ZY OR XZ ÷ 2 B1 (b) (i) (t =) d ÷ v OR 2d ÷ v C1 0.20 s OR 0.2 s A1 (ii) 0.60 s OR 0.6 s c.a.o. B1 (c) (i) accept any value between 1.0 and 9.9 × 103 m / s B1 (ii) accept any value between 1.0 and 9.9 × 103 m / s B1 (d) v = fλ in any form OR v ÷ f C1 correct evaluation from candidate’s (c)(i) with unit, expect 0.016 m B1

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2015

6 A sound wave, travelling in air, approaches a solid barrier with a gap in the middle. Fig. 6.1 represents the compressions and rarefactions of the sound wave. The compressions are labelled A, B and C. barrier A B C compression rarefaction Fig. 6.1 (a) State how a compression differs from a rarefaction. … … [1] (b) The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s. The frequency of the sound is 850 Hz. For this wave, determine (i) the wavelength, wavelength = … [2] (ii) the time that elapses before compression A reaches the barrier. time = … [2] (c) On Fig. 6.1, draw the shape and positions of compressions B and C as compression A reaches the barrier. [2] (d) Sound waves can also travel in water. State how the speed of sound in water compares with the speed of sound in air. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (in compressions) pressure higher OR molecules / atoms / particles close(r) together / (more) tightly packed B1 (b) (i) v = fλ in any form OR (λ =) v / f OR 340 / 850 C1 = 0.40 m A1 (ii) distance (of compression A from barrier) = 2.5 × 0.40 OR 1.0 m C1 time (to reach barrier) = 1 / 340 = 2.9 × 10–3 s OR 2.9 ms A1 OR T (= 1 / f) = 1 / 850 OR 0.4 / 340 OR 1.2 × 10–3 (C1) (moves 2.5 wavelengths:) time = 2.5 / 850 = 2.9 × 10–3 s OR 2.9 ms (A1) (c) two circular arcs centred on mid-point of gap in barrier by eye B1 along centre line, arcs separated by the same distance as adjacent compressions approaching barrier B1 (d) (speed in water) greater OR numerical value greater than 340 m / s B1 [Total: 8]

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2015

7 Sound from a loudspeaker is travelling in air towards a solid wall. Fig. 7.1 shows compressions of the incident sound wave and the direction of travel of the wave. P 8.5 m Q wall direction of travel compressions Fig. 7.1 (a) State what is meant by a compression. … … [1] (b) The distance from point P to point Q is 8.5 m. It takes 25 ms for the compression at P to reach Q. For this sound wave, determine (i) the wavelength, wavelength = … [1] (ii) the frequency. frequency = … [2] (c) As it strikes the wall, the sound reflects. Complete Fig. 7.1 to show the positions of three compressions of the reflected sound wave. [2] (d) The loudspeaker is immersed in water, where it continues to produce sound of the same frequency. State and explain how the wavelength of the sound wave in water compares with the wavelength determined in (b)(i). … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 7 (a) pressure high / increased OR molecules / particles close(r / st together) B1 (b) (i) 1.7 m B1 (ii) v = f λ in any form OR (f =) v / λ OR 5 / 0.025 C1 200 Hz A1 (c) three compressions at 23° – 33° to wall B1 constant and correct wavelength by eye only scored if at 8° – 48° to wall B1 (d) (wavelength) greater B1 change of speed correctly related to change of wavelength B1 [Total: 8]

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2015

6 A dolphin produces a sound wave in water of frequency 7800 Hz. Fig. 6.1 represents rarefactions of the sound wave travelling in the water and hitting the side of a wooden ship at an angle. water wood A B direction of wave travel rarefactions Fig. 6.1 (a) State what is meant by a rarefaction. … … [1] (b) On Fig. 6.1, two rarefactions A and B are labelled. The distance between rarefaction A and rarefaction B is 0.76 m. Determine (i) the wavelength in water of the sound wave, wavelength = … [1] (ii) the time taken for the rarefaction at A to reach the point where rarefaction B is now positioned. time = … [2] (c) The sound wave passes from the water into the wood where the speed of sound is greater. State what happens to (i) the frequency, … [1] (ii) the wavelength. … [1] (d) On Fig. 6.1, sketch the positions in the wood of the three incomplete rarefactions. [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6 (a) (region of) low(er) pressure OR where molecules are further apart B1 (b) (i) 0.19 m B1 (ii) v = fλ OR 7 800 × 0.19 OR 1 500 / 1 480 / 1 482 (m / s) OR 0.76 / 1 500 OR 1 / 7 800 OR 4 / 7 800 etc. ecf from (i) C1 5.1(28205) × 10–4 s ecf from (i) A1 (c) (i) unchanged / stays the same / constant OR 7 800 Hz B1 (ii) increases B1 (d) three wavefronts (rarefactions) joined to those below B1 three wavefronts with their upper ends further to the right AND parallel B1 [Total: 8] 1

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2015

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a wave-powered generator. It generates electricity from the movement of sea waves. turbine and chamber generator air incoming waves waves make water rise and fall Fig. 5.1 (a) The sentences below describe how the wave-powered generator works. A Air is pushed through the turbine, making it spin. B Water rises and falls in the chamber. C The turbine turns a generator. D The generator produces electrical energy. E Waves travel towards the chamber. Write letters in the boxes below to arrange the sentences in the correct order. The first one is done for you. E [3] (b) More electricity needs to be generated from renewable sources instead of from burning fossil fuels. State three benefits of generating electricity from renewable sources rather than from fossil fuels. … … … … … [3] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 5 (a) correct order: E B A C D B3 1 mark for B immediately before A 1 mark for C immediately before D 3 marks for all correct i.e. B, A, C then D (b) any three from: B3 • conserve non-renewable reserves • less atmospheric pollution / acid rain • reduces greenhouse gases / global warming • (renewable) energy source will not run out • reduces dependence on fossil fuels (from other countries) [Total: 6]

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2016

8 (a) Some students want to determine the speed of sound in air. Describe a method they could use. Include the measurements they must make. … … … … … … … … … … … … [4] (b) The graph in Fig. 8.1 represents a sound wave. displacement B A C D F 0 E distance Fig. 8.1 (i) Which distance represents the amplitude of the wave? Circle your answer. [1] AC AF BE DE CF (ii) Which distance represents the wavelength of the wave? Circle your answer. [1] AC AF BE DE CF (iii) Another sound wave, of the same wavelength, is louder. On Fig. 8.1, draw this wave. [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 8 (a) for full marks the method described must work any four from: B4 • means of producing sharp sound • use of suitable reflecting surface • measure total distance travelled by sound • measurement of time for sound to travel measured distance. • use of speed = distance / time (b) (i) circle around DE B1 (ii) circle around CF B1 (iii) higher amplitude drawn B1 same wavelength drawn (by eye) B1 [Total: 8]

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2016

6 Fig. 6.1 shows the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Two regions have not been named. gamma ultraviolet visible infra-red radio rays rays light waves waves Fig. 6.1 (a) Complete Fig. 6.1 by labelling the two regions that have not been named. [2] (b) On Fig. 6.1, circle the region with the longest wavelength. [1] (c) (i) Suggest a use for gamma radiation. … … [1] (ii) Suggest a use for ultraviolet radiation. … … [1] [Total: 5]

5 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) X-rays microwaves B1 B1 6(b) radio waves B1 6(c) any one from: cancer detection / treatment, sterilising (hospital equipment / dressings), gamma-ray photography / scanning, preserving food, detecting cracks in metal structures, locating leaks from underground pipes any one from: detecting forgeries, suntan beds, hardening dental fillings, astronomy, security pens, treating jaundice, locating blood / body fluids B1 B1 Total: 5

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2016

6 Fig. 6.1 shows the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Two regions have not been named. gamma ultraviolet visible infra-red radio rays rays light waves waves Fig. 6.1 (a) Complete Fig. 6.1 by labelling the two regions that have not been named. [2] (b) On Fig. 6.1, circle the region with the longest wavelength. [1] (c) (i) Suggest a use for gamma radiation. … … [1] (ii) Suggest a use for ultraviolet radiation. … … [1] [Total: 5]

5 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) X-rays microwaves B1 B1 6(b) radio waves B1 6(c) any one from: cancer detection / treatment, sterilising (hospital equipment / dressings), gamma-ray photography / scanning, preserving food, detecting cracks in metal structures, locating leaks from underground pipes any one from: detecting forgeries, suntan beds, hardening dental fillings, astronomy, security pens, treating jaundice, locating blood / body fluids B1 B1 Total: 5

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2016

7 Two people watch a storm cloud above a tree. Person A is watching from her house and person B is watching from a distant hill. Lightning creates a bright flash and loud thunder at the same time. The lightning strikes the tree not far from person A’s house, as shown in Fig. 7.1. lightning B A Fig. 7.1 For each person, describe the time interval between seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder and explain your answers. person A description of time interval … … … person B description of time interval … … … explanation … … … … … [4] [Total: 4]

4 marks

Mark scheme: 7 Person A : lightning seen and thunder heard at (almost) same time B1 Person B : lightning seen first OR thunder heard later/after flash of lightning B1 Explanation: light travels faster than sound OR reverse argument B1 sound has further to travel to B so time delay is greater or similar argument OR distances for A are so short that no observable difference in time. B1 Total: 4

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2016

7 Fig. 7.1 represents a wave on a string. position of string without a wave P Q R Fig. 7.1 (a) Complete the sentences about the wave. Use words from the box. amplitude energy frequency matter oscillation wavelength The wave transfers … . The number of waves per second passing point P is the … . The distance between P and Q is the … . The distance between points Q and R is the … . [4] (b) The wave on the string is an example of a transverse wave. Explain how a transverse wave differs from a longitudinal wave. … … [1] [Total: 5]

5 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) energy B1 frequency B1 amplitude B1 wavelength B1 7(b) (transverse) vibrations perpendicular to travel/energy transfer B1 Total: 5

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2017

6 (a) The diagrams in Fig. 6.1 show reflection, refraction and diffraction. On Fig. 6.1, write the correct word next to each diagram for the process shown. barrier … ray of light … ray of light air … water Fig. 6.1 [3] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows a transverse wave. displacement 0 distance Fig. 6.2 (i) On Fig. 6.2, label the amplitude of the wave. [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.2, label the wavelength of the wave. [1] (c) A thin converging lens forms an image of an object, as shown in Fig. 6.3. lens X object image Y Fig. 6.3 Only one ray is shown in Fig. 6.3. On Fig. 6.3, draw two more rays from point X on the object that can be used to locate point Y on the image. [2] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) B1 middle diagram labelled reflection B1 bottom diagram labelled refraction B1 6(b)(i) amplitude correctly indicated by eye B1 6(b)(ii) wavelength correctly indicated by eye B1 6(c) straight line (by eye) drawn through centre of lens to Y B1 sloping ray that emerges horizontally from lens to Y B1 Total: 7

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2017

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light inside a semi-circular glass block. air glass Fig. 6.1 The angle of incidence at the straight surface is less than the critical angle for the glass. On Fig. 6.1, continue the path of the ray. [2] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows another ray of light inside a semi-circular glass block. air glass Fig. 6.2 The angle of incidence at the straight surface is greater than the critical angle for the glass. (i) On Fig. 6.2, continue the path of the ray. [2] (ii) State the term used to describe what happens to the light when it strikes the straight surface in Fig. 6.2. … [1] (c) A wave on the surface of water approaches a barrier. There is a small gap in the barrier, as shown in Fig. 6.3. barrier water wave gap Fig. 6.3 On Fig. 6.3, draw three wavefronts that have passed through the gap. [2] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) ray leaves glass at top surface B1 ray refracted away from normal B1 6(b)(i) ray reflected into glass B1 angle i = angle r by eye B1 6(b)(ii) total internal reflection B1 6(c) waves with arcs centred on gap B1 same wavelength B1

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2017

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a floating plastic ball attached by a long rope to a weight on the bottom of a lake. A water wave on the surface of the lake causes the ball to move vertically up and down. direction of travel of the water wave ball 24 cm rope weight Fig. 7.1 (a) On Fig. 7.1, indicate the wavelength of the wave. Label the distance W. [1] (b) Determine the amplitude of the wave. amplitude = … cm [1] (c) The ball reaches its maximum height 40 times in 60 seconds. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … Hz [2] (d) Explain how the motion of the ball shows that the water wave is transverse. … … … [1] (e) State another example of a transverse wave. … [1] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) wavelength correctly indicated B1 7(b) 12 (cm) B1 7(c) 40 / 60 C1 0.67 (Hz) A1 7(d) direction of travel perpendicular to direction of vibration owtte B1 7(e) any component of the electromagnetic spectrum B1

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2017

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a transverse wave. Four distances A, B, C and D are marked on the wave. A B D C Fig. 5.1 State the letter that shows the amplitude of the wave. … [1] (b) State the meaning of the term frequency of a wave. … … [2] (c) A long spring is fixed at one end, as shown in Fig. 5.2. The spring is moved towards and away from the fixed end, repeatedly. The compressions and rarefactions on the spring at a particular time can be seen. direction of wave travel fixed end towards and away from fixed end 0 1 m 2 m 3 m 4 m tape measure Fig. 5.2 (i) State the type of wave in the spring. … [1] (ii) State one other example of this type of wave. … [1] (iii) Use the scale in Fig. 5.2 to determine the wavelength of the wave in the spring. wavelength = … cm [1] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) A B1 5(b) number of (complete) waves produced by source / passing a point B1 each second / in unit time B1 5(c)(i) longitudinal B1 5(c)(ii) sound wave B1 5(c)(iii) 85–99 (cm) B1

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2018

7 Light and sound both travel as waves. Draw a line from each statement to the correct term that describes it. One has been done for you. statement term change in direction of light when amplitude entering a medium dispersion very high frequency sounds diffraction a glass prism producing a spectrum echo longitudinal light spreading after passing through a narrow gap refraction sound reflecting from a wall spectrum seven colours of light ultrasound [5] [Total: 5]

5 marks

Mark scheme: 7 change in direction of light when entering a medium – refraction very high frequency sounds – ultrasound a glass prism producing a spectrum – dispersion light spreading after passing through a narrow gap – diffraction sound reflecting from a wall – echo B5

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2019

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a student listening to the sound produced by a tuning fork. tuning fork Fig. 8.1 (i) State how the tuning fork produces the sound. … [1] (ii) Complete the following sentence. Choose a word from the box. electromagnetic longitudinal transverse A sound wave is … [1] (iii) A loudspeaker produces a sound with a frequency of 25 kHz. A student with healthy ears cannot hear this sound. Explain why. … … [2] (b) Fig. 8.2 represents a sound wave travelling in air. Fig. 8.2 (drawn full size) (i) The air particles are moving. On Fig. 8.2, draw two arrows in opposite directions to show the movement of the air particles. [1] (ii) Use Fig. 8.2 to determine the wavelength of the sound wave. wavelength = … cm [1] (c) Describe a method of using water waves to demonstrate refraction. … … … … … … [4] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) (it is) vibrating B1 8(a)(ii) longitudinal B1 8(a)(iii) frequency (of sound) OR 25 kHz B1 is above (upper limit of) human hearing range OR is an ultrasound B1 8(b)(i) horizontal line with arrows at either end B1 8(b)(ii) (14.4 ÷ 4 =) 3.6 (cm) B1 8(c) Any four from: use of shallow water use of flat lamina or shape below surface / different depths (of water) used waves hit {shallower water / shape} at an angle (other than 90°) waves change direction (due to) change in speed B4

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2019

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents a transverse wave drawn full size. Point X represents a point on the wave. X Fig. 6.1 (i) On Fig. 6.1, mark clearly the directions in which point X moves. [1] (ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to measure the wavelength of the wave. wavelength = … cm [1] (iii) The frequency of the wave is increased. Describe how the wave pattern in Fig. 6.1 would be different. … … [1] (b) (i) Place a tick in a box next to any transverse wave. light sound radio [1] (ii) State a type of wave that cannot travel in a vacuum. … [1] [Total: 5]

5 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) vertical arrow pointing down AND up B1 6(a)(ii) (10.0 ÷ 4 =) 2.5 (cm) B1 6(a)(iii) more waves / waves closer together / shorter wavelength B1 6(b)(i) light AND radio B1 6(b)(ii) sound OR ultrasound OR longitudinal B1

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2019

8 Fig. 8.1 represents a travelling wave at an instant in time. direction of wave travel 1.0 displacement / cm 0 –1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 distance from source of waves / cm Fig. 8.1 (a) (i) Determine the amplitude of the wave. amplitude = … cm [1] (ii) Determine the wavelength of the wave. wavelength = … cm [2] (iii) It takes 2.0 s for a source to emit the wave shown in Fig. 8.1. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … Hz [2] (b) Fig. 8.2 shows the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. visible radio microwaves light X-rays γ-rays waves waves Fig. 8.2 (i) Two of the regions are not labelled. Add the correct label to each of the unlabelled regions by writing in each box. [2] (ii) Describe one use of γ-rays. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) (amplitude =) 0.9 (cm) B1 8(a)(ii) (wavelength =) 112 ÷ 8 C1 (wavelength =) 14 (cm) A1 8(a)(iii) (frequency =) 8 ÷ 2 C1 (frequency =) 4 (Hz) A1 8(b)(i) bottom left box labelled infrared B1 bottom right box labelled ultraviolet B1 8(b)(ii) treating cancer / identifying cancer / gamma ray photography / sterilise medical equipment B1

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2020

7 A teacher uses a long spring to demonstrate wave motion. She makes a wave move along the coils of the spring. Fig. 7.1 shows the wave on the spring. direction of wave travel movement of coils Fig. 7.1 (a) Explain why the type of wave in Fig. 7.1 is a longitudinal wave. … … [2] (b) Measure the wavelength of the wave shown in Fig. 7.1. wavelength = … cm [1] (c) State what is meant by the frequency of a wave. … … [2] (d) The wave in Fig. 7.1 travels 25 cm in 0.20 s. Calculate the speed of the wave. speed = … cm / s [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) movement (of coils / spring) parallel B1 to the direction wave / it / disturbance travels B1 7(b) 5.2 (cm) B1 7(c) number of waves (passing a point OR sent out) B1 (in) one second / unit time. B1 7(d) speed = distance ÷ time C1 25 ÷ 0.2(0) C1 125 (cm / s) A1

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2020

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a transverse wave. Q R T P S Fig. 7.1 (a) Give the label letter P, Q, R, S or T for the arrow which represents: 1. the amplitude of the wave … [1] 2. the wavelength of the wave. … [1] (b) A student stands next to a pond and observes water waves on its surface. She counts 12 complete waves passing a point in the pond in a time of 8.0 s. Calculate the frequency of the water waves. frequency = … Hz [3] (c) Fig. 7.1 shows a transverse wave. Describe the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves. You may draw a labelled diagram. … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) 1 (amplitude of wave = arrow) R B1 2 ( wavelength of wave = arrow) S B1 7(b) (frequency =) number of (complete) waves per second C1 (frequency =) 12 ÷ 8 C1 1.5 (Hz) A1 7(c) vibration(s) OR oscillation(s) B1 in transverse waves is / are perpendicular / at right angles to the direction of energy transfer / wave travel B1 in longitudinal waves is / are in same direction OR parallel to the direction of energy transfer / wave travel B1

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2021

7 (a) Both radio waves and γ-rays (gamma) are radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig. 7.1 shows the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most regions are labelled. radio microwave infrared … … visible light γ-rays waves radiation radiation … … Fig. 7.1 (i) On Fig. 7.1, write the names of the radiations in the other two parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. [2] (ii) State one use of γ-rays. … [1] (iii) A star emits radio waves and γ-rays at the same time. They all travel across the vacuum of space to the Earth’s atmosphere. State whether the radio waves or the γ-rays, if either, arrive first at the Earth’s atmosphere. Give a reason for your answer. statement … reason … [2] (b) Fig. 7.2 shows pulses of a signal from a star. amplitude of signal 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 time / s Fig. 7.2 (i) Use the graph in Fig. 7.2 to determine the time between pulses. time between pulses = … s [2] (ii) Determine the frequency of the pulses in Fig. 7.2. frequency = … Hz [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) (2nd box/next to gamma) X-rays B1 7(a)(ii) detection and treatment of cancer OR imaging/gamma photography OR (space) telescopes OR sterilisation of food/medical equipment B1 7(a)(iii) statement: (radiations arrive) at same time M1 reason: (because they have) same speed (in a vacuum) A1 7(b)(i) use of peaks to find time interval C1 0.2 (s) A1 7(b)(ii) frequency = number of pulses per s C1 5 (Hz) A1

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2021

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows part of a water wave. R height P Q 0 S distance T Fig. 6.1 (i) State the letter P, Q, R, S or T on Fig. 6.1 that represents the wavelength of the water wave. … [1] (ii) State the letter P, Q, R, S or T on Fig. 6.1 that represents the amplitude of the water wave. … [1] (iii) State what is meant by the term frequency of a wave. … … [1] (b) Two students, A and B, use echoes to measure the speed of sound. Student A has two blocks of wood that make a loud sound when banged together. Student B has a stop‑watch. They stand 120 m from a school wall as shown in Fig. 6.2. stop-watch school wall blocks of wood B A 120 m Fig. 6.2 (not to scale) Describe how the students use the arrangement in Fig. 6.2 to determine the speed of sound in air. … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) R B1 6(a)(ii) P B1 6(a)(iii) idea of: number of (complete) waves {sent out or produced or passing a point} {in one second or unit time} B1 6(b) any four from: (student A) bangs two blocks of wood together (student B) starts stopwatch when (sees) blocks or wood collide (student B) stops stopwatch when she hears echo repeat (experiment) AND calculate average (time) uses 240 m as distance travelled by sound owtte use s= d ÷ t B4

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2021

8 A student uses a tank of water to observe waves on the surface of the water. (a) The graph in Fig. 8.1 represents a wave on the surface of the water. displacement of water 0 distance Fig. 8.1 (i) Draw on Fig. 8.1 to indicate the amplitude of the wave. Label the amplitude A. [1] (ii) Draw on Fig. 8.1 to indicate one wavelength of the wave. Label the wavelength L. [1] (b) The student creates waves in the water tank and places various barriers in their path. (i) Fig. 8.2 shows the wavefronts as they approach a barrier placed at an angle of 45° to the wavefronts. wavefronts barrier water tank direction of travel of wavefronts 45° water Fig. 8.2 On Fig. 8.2, draw three wavefronts after they have reflected from the barrier. Draw an arrow to show the direction of travel of these wavefronts. [2] (ii) The student replaces the barrier in Fig. 8.2 with a different barrier, as shown in Fig. 8.3. Fig. 8.3 shows the wavefronts as they reach the barrier. wavefronts barrier water tank direction of travel of wavefronts narrow water gap Fig. 8.3 On Fig. 8.3, draw three wavefronts after they have passed through the narrow gap. [2] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) one amplitude drawn on diagram labelled A B1 8(a)(ii) one wavelength drawn on diagram labelled L B1 8(b)(i) at least 3 wavefronts reflected from barrier B1 direction of (wavefront) motion vertically down the page. B1 8(b)(ii) at least 3 semi-circular wavefronts after gap showing diffraction (centred on gap) B1 wavefronts with same wavelength as before gap B1

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2022

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the displacement of particles in a water wave. 2.0 displacement / cm 1.0 0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 distance / cm –1.0 –2.0 Fig. 7.1 Using the information in Fig. 7.1, determine: (i) the wavelength of the wave wavelength = … cm [1] (ii) the amplitude of the wave. amplitude = … cm [1] (b) The water waves travel from deep water into shallow water. The water waves have a lower speed in the shallow water. Fig. 7.2 shows wavefronts for the waves in deep water to the left of the boundary. wavefronts deep water boundary wave direction shallow water Fig. 7.2 (i) On Fig. 7.2, complete three wavefronts for the waves in shallow water to the right of the boundary. [2] (ii) State the term for the process at the boundary in Fig. 7.2. … [1] (c) (i) State the name of one type of electromagnetic wave with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light. … [1] (ii) State one use of the type of wave you have given in (c)(i). … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) 8.0 (cm) B1 7(a)(ii) 1.5 (cm) B1 7(b)(i) wavefronts at different angle to boundary B1 wavefronts towards left AND all with smaller wavelength B1 7(b)(ii) refraction B1 Question Answer Marks 7(c)(i) ultraviolet OR X-rays OR gamma rays B1 7(c)(ii) correct use for wave in (c)(i) B1

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2022

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Two of the regions are unlabelled. radio ultraviolet γ (gamma)- visible light X-rays waves … … rays rays Fig. 6.1 (i) Complete the labelling in Fig. 6.1. Write the name of the radiation in each unlabelled region. [2] (ii) State the name of one region of the electromagnetic spectrum that has wavelengths shorter than those of ultraviolet rays. … [1] (b) Fig. 6.2 represents a wave on a rope at one instant. direction of wave travel displacement 0 distance moved by wave Fig. 6.2 On Fig. 6.2, draw a line representing one wavelength. Label the line L. [1] (c) A student incorrectly writes some sentences about electromagnetic waves. His teacher circles a mistake in each sentence. In Table 6.1, write a suitable correction for each mistake. The first one has been done for you. Table 6.1 student’s sentences correction The speed of light is slower than the speed of radio waves in a vacuum. the same as Ultraviolet rays are used in signals for satellite television and mobile phones. Radio waves are used to scan patients for broken bones. [2] (d) Describe the difference between the vibrations of longitudinal waves and transverse waves. … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) (1st box) microwaves B1 (2nd box) infrared B1 6(a)(ii) X-rays OR gamma rays B1 6(b) horizontal line drawn between 2 peaks OR any 2 adjacent similar points on the wave B1 6(c) microwaves B1 X-rays B1 6(d) longitudinal (vibrations) are parallel to the direction of propagation B1 transverse (vibrations) are perpendicular/at right angles to the direction of propagation B1

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2022

7 This question is about the following four types of wave. infrared microwaves ultrasound radio waves (a) Answer the questions, choosing words from this list. (i) State which of the types of wave are electromagnetic. … [1] (ii) State which type of electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength. … [1] (iii) State two types of wave that can travel through a vacuum. … [1] (iv) State which of the types of wave is used to produce an image of an unborn baby. … [1] (b) State two uses for infrared waves. 1. … 2. … [2] (c) Indicate whether the types of wave in Table 7.1 are transverse or longitudinal. Show your answer for each type of wave by placing a tick (3) in one column. Complete all the rows in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 type of wave transverse longitudinal infrared microwaves ultrasound radio waves [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) infrared AND microwaves AND radio waves B1 7(a)(ii) radio waves B1 7(a)(iii) any two from: infrared microwaves radio waves B1 7(a)(iv) ultrasound B1 7(b) remote controls/heat lamps/heaters/thermal imaging/night vision/security cameras/heaters/grills/measuring blood B1 oxygen/pulse oximeters/measuring body temperature/thermal thermometer B1 Question Answer Marks 7(c) wave transverse longitudinal infrared  microwaves  ultrasound  radio waves  B2

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2022

6 A student investigates wave properties. He uses waves on the surface of a tank of water to show the properties. (a) The waves move from deep water to shallow water. Fig. 6.1 shows the wavefronts. wavefronts deep shallow water water Fig. 6.1 (i) State the name of the effect shown in Fig. 6.1. … [1] (ii) When the wave passes from deep water to shallow water, two of its properties change. Describe how one of these properties changes. property … change in property … [2] (b) The student notes that it takes 10 s to produce 25 complete waves in the water tank. Calculate the frequency of the waves. frequency of waves = … Hz [3] (c) Waves on the surface of water are transverse waves. (i) State one other example of a transverse wave. … [1] (ii) Describe the vibration of particles in a transverse wave. … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) refraction B1 6(a)(ii) wavelength M1 (of) waves (in shallow water) is shorter / smaller ORA A1 OR speed (M1) (of) waves / wavefronts (in shallow water) is slower ORA (A1) 6(b) 2.5 (Hz) A3 25 / 10 C2 (frequency =) number of (complete) waves sent out OR passing a point in one second / unit time OR 1 Hz is 1 wave in one C1 second OR no. of waves ÷ time taken 6(c)(i) any electromagnetic wave OR an S-wave B1 6(c)(ii) (particle vibrations are) perpendicular / at right angles B1 to the direction of propagation / wave travel / energy transfer B1

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2022

5 (a) The diagram in Fig. 5.1 shows the profile (side view) of a water wave. Q water wave P T S R Fig. 5.1 State the letter which represents: (i) the amplitude of the wave … [1] (ii) the wavelength of the wave. … [1] (b) The water molecules move at right angles to the direction of travel of the water wave. State the name for this type of wave. … [1] (c) State the meaning of the frequency of a wave. … [1] (d) The chart in Fig. 5.2 shows the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Two of the regions are not labelled. … X-rays … visible infrared microwaves radio light waves Fig. 5.2 (i) Complete the labelling in Fig. 5.2. [2] (ii) Compare the speed of radio waves and visible light. Complete the sentence. In a vacuum, radio waves travel … visible light. [1] (e) The different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have different uses. State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is used for: (i) the remote control for a television … [1] (ii) the signal for satellite television broadcasting … [1]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) S B1 5(a)(ii) Q B1 5(b) transverse B1 5(c) (number of) cycles / vibrations / waves per unit time / second B1 5(d)(i) gamma /  (rays) on lhs B1 ultraviolet / uv (rays) between X rays and visible B1 5(d)(ii) the same (speed) B1 5(e)(i) infrared B1 5(e)(ii) microwaves B1

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2022

6 Fig. 6.1 shows how the displacement of a transverse wave varies with time. 3.0 2.0 1.0 displacement / cm 0.0 0.00.0 0.10.1 0.20.2 0.30.3 0.40.4 −1.0 −2.0 −3.0 time / s Fig. 6.1 (a) (i) Determine the amplitude of the wave in Fig. 6.1. amplitude = … cm [1] (ii) Determine the frequency of the wave in Fig. 6.1. frequency = … Hz [2] (b) Describe the motion of particles in a transverse water wave. … … … [3] (c) A wave has a frequency of 400 Hz and a wavelength of 0.90 m. Calculate the velocity of the wave. velocity = … m / s [3] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 2.0 (cm) B1 6(a)(ii) (so frequency =) 5.0 (Hz) A2 (frequency =) number of waves (sent out) per s / unit time OR (C1) time for 1 wave = 0.2 s OR 2 waves in 0.4 s 6(b) vibrations OR oscillations (of particles) B1 at right angles OR perpendicular B1 to direction of propogation B1 6(c) (v =) 360 (m / s) A3 (v =) 400  0.90 (C2) =) λ (C1)

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2023

6 A student observes waves on the surface of water in a tank. The waves all have the same wavelength. (a) The student measures the wavelength of the waves by measuring the distance between one peak and the next peak. Describe a more accurate method for determining the wavelength. … … [2] (b) The wavelength of the waves is 4.0 cm and their frequency is 6.0 Hz. Calculate the wave speed. wave speed = … cm / s [3] (c) Fig. 6.1 shows water waves in the tank travelling from deep water to shallow water. boundary between deep water and shallow water direction of direction of movement of waves movement of waves in deep water in shallow water Fig. 6.1 State and explain what happens to the waves as they move from deep water to shallow water. name of effect … explanation … … [2] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) idea of measure more than one wavelength B1 idea of dividing measurement by number of wavelengths (measured) B1 6(b) (speed =) 24 (cm / s) A3 (speed =) 6(.0)  4(.0) (C2) (v =) f   (C1) 6(c) (name of effect) refraction B1 change of speed B1

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2023

5 A teacher demonstrates the behaviour of waves by using water waves in a ripple tank. Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section through part of the water waves. water 18.2 cm Fig. 5.1 (not to scale) (a) Calculate the wavelength of the water waves. Use the information in Fig. 5.1. wavelength = … cm [2] (b) The teacher places a pointer above the water waves as shown in Fig. 5.2. pointer water Fig. 5.2 (not to scale) Three students use stop-watches to measure the time taken for 50 peaks to pass the pointer. Fig. 5.3 shows the measurements. min s 1 s min s 1 s min s 1 s 100 100 100 time = … s time = … s time = … s Fig. 5.3 (i) On the line below each stop-watch, state the time measurement, in seconds. [1] (ii) Calculate the average of the three time measurements in (b)(i). average time = … s [2] (iii) Calculate the frequency of the water waves using your result in (b)(ii). frequency = … Hz [2] (c) The teacher repeats the demonstration using a different ripple tank and obtains these results for the waves. wavelength = 0.025 m frequency = 2.4 Hz Calculate the speed of the wave. speed of wave = … m / s [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) 18.2 ÷ 7 C1 2.6 (cm) A1 5(b)(i) 17.24 AND 17.14 AND 17.16 (s) B1 5(b)(ii) (17.24 + 17.14 + 17.16) ÷ 3 OR 51.54 ÷ 3 C1 17.18 (s) A1 5(b)(iii) 50 ÷ 17.18 C1 2.9 (Hz) A1 5(c) (speed =) frequency  wavelength in any form C1 2.4  0.025 C1 0.06(0) (m / s) A1

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2023

4 Fig. 4.1 represents a wave on the surface of water. 20 displacement / cm 10 0 time / s 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 –10 –20 Fig. 4.1 (a) (i) Determine the amplitude of the wave in Fig. 4.1. amplitude = … cm [1] (ii) Determine the frequency of the wave in Fig. 4.1. frequency = … Hz [2] (b) Fig. 4.2 shows wavefronts passing through a small gap in a barrier. The arrows on the diagram show the directions of propagation of the wavefronts. barrier gap Fig. 4.2 State the name of the wave property shown in Fig. 4.2. … [1] (c) Fig. 4.3 shows wavefronts changing direction as they pass from shallow water to deep water. The arrows on the diagram show the directions of propagation of the wavefronts. deep water shallow water Fig. 4.3 (i) State the name of the wave property shown in Fig. 4.3. … [1] (ii) State one property of the water wave, other than direction, that changes as it moves from shallow water to deep water. … [1] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) (amplitude =) 15 (cm) B1 4(a)(ii) (frequency =) 0.5 (Hz) A2 (frequency =) number of waves sent out / emitted in one second (C1) OR 1 wave in 2.0 (s) OR frequency = 1 ÷ 2(0) 4(b) diffraction B1 4(c)(i) refraction B1 4(c)(ii) (change of) wavelength OR (wave) speed OR velocity B1

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2023

8 (a) In Fig. 8.1, each diagram illustrates a wave property. Draw a line from each diagram to the correct wave property. waves reflection barrier diffraction dispersion glass refraction ray of red light Fig. 8.1 [2] (b) An object O is placed in front of a converging lens. Fig. 8.2 shows two rays of light from the object passing through the lens. O F X Y Fig. 8.2 (i) State the name of the line XY in Fig. 8.2. … [1] (ii) State the name of the point labelled F in Fig. 8.2. … [1] (iii) On Fig. 8.2, draw an arrow to represent the image of O. [1] (iv) Using a ruler, measure the focal length of the converging lens. focal length = … cm [1] (v) Describe characteristics of the image in Fig. 8.2. Choose words from the list. Tick (3) three boxes. enlarged diminished same size inverted upright virtual real [3] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a) top diagram ----------- diffraction B1 bottom diagram ---------- refraction B1 8(b)(i) principal axis B1 8(b)(ii) principal focus B1 8(b)(iii) vertical line from point where rays cross to the principal axis B1 8(b)(iv) 1.9 (cm) B1 8(b)(v) B1 enlarged ✓ B1 diminished B1 same size inverted ✓ upright virtual real ✓

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2023

6 Fig. 6.1 represents a transverse wave. +30 displacement / mm 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 time / s −30 Fig. 6.1 (a) (i) Determine the amplitude of the wave in Fig. 6.1. amplitude = … mm [1] (ii) Determine the frequency of the wave in Fig. 6.1. frequency = … Hz [2] (b) (i) State the name of one type of transverse wave. … [1] (ii) Describe the vibrations in a transverse wave. … … [2] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 30 (mm) B1 6(a)(ii) 10 (Hz) A2 idea of frequency = no. of waves per second (C1) 6(b)(i) electromagnetic wave(s) OR any named electromagnetic wave OR wave (on surface of) water OR (seismic) S-wave / B1 secondary wave 6(b)(ii) (vibrations or they are) at right angles OR perpendicular M1 to direction of propagation OR direction of energy transfer A1

This question in 0625/32 Feb/March 2024

6 A student studies different types of wave. (a) She studies waves on the surface of water in a ripple tank. The frequency of the waves is 4.0 Hz. The wavelength of the waves is 5.0 cm. Calculate the speed of the waves. speed = … cm / s [3] (b) The student puts a block into the ripple tank, as shown in Fig. 6.1. The block sinks. The waves travel towards the block and then over the block. edge of block direction of wave travel block ripple tank Fig. 6.1 State and explain what happens to the waves as they travel over the edge of the block. … … … [3] (c) The chart in Fig. 6.2 shows the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. radio waves microwaves infrared visible light ultraviolet X-rays gamma rays Fig. 6.2 (i) State the name of one region in Fig. 6.2 that has longer wavelengths than visible light. … [1] (ii) Describe one use of ultraviolet radiation. … [1] (iii) Compare the speed of radio waves with the speed of gamma rays as they both travel through a vacuum. … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) (v =) 20 (cm / s) A3 (v =) 4(.0)  5(.0) (C2) (v =) f   (C1) 6(b) any three from:  refraction  direction of waves / wavefronts changes  (due to) change in speed  wavelength changes  as depth of water changes B3 6(c)(i) radio waves OR microwaves OR infrared B1 6(c)(ii) security marking OR detecting forged bank notes OR sterilising food / water B1 6(c)(iii) (both have) same speed owtte B1

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2024

6 (a) State the name of the type of wave in which the direction of vibration is at right angles to the direction of travel. … [1] (b) A teacher uses a ripple tank to demonstrate a wave property. Fig. 6.1 shows the ripple tank viewed from above. The crests of the wave are travelling from left to right. barrier with wave crests narrow gap Fig. 6.1 (i) Complete the sentence about the wave property demonstrated in Fig. 6.1. Choose one word from the list. diffraction dispersion reflection refraction The wave property demonstrated in Fig. 6.1 is … . [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.1, indicate one wavelength. Label your answer with the letter ‘w’. [1] (c) In a different ripple tank, the wavelength of the wave is 5.1 cm. The speed of the wave is 42 cm / s. Determine the frequency of the wave. frequency = … Hz [3] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) transverse B1 6(b)(i) diffraction B1 6(b)(ii) correct wavelength indicated B1 6(c) 8.2 (Hz) A3 42  5.1 (C2) v = f   OR (frequency =) speed  wavelength in any form (C1)

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2024

7 (a) A student demonstrates three different processes that change the direction of water waves in a ripple tank. Fig. 7.1, Fig. 7.2 and Fig. 7.3 illustrate the three processes. (i) barrier direction of wave travel Fig. 7.1 State the name of the process shown in Fig. 7.1. … [1] (ii) barrier direction of wave travel Fig. 7.2 State the name of the process shown in Fig. 7.2. … [1] (iii) deep water shallow water direction of wave travel Fig. 7.3 State the name of the process shown in Fig. 7.3. … [1] (iv) Give a reason why the waves in Fig. 7.3 change direction as they move from deep water to shallow water. … [1] (b) Describe the direction of vibration of particles in a transverse wave. … … [2] (c) Fig. 7.4 lists examples of waves. Two of the examples are transverse waves. radio waves seismic P‑waves light waves sound waves Fig. 7.4 Indicate which of the examples are transverse waves. Put a tick (3) in the box next to each example of a transverse wave. [2] (d) The velocity of a wave is 1500 m / s. The frequency of the wave is 250 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. wavelength = … m [3] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) reflection B1 7(a)(ii) diffraction B1 7(a)(iii) refraction B1 7(a)(iv) change in speed B1 7(b) (vibrations are) at right angles / perpendicular B1 (to the) direction of propagation of the wave B1 7(c) tick in 1st and 3rd boxes B1 ✓ radio waves B1 ✓ light waves 7(d) (=) 6(.0) (m) A3 (=) 1500  250 (C2) velocity (of wave) OR wave speed = frequency  wavelength OR (=) v  f (C1)

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2024

7 (a) The direction of vibration in a type of wave is parallel to the direction in which the wave is moving. State the name of this type of wave. type of wave … [1] (b) Fig. 7.1 represents a ripple tank showing diffraction. The ripple tank is viewed from above. The wavefronts move from left to right until they reach a barrier. They are diffracted at a gap in the barrier. wavefronts barrier Fig. 7.1 On Fig. 7.1: (i) draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier [2] (ii) indicate and label one wavelength. [1] (c) The wavelength of the wave is 4.6 cm. The speed of the wave is 38 cm / s. Determine the frequency of the wave. frequency = … Hz [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) longitudinal B1 7(b)(i) (at least) 3 semi-circular wavefronts after gap showing diffraction B1 wavefronts with same wavelength as before gap B1 7(b)(ii) one wavelength drawn on diagram B1 7(c) 8.3 (Hz) A3 38  4.6 (C2) v = f OR (frequency =) speed  wavelength OR (f =) v   (C1)

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2024

6 A teacher uses a ripple tank to demonstrate the properties of waves. (a) When a wave travels on the surface of the water in the ripple tank, the water particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave. State the term for a wave in which particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel. … [1] (b) The teacher demonstrates waves moving from deep water into shallow water. Fig. 6.1 shows the crests of the waves, viewed from above. The arrows show the direction of wave travel. wave crests ripple tank 5.2 cm shallow water deep water Fig. 6.1 (i) Complete the sentence about the wave property shown in Fig. 6.1. The change of direction of the wave is called … . [1] (ii) Fig. 6.1 shows that the direction of the wave changes as the wave enters the shallow water. State why the wave changes direction. … [1] (iii) The speed of the wave in the deep water is 35 cm / s. Determine the frequency of the wave. Use the information in Fig. 6.1. frequency = … Hz [3] [Total: 6]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) transverse B1 6(b)(i) refraction B1 6(b)(ii) speed (of wave) changes B1 6(b)(iii) 6.7 (Hz) A3 35  5.2 (C2) v = f  OR (frequency =) (wave) speed  wavelength (C1)

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2024

7 (a) A transverse wave passes through a medium. Fig. 7.1 shows the displacement of particles in the medium. 1.0 displacement / cm 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 time / s – 0.5 – 1.0 Fig. 7.1 Using the information in Fig. 7.1, determine: (i) the amplitude of the wave amplitude of wave = … cm [1] (ii) the frequency of the wave. frequency of wave = … Hz [2] (b) Fig. 7.2 shows the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency. Two of the regions are not labelled. radio gamma microwaves visible light X-rays waves … … rays Fig. 7.2 (i) Complete the chart in Fig. 7.2 by adding the names of the missing regions. [2] (ii) The speed of yellow light is 3.0 × 108 m / s. The wavelength of yellow light is 5.8 × 10–7 m. Calculate the frequency of yellow light. frequency = … Hz [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) 0.8 (cm) B1 7(a)(ii) (frequency =) 2(.0) (Hz) A2 idea that frequency is number of waves (sent out) in one second C1 7(b)(i) infrared (waves) (in left box) B1 ultraviolet (light / waves) (in right box) B1 7(b)(ii) 5.2  1014 (Hz) A3 3.0  108 = f  5.8  10−7 OR (f =) 3.0  10N ÷ 5.8  10N C2 v = fin any form OR (f =) v ÷  C1

This question in 0625/31 May/June 2025

5 (a) A teacher produces a water wave in a ripple tank. The wavelength of the water wave is 1.2 cm. The speed of the water wave is 18 cm / s. Calculate the frequency of the water wave. frequency = … Hz [3] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows a ray of red light passing through a prism and emerging into the air. ray of red light air glass air Fig. 5.1 (i) State the name of the process shown in Fig. 5.1 that occurs at the boundaries between air and glass. … [1] (ii) A ray of white light replaces the ray of red light, as shown in Fig. 5.2. The ray of white light splits into different colours. screen ray of white light air glass air Fig. 5.2 Draw on Fig. 5.2 to show the dispersion of white light to produce a coloured spectrum on a screen. Label the red and violet (purple) parts of the spectrum. [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) 15 (Hz) A3 18 ÷ 1.2 C2 (frequency =) speed ÷ wavelength C1 5(b)(i) refraction B1 5(b)(ii) dispersion at air-glass boundary AND rays continue to screen A2 dispersion / ray broadens seen at either boundary C1 red (at top) and violet / purple (at bottom) B1

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2025

7 (a) Place ticks (✓) in Table 7.1 to show the properties of sound waves and of microwaves. Table 7.1 property sound waves microwaves longitudinal transverse electromagnetic travel in a vacuum [2] (b) Scientists have placed reflectors on the Moon. Scientists use the reflectors to measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon. reflector on the Moon observatory rayray ofof redred lightlight Fig. 7.1 (not to scale) A scientist in an observatory sends a ray of red light from the observatory to the reflector on the Moon, as shown in Fig. 7.1. The ray takes a total time of 2.5 s to travel from the observatory to the reflector and back to the observatory. The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the distance between the observatory and the reflector. distance = … m [3] (c) (i) State one use of ultraviolet rays. … [1] (ii) State one harmful effect of ultraviolet rays. … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) B2 property sound waves microwaves longitudinal ✓ transverse ✓ electromagnetic ✓ travel in a vacuum ✓ 4 correct – 2 marks 2 or 3 correct – 1 mark 7(b) 3.8  108 (m) A3 3(.0)  108  1.25 OR 3(.0)  108  (2.5 ÷ 2) OR 7.5  108 C2 (distance =) speed  time C1 7(c)(i) security marking OR detecting fake bank notes OR sterilising water OR fluorescent effects B1 7(c)(ii) damage to surface cells / skin / eyes OR damage to genes / DNA OR skin cancer B1

This question in 0625/32 May/June 2025

5 (a) A teacher produces a water wave in a ripple tank. The wavelength of the water wave is 1.2 cm. The speed of the water wave is 18 cm / s. Calculate the frequency of the water wave. frequency = … Hz [3] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows a ray of red light passing through a prism and emerging into the air. ray of red light air glass air Fig. 5.1 (i) State the name of the process shown in Fig. 5.1 that occurs at the boundaries between air and glass. … [1] (ii) A ray of white light replaces the ray of red light, as shown in Fig. 5.2. The ray of white light splits into different colours. screen ray of white light air glass air Fig. 5.2 Draw on Fig. 5.2 to show the dispersion of white light to produce a coloured spectrum on a screen. Label the red and violet (purple) parts of the spectrum. [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) 15 (Hz) A3 18 ÷ 1.2 C2 (frequency =) speed ÷ wavelength C1 5(b)(i) refraction B1 5(b)(ii) dispersion at air-glass boundary AND rays continue to screen A2 dispersion / ray broadens seen at either boundary C1 red (at top) and violet / purple (at bottom) B1

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2025

7 (a) Place ticks (✓) in Table 7.1 to show the properties of sound waves and of microwaves. Table 7.1 property sound waves microwaves longitudinal transverse electromagnetic travel in a vacuum [2] (b) Scientists have placed reflectors on the Moon. Scientists use the reflectors to measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon. reflector on the Moon observatory rayray ofof redred lightlight Fig. 7.1 (not to scale) A scientist in an observatory sends a ray of red light from the observatory to the reflector on the Moon, as shown in Fig. 7.1. The ray takes a total time of 2.5 s to travel from the observatory to the reflector and back to the observatory. The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the distance between the observatory and the reflector. distance = … m [3] (c) (i) State one use of ultraviolet rays. … [1] (ii) State one harmful effect of ultraviolet rays. … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a) B2 property sound waves microwaves longitudinal ✓ transverse ✓ electromagnetic ✓ travel in a vacuum ✓ 4 correct – 2 marks 2 or 3 correct – 1 mark 7(b) 3.8  108 (m) A3 3(.0)  108  1.25 OR 3(.0)  108  (2.5 ÷ 2) OR 7.5  108 C2 (distance =) speed  time C1 7(c)(i) security marking OR detecting fake bank notes OR sterilising water OR fluorescent effects B1 7(c)(ii) damage to surface cells / skin / eyes OR damage to genes / DNA OR skin cancer B1

This question in 0625/33 May/June 2025

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency. Some of the regions have been named. radio waves microwaves infrared visible light region 1 region 2 gamma rays Fig. 6.1 (i) State the name of region 1 and the name of region 2. region 1 … region 2 … [2] (ii) Describe one use of gamma rays. … [1] (iii) Describe one harmful effect on people of excessive exposure to gamma rays. … [1] (b) The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is 2.0 × 106 Hz. The speed of the wave in a medium is 2.8 × 108 m / s. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. wavelength = … m [3] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) (1) ultraviolet (light/rays) B1 (2) X-rays B1 6(a)(ii) sterilising (food or medical dressings/equipment) OR detection/treatment of cancer OR B1 (gamma) imaging OR tracing detection of (underground) leaking pipes/(metal) cracks owtte 6(a)(iii) mutation of cells/DNA OR damage to cells/DNA B1 6(b) (λ = ) 1.4  102 (m) A3 (λ = ) 2.8 ( 108) ÷ 2.0 ( 106) (C2) v = f × λ OR (λ = ) v ÷ f (C1)

This question in 0625/31 Oct/Nov 2025

4 A group of students are studying a topic called ‘Light and Sound’. (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a demonstration using a noisy toy. air outlet noisy toy transparent box sound proof block Fig. 4.1 The teacher puts the noisy toy into a sealed, transparent case that contains air. The teacher removes the air from inside the case. The sound of the noisy toy becomes quieter until the students cannot hear it. The students can see the toy moving, but cannot hear it, because light and sound have different properties. State three differences between the properties of light and the properties of sound. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (b) The students go to a large park to determine the speed of sound. Describe an experiment for determining the speed of sound. You may draw a diagram as part of your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) The students find that the speed of sound is 340 m / s. They strike a tuning fork of frequency 260 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of the sound that the tuning fork produces. wavelength = … m [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) any three from: B3 • light travels through a vacuum or • sound does not travel through a vacuum / needs a medium owtte • light is transverse (wave – sound isn’t) • sound is longitudinal (wave – light isn’t) • light is electromagnetic / e.m. (wave – sound isn’t) • light travels at different speed than sound (in air) 4(b) two students / groups at least 100 m apart B1 any three from: B3 • distance measured by tape (measure) / trundle wheel • means of making loud sound (that is visible) e.g. wooden blocks • distant student / group start measuring time when sound is made e.g. when blocks colliding seen • distant student / group stop time measurement when sound is heard • (time measured by) stopwatch / stop-clock / timer • repeat (experiment) AND calculate average (time) • use speed = distance ÷ time in any form alternative MS for echo method: B1 two students / group at least 50 m from wall / solid structure any three from: B3 • distance measured by tape (measure) / trundle wheel • means of making loud sound e.g. shouting • another student / group start(s) measuring time when loud noise made • another student / group stop measuring when echo / number of echoes is / are heard • (time measured by) stopwatch / stop-clock / timer • repeat (experiment) AND calculate average (time) or perform sound-echo-sound-echo (n) ⩾ 9 times AND ÷ n • use speed = 2  distance ÷ time 4(c) 1.3 (m) A3 340 ÷ 260 C2 (wavelength =) speed ÷ frequency C1

This question in 0625/32 Oct/Nov 2025

5 (a) Table 5.1 shows whether some energy resources are renewable and whether they cause air pollution when being used to generate electrical power. For each energy resource, complete Table 5.1 by writing yes or no in each space. The solar energy resource has been done for you. Table 5.1 energy resource is it renewable? does it cause air pollution? solar yes no fossil fuels wind nuclear fuel tidal [4] (b) A solar cell is one way of using the solar energy resource. Solar cells use visible light from the Sun to generate electrical power. (i) State the property that allows visible light to travel through space from the Sun to a solar cell. … [1] (ii) A frequency of visible light for a solar cell is 6.0 × 1014 Hz. The speed of visible light is 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the wavelength of this visible light. wavelength = … m [3] (c) State one region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has a frequency lower than that of visible light. Describe a use of this region. region … use of the region … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) B1 energy resource is it renewable? does it cause air pollution? B1 solar yes no B1 fossil fuels no yes B1 wind yes no nuclear fuel no no tidal yes no 5(b)(i) (light) travels through a vacuum or (light) does not need a medium B1 5(b)(ii) 5(.0)  10–7 (m) A3 3.0 ( 108) ÷ 6.0 ( 1014) C2 (wavelength =) speed ÷ frequency C1 5(c) infrared or microwaves or radio (waves) B1 matching use B1

This question in 0625/33 Oct/Nov 2025