The nuclear model of the atom — Paper 2 · IGCSE Physics 0625

37 The scattering of α-particles by a thin metal foil supports the nuclear model of an atom. Why are α-particles used rather than neutrons? A because they always travel more slowly B because they are heavier C because they are larger in diameter D because they have a positive charge

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2016

38 A nucleus of a radioactive substance 218 Po undergoes an α-decay followed by a β-decay. 84 What are the nucleon (mass) number and proton (atomic) number of the nuclide formed after both decays have happened? nucleon number proton number A 214 85 B 216 85 C 214 83 D 216 83

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2016

9 Energy is released in some nuclear reactions. Which nuclear reaction takes place in a nuclear power station, and which nuclear reaction takes place in the Sun? nuclear power the Sun station A fission fission B fission fusion C fusion fission D fusion fusion

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2016

38 A nucleus of americium 243 Am emits an α-particle to form a nucleus of neptunium (Np). 95 Which equation represents this decay? A 243 Am → 247 Np + α 4 95 97 2 B 243 Am → 243 Np + α 0 95 96 - 1 C 243 Am → 243 Np + α 0 95 94 - 1 D 243 Am → 239 Np + α 4 95 93 2

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2016

39 A certain element has several isotopes. Which statement about these isotopes is correct? A They must have different numbers of electrons orbiting their nuclei. B They must have the same number of neutrons in their nuclei. C They must have the same number of nucleons in their nuclei. D They must have the same number of protons in their nuclei.

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2016

37 A very important experiment increased scientists’ understanding of the structure of matter. In the experiment, particles scattered as they passed through a thin metal foil. Which particles were used, and to which conclusion did the experiment lead? particles conclusion A alpha particles matter is made up of atoms B alpha particles atoms have a very small nucleus C beta particles matter is made up of atoms D beta particles atoms have a very small nucleus

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2016

38 Below are the symbols for five different nuclides. 35 X 37 X 38 X 81 X 81 X 17 17 18 35 37 nuclide 1 nuclide 2 nuclide 3 nuclide 4 nuclide 5 Which two nuclides are isotopes of the same element? A nuclide 1 and nuclide 2 B nuclide 2 and nuclide 3 C nuclide 2 and nuclide 5 D nuclide 4 and nuclide 5

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2016

39 A radioactive decay can be represented as shown. 233 Pa → 233 U 91 92 The equation is incomplete. In this decay, the nucleus changes by A absorbing a neutron. B absorbing a proton. C emitting an α-particle. D emitting a β-particle.

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2016

37 Below are four statements about isotopes of a certain element. Which statement about the isotopes must be correct? A They are radioactive. B They are unstable. C They have the same number of neutrons. D They have the same number of protons.

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2016

38 Which diagram represents an experiment that provided evidence for the nuclear atom? A B α-particle β-particle gold gold nucleus nucleus C D α-particle β-particle gold gold nucleus nucleus

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2016

39 Sodium-24 decays to magnesium-24 according to the following equation. 24 11Na → 24 12Mg + emitted particle What is the emitted particle? A α-particle B β-particle C neutron D proton

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2016

37 A very important experiment improved scientists’ understanding of the structure of matter. The experiment involved α-particles being fired at a thin gold foil. What happened? A All the α-particles were absorbed by the nuclei of the gold atoms. B All the α-particles were unaffected by the gold atoms. C Some of the α-particles were attracted by the neutrons in the nuclei of the gold atoms. D Some of the α-particles were repelled by the protons in the nuclei of the gold atoms.

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2016

38 What is meant by nuclear fusion? A the emission of an electron from a nucleus B the emission of two protons from a nucleus C the joining together of two nuclei D the splitting of a nucleus into two smaller nuclei

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2016

37 What happens in the process of nuclear fission? A electrons are added to a nucleus B electrons are removed from a nucleus C the nucleus of an atom splits D two atomic nuclei join together

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2016

39 The radioactive nucleus 214 Bi decays to another nucleus by the emission of a β-particle. 83 What is the proton number and what is the nucleon number of the nucleus formed by this decay? proton number nucleon number A 81 210 B 81 212 C 84 213 D 84 214

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2016

37 Which particle is absorbed by a nucleus to cause nuclear fission? A a neutron B a proton C an α-particle D a β-particle

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2016

38 The nuclide notation for an isotope of silver is 109 Ag . 47 How many nucleons are in a nucleus of this isotope? A 47 B 62 C 109 D 156

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2017

39 The equation represents an isotope of radium Ra decaying to an isotope of radon Rn with the emission of particle X. 226 Ra → 222 Rn + X 88 86 What is particle X? A 0 e B 1 H C 4 He D 0 1 n − 1 1 2

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2017

40 An atomic nucleus decays by one or more radioactive decay processes. What causes the proton number to decrease by 1? A α-decay followed by β-decay B α-decay only C β-decay followed by γ-decay D β-decay only

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2017

37 Which row gives the relative charge of an electron, a neutron and a proton? electron neutron proton A –1 0 –1 B –1 0 +1 C +1 –1 0 D +1 0 +1

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2017

38 A nuclide of element X undergoes β-decay. Which statement is correct? A The nucleon number increases by 1. B The nucleon number stays the same. C The product is another nuclide of an isotope of X. D The proton number decreases by 1.

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2017

37 Which particle has a negative charge? A an alpha particle B an electron C a neutron D a proton

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2017

38 A type of nuclear reaction takes place in stars. Which row describes this type of reaction? nuclear reaction nuclei formed energy transfer A fission larger than original nuclei released B fission smaller than original nuclei absorbed C fusion larger than original nuclei released D fusion smaller than original nuclei absorbed

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2017

37 When a source of D-particles is directed towards a thin metal foil they become scattered. Which observation of this experiment provides evidence for a small charged nucleus? A A small proportion of the D-particles come straight back from the foil towards the source. B A small proportion of the D-particles pass straight through the foil. C Some of the D-particles are deflected by an angle of less than 90°. D Some of the D-particles follow a curved path after leaving the foil.

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2017

38 Which description of a neutral atom of copper is correct? A a nucleus surrounded by electrons B a nucleus surrounded by molecules C electrons surrounded by a nucleus D electrons surrounded by molecules

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2017

38 In the diagram, the circle represents an atom (not to scale) with the nucleus at its centre. A particle is emitted by a radioactive source and approaches the nucleus of the atom. The curved arrow shows the path of the particle. nucleus path of particle What is the nature and charge of the particle? nature of particle charge of particle A α-particle negative B α-particle positive C β-particle negative D β-particle positive

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2017

38 Radioactive carbon-14 decays to nitrogen-14 by the emission of a particle. 14 C → 14 N + particle 6 7 Which particle has been emitted in this process? A a β-particle B an α-particle C a neutron D a proton

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2017

37 In the atomic model, an atom consists of a central mass, orbited by much smaller particles. orbiting central particle mass What is the name of the central mass and of the orbiting particles? central mass orbiting particles A neutron α-particles B neutron electrons C nucleus α-particles D nucleus electrons

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2018

38 Nuclear fusion is a reaction that takes place in stars. Which row describes this reaction? action of atomic nuclei energy A an atomic nucleus splits into absorbed two or more smaller nuclei B an atomic nucleus splits into released two or more smaller nuclei C atomic nuclei join together absorbed to form a larger nucleus D atomic nuclei join together released to form a larger nucleus

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2018

10 What is the main process by which energy is released in the Sun? A α-decay B β-decay C nuclear fission D nuclear fusion

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2018

37 In the atomic model, an atom consists of a central mass, orbited by much smaller particles. orbiting central particle mass What is the name of the central mass and of the orbiting particles? central mass orbiting particles A neutron α-particles B neutron electrons C nucleus α-particles D nucleus electrons

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2018

37 In the atomic model, an atom consists of a central mass, orbited by much smaller particles. orbiting central particle mass What is the name of the central mass and of the orbiting particles? central mass orbiting particles A neutron α-particles B neutron electrons C nucleus α-particles D nucleus electrons

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2018

39 The nucleus of an isotope of nitrogen (N) absorbs a neutron. It then decays into an isotope of carbon (C) and emits x. 1 0 + n 14 N → 14 C + x 7 6 What is x? A α-particle B β-particle C γ-radiation D proton

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2018

37 Which diagram represents the structure of a neutral atom? A B C D key – – – – neutron + proton + + + + + + + + – electron – – –

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2018

38 When a uranium-235 nucleus absorbs a neutron, it becomes unstable and undergoes fission. The fission process produces a barium (Ba) nucleus, a krypton (Kr) nucleus and 3 neutrons. The fission process is represented by the nuclear equation shown. 1 n + 235 U → 144 Ba + Kr ... + 3 n 1 0 92 56 ... 0 Which symbol represents the resulting krypton nucleus? A 89 Kr B 91 Kr C 91 Kr D 91 Kr 36 34 35 36

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2018

37 Which diagram represents the structure of a neutral atom? A B C D key – – – – neutron + proton + + + + + + + + – electron – – –

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2018

38 A radioactive nucleus 220 Rn decays in two stages to produce 212 Pb . 86 82 Which two particles are emitted in this process? A an α-particle and a β-particle B an α-particle and a proton C two α-particles D two β-particles

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2018

11 What is the main process by which energy is produced in the Sun? A combustion B nuclear fission C nuclear fusion D radioactive decay

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2018

37 Which diagram represents the structure of a neutral atom? A B C D key – – – – neutron + proton + + + + + + + + – electron – – –

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2018

38 A nucleus of 228 Ra decays into an isotope of actinium, which then decays into a nucleus of 88 228 Th . 90 What types of radiation have been emitted during this process? A one alpha particle only B one alpha particle and one beta particle C two alpha particles D two beta particles

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2018

38 What are isotopes of an element? A atoms of a different element with a different number of neutrons B atoms of a different element with a different number of protons C atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons D atoms of the same element with a different number of protons

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2019

39 A radioactive isotope of carbon 14C decays by beta emission to give an isotope of nitrogen 14N and a beta particle. The equation for the reaction is shown. 14C → 14N + 0β X 7 Y What is the value of X and of Y? X Y A 6 –1 B 6 1 C 8 –1 D 8 1

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2019

40 A beta particle is a fast moving electron. Which statement explains how beta particles are emitted from an atom? A An electron is emitted as a beta particle from an inner electron shell of the atom. B An electron is emitted as a beta particle from an outer electron shell of the atom. C A neutron changes into a proton and a beta particle is emitted from the nucleus. D A proton changes into a neutron and a beta particle is emitted from the nucleus.

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2019

38 The chemical symbol for sodium is Na. The equation represents the radioactive decay of sodium-24. 24Na → 24Mg + ye 11 x –1 What are the numbers x and y? x y A 10 0 B 10 1 C 12 0 D 12 1

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2019

38 Which observation provides evidence for the nuclear atom? A attraction of opposite charges B emission of γ-rays during the decay of a radioactive nuclide C scattering of α-particles by thin metal foils D scattering of γ-rays by a thin metal foil

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2019

39 The chemical symbol for uranium is U. The equation represents the radioactive decay of uranium-235. 235U → xTh + 4He 92 y 2 What are the numbers x and y? x y A 231 94 B 231 90 C 239 94 D 239 90

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2019

36 α-particles are directed at a metal foil. Most of the particles pass through the foil with little change in direction. A small proportion of the particles are scattered back through large angles. What does this evidence suggest about the structure of an atom? A It consists of a charged centre much smaller than the size of the atom and with little of the mass of the atom. B It consists of a negative charge the size of the atom containing small positive charges scattered through it. C It consists of a charged centre much smaller than the size of the atom but with most of the mass of the atom. D It consists of a positive charge the size of the atom containing small negative charges scattered through it.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2019

38 What is nuclear fission? A the merging of two nuclei to create a heavier nucleus B the process by which electrons are removed from an atom C the process by which stars generate energy D the splitting of a nucleus to create two smaller nuclei

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2019

40 A radium nucleus with nucleon number 226 decays by emitting an α-particle. The proton number of radium is 88. What are the nucleon number and proton number for the nucleus produced by this decay? nucleon number proton number A 222 86 B 222 87 C 226 86 D 226 87

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2019

37 Which diagram shows a possible structure of a neutral atom? A B key proton neutron electron C D

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2019

38 The scattering of particles by a thin gold foil provided scientists with evidence for the nuclear atom. Which particles were scattered by the gold nuclei in the thin foil? A α-particles B β-particles C neutrons D protons

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2019

37 The diagrams show the simple atomic structure for two neutral atoms X and Y of different elements. X Y Which row is correct? atom with atom with a more more electrons positively charged nucleus A X X B X Y C Y X D Y Y

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2019

38 Plutonium-238 decays by the emission of an α-particle. Which equation represents the decay of a plutonium-238 nucleus? 238 94Pu → 238 95U + 0 –1α A 238 94Pu → 234 92U + 4 2α B 238 94Pu → 234 92U + 2 4α C 238 94Pu → 242 96U + 4 2α D

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2019

27 A plastic rod is rubbed with a dry cloth. The rod becomes positively charged. Why has the rod become positively charged? A It has gained electrons. B It has gained neutrons. C It has lost electrons. D It has lost neutrons.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2019

38 The diagram represents a neutral atom. nucleus Which row identifies each type of particle in the diagram? A electron neutron proton B electron proton neutron C neutron electron proton D proton electron neutron

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Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2019

39 A thin metal foil is placed in a vacuum. α-particles are fired at the foil and most go straight through. A very small proportion of the α-particles are deflected through large angles. What does this provide evidence for? A α-particles are very small. B There are negative electrons in each atom. C There is a tiny nucleus in each atom. D There are neutrons in each atom.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2019

38 When Rutherford bombarded thin gold foil with α-particles, he found that some α-particles were deflected through large angles. Which statement explains this deflection? A Most of the atom consists of empty space. B All of the positive charge and most of the mass of the gold atom are concentrated in a small volume. C Positive charge in the gold atom is spread evenly throughout the atom. D All of the negative charge is concentrated at its centre.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2020

39 The diagram shows the path followed by α-particles as they pass between two charged plates. They are deflected downwards. + + + + + + + + + β-particles α-particles – – – – – – – – – What happens to β-particles passing through the same electric field? A They are deflected downwards more than the α-particles. B They are deflected upwards. C They are not deflected at all. D They are deflected downwards by the same amount as the α-particles.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2020

37 Uranium-235 is a radioactive isotope. It undergoes a chain of decays and eventually forms the stable isotope lead-207. These two isotopes are represented as shown. 235U 207Pb 92 82 During this chain of decay, how many protons and how many neutrons are lost from a single nucleus of uranium-235 to form a single nucleus of lead-207? protons neutrons A 10 18 B 10 28 C 18 10 D 28 10

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2020

37 Uranium-235 can undergo nuclear fission in many ways. Which equation correctly shows a possible fission reaction for uranium-235? 1n 235U 141Ba 92Kr 31n A + → + + 0 92 56 36 0 1n 235U 91Sr 144Xe 21n B + → + + 0 92 38 54 0 1n 235U 95Rb 136Cs 31n C + → + + 0 92 37 55 0 1n 235U 87Br 146La 41n D + → + + 0 92 35 57 0

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2020

37 What occurs during nuclear fusion? A Two light atomic nuclei join together and emit energy. B Two light atomic nuclei join together and absorb energy. C A heavy atomic nucleus splits and emits energy. D A heavy atomic nucleus splits and absorbs energy.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2020

38 Which statement is correct for the nucleus of any atom? A The nucleus contains electrons, neutrons and protons. B The nucleus contains the same number of protons as neutrons. C The nucleus has a total charge of zero. D The nucleus is very small compared with the size of the atom.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2020

40 Which equation represents the B-decay of lead-209? A B “ePb + Se > “3,8 “ePb + Je 5 Tl “aePb > “3,Bi + Je oe 2P b > onl 1 + Je

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2020

11 What is the source of the Sun’s energy? A chemical reactions in the Sun’s core B -emissions in the Sun’s core C nuclear fission in the Sun’s core D nuclear fusion in the Sun’s core

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2020

37 Which statement is correct for the nucleus of any atom? A The nucleus contains electrons, neutrons and protons. B The nucleus contains the same number of protons as neutrons. C The nucleus has a total charge of zero. D The nucleus is very small compared with the size of the atom.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2020

38 The symbol represents a nucleus of zinc. Which row gives the numbers of protons and neutrons in this nucleus? number of number of protons neutrons A 30 38 B 30 68 C 38 30 D 38 68

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2020

40 Which equation represents the B-decay of lead-209? A B “ePb + je > 73,8 “32D + je > “9, Tl aePb > “3,Bi + Je oe 2P b > oT 1 + Je

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2020

37 Which statement is correct for the nucleus of any atom? A The nucleus contains electrons, neutrons and protons. B The nucleus contains the same number of protons as neutrons. C The nucleus has a total charge of zero. D The nucleus is very small compared with the size of the atom. 234Th

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2020

38 How many protons and how many neutrons are in a nucleus of ? 90 protons neutrons A 90 144 B 90 234 C 144 90 D 234 90

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2020

38 Three students are describing the structure of an atom. student 1 All the positively charged particles are in the nucleus. student 2 Positive electrons are in the nucleus. student 3 Negative electrons orbit around the nucleus. Which students are making a correct statement? A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2021

39 When alpha particles are incident on a thin metal foil, most of them pass through undeviated. What does this observation reveal about the nature of the atom? A The atom has a dense nucleus. B The atom is mostly empty space. C The atom is very small. D The nucleus of the atom is positively charged.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2021

30 A student rubs a plastic rod with a cloth. The rod becomes positively charged. What has happened to the rod? A It has gained electrons. B It has gained protons. C It has lost electrons. D It has lost protons.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2021

37 Which row correctly states how nuclei behave during nuclear fission and during nuclear fusion? fission fusion A nuclei join together nuclei join together B nuclei join together nuclei split apart C nuclei split apart nuclei join together D nuclei split apart nuclei split apart

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2021

38 The charge on a proton is e. What is the charge on an electron and what is the charge on a neutron? electron neutron A e e B e 0 C – e – e D – e 0

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2021

39 Some radioactive nuclei decay to give new nuclei which are also radioactive. Part of a series of decays is shown. 238 92U  234 90Th  234 91Pa  234 92U  230 90Th  226 88Ra How many decays involve the emission of a -particle? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 5

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2021

8 Electrical energy may be obtained from nuclear fission. In which order is the energy transferred in this process? A nuclear fuel  generator  reactor and boiler  turbines B nuclear fuel  generator  turbines  reactor and boiler C nuclear fuel  reactor and boiler  generator  turbines D nuclear fuel  reactor and boiler  turbines  generator

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2021

37 The nucleus of an americium atom contains 146 neutrons and 95 protons. It decays by emitting an -particle. How many neutrons and how many protons remain in the nucleus when this form of americium decays? number of neutrons number of protons remaining remaining A 142 93 B 142 95 C 144 93 D 144 95

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2021

8 Electrical energy may be obtained from nuclear fission. In which order is the energy transferred in this process? A nuclear fuel  generator  reactor and boiler  turbines B nuclear fuel  generator  turbines  reactor and boiler C nuclear fuel  reactor and boiler  generator  turbines D nuclear fuel  reactor and boiler  turbines  generator

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2021

37 The nucleus of an americium atom contains 146 neutrons and 95 protons. It decays by emitting an -particle. How many neutrons and how many protons remain in the nucleus when this form of americium decays? number of neutrons number of protons remaining remaining A 142 93 B 142 95 C 144 93 D 144 95

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2021

8 Electrical energy may be obtained from nuclear fission. In which order is the energy transferred in this process? A nuclear fuel  generator  reactor and boiler  turbines B nuclear fuel  generator  turbines  reactor and boiler C nuclear fuel  reactor and boiler  generator  turbines D nuclear fuel  reactor and boiler  turbines  generator

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2021

37 The nucleus of an americium atom contains 146 neutrons and 95 protons. It decays by emitting an -particle. How many neutrons and how many protons remain in the nucleus when this form of americium decays? number of neutrons number of protons remaining remaining A 142 93 B 142 95 C 144 93 D 144 95

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2021

40 Of the three types of ionising radiation, ,  and , why does -emission cause the most ionisation? A -particles have the smallest mass. B -particles have the greatest mass. C -particles move with the greatest speed. D -particles travel the greatest distance in matter.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2021

38 When a beam of -particles is incident on a thin metal foil, most of them follow a path represented by path X in the diagram. A small number of -particles follow a path represented by path Y in the diagram. foil X Y Which row correctly describes a conclusion that can be drawn from each of these observations about the structure of the atom? most follow path X some follow path Y A atom is mostly empty space atom contains something that repels -particles B atom is mostly empty space nucleus contains protons and neutrons C atom is neutral atom contains something that repels -particles D atom is neutral nucleus contains protons and neutrons

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2022

39 Nuclear fusion is a reaction that takes place in stars. Which row describes this reaction? action of atomic nuclei energy A an atomic nucleus splits into absorbed two or more smaller nuclei B an atomic nucleus splits into released two or more smaller nuclei C atomic nuclei join together absorbed to form a larger nucleus D atomic nuclei join together released to form a larger nucleus

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2022

38 How do the sizes of the two nuclei produced in a nuclear fission reaction compare to the size of the original nucleus? A both larger than the original nucleus B one larger and one smaller than the original nucleus C both smaller than the original nucleus D one smaller and one the same size as the original nucleus

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2022

38 A scientist was asked to separate the following equations into two categories: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 1 239 Pu → 112 Pd + 124 Cd + 31 n 94 46 48 0 2 3 He + He 3 → He 4 + H 1 + H 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 14 N + H 1 → 15 O 7 1 8 4 235 U → 90 Kr + 143 Ba + 21 n 92 36 56 0 Which equations show nuclear fission? A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 1 and 4 D 2 and 4

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2022

38 Carbon-14 has a proton number (Z) of 6 and a nucleon number (A) of 14. Nitrogen-14 has a proton number of 7 and a nucleon number of 14. Carbon-14 emits β-particles to form nitrogen-14. Which nuclide equation describes this process? A 14 C → 14 N + β 0 1 6 7 B 6 C → 7 N + β 1 0 14 14 C 14 C → 14 N + 1 0 β 6 7 − D 6 C → 7 N + −1 β 14 14 0

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2022

37 A very important experiment increased scientists’ understanding of the structure of matter. In the experiment, particles scattered as they passed through a thin metal foil. Which particles were used, and to which conclusion did the experiment lead? particles conclusion A alpha-particles matter is made up of atoms B alpha-particles atoms have a very small nucleus C beta-particles matter is made up of atoms D beta-particles atoms have a very small nucleus

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2022

38 Polonium, Po, has a proton number equal to 84 and a nucleon number equal to 218. Polonium changes into astatine, At, by emitting a -particle. Which equation represents this decay? 84 Po 8 5 At –1  A  + 218 218 0 84 Po –1  8 5 At B +  218 0 218 218 Po 218 At 0  C  + 8 4 85 – 1 218 Po 0  218 At D +  8 4 – 1 85

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2022

37 A thin metal foil is placed in a vacuum. α-particles are fired at the foil and most go straight through. A very small proportion of the α-particles are deflected through large angles. What does this provide evidence for? A α-particles are very small. B There are negative electrons in each atom. C There is a tiny nucleus in each atom. D There are neutrons in each atom. 230 Th

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2022

38 Thorium-230 is represented by the symbol . This isotope is radioactive and decays to 90 radium by emitting α-particles. Which nuclide is produced by this decay? 226 Ra 2 30 Ra 2 30 Ra 2 34 Ra A B C D 88 89 91 92

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2022

37 A thin metal foil is placed in a vacuum. -particles are fired at the foil and most go straight through. A very small proportion of the -particles are deflected through large angles. What does this provide evidence for? A -particles are very small. B There are negative electrons in each atom. C There is a tiny nucleus in each atom. D There are neutrons in each atom.

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2022

38 The table compares -radiation, -radiation and -radiation. Which row is correct? -radiation -radiation -radiation A more ionising than  or  a proton electromagnetic radiation B less ionising than  or  an electron two protons and two neutrons C more ionising than  or  an electron electromagnetic radiation D less ionising than  or  electromagnetic radiation a proton

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2022

33 The scattering of α-particles by a thin metal foil supports the nuclear model of an atom. Why are α-particles used rather than neutrons? A because they always travel more slowly B because they are heavier C because they are larger in diameter D because they have a positive charge

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2023

34 An iron nuclide is represented by the symbol shown. 56 26Fe Which statements about a nucleus of this iron nuclide are correct? 1 The nucleus contains 56 neutrons. 2 The nucleon number is 30. 3 The proton number is 26. A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 3 only

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2023

39 The energy generated in stable stars comes from nuclear reactions. Which type of reaction occurs in the Sun? A Helium nuclei break up to give hydrogen nuclei. B Helium nuclei join together to form hydrogen nuclei. C Hydrogen nuclei break up to give helium nuclei. D Hydrogen nuclei join together to form helium nuclei.

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2023

33 How are positive and negative ions formed from atoms? positive ion negative ion A add positive charge to the nucleus add an electron to the atom B add positive charge to the nucleus remove positive charge from the nucleus C remove an electron from the atom add an electron to the atom D remove an electron from the atom remove positive charge from the nucleus 56 26X

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2023

34 A nucleus of element X is represented as . Which is an isotope of element X? 26 X 54 X 56 X 54 X A B C D 56 26 24 28

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2023

39 Which nuclear reaction powers a stable star? A nuclear fission of nuclei producing hydrogen B nuclear fission of a uranium nucleus into a krypton nucleus and a barium nucleus C nuclear fusion of a krypton nucleus and a barium nucleus into a uranium nucleus D nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei producing helium

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Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2023

24 A plastic rod is rubbed with a dry cloth. The rod becomes positively charged. Why has the rod become positively charged? A It has gained electrons. B It has gained neutrons. C It has lost electrons. D It has lost neutrons.

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2023

33 Fission and fusion are two types of nuclear process. How does the total mass of the nuclides produced compare with the total mass of the original nuclide or nuclides in these nuclear processes? total mass of fission total mass of fusion products compared products compared to original nuclide to original nuclides A same same B more less C less more D less less

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2023

34 The table shows the composition of three different nuclei. number of number of nucleus protons neutrons X 3 3 Y 3 4 Z 4 3 Which nuclei are isotopes of the same element? A X, Y and Z B X and Y only C X and Z only D Y and Z only

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Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2023

35 Which change occurs in the nucleus of a radioactive atom during β-emission? A A neutron transforms into a proton and an electron. B A neutron transforms into a proton only. C A proton transforms into a neutron and an electron. D A proton transforms into a neutron only.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2023

39 Which nuclear reaction produces the release of energy to power a star? A nuclear fission of helium into hydrogen B nuclear fission of hydrogen into helium C nuclear fusion of helium into hydrogen D nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2023

11 Research is being carried out to produce electrical energy from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei. Which row shows two of the problems in designing a fusion reactor? temperature why obtaining a high density needed of hydrogen nuclei is difficult A very low the nuclei are negatively charged and repel each other B very low the nuclei are positively charged and repel each other C very high the nuclei are negatively charged and repel each other D very high the nuclei are positively charged and repel each other

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2023

33 The scattering of alpha-particles from a thin gold foil produces the following observations. ● Most of the alpha-particles pass through the foil. ● Most of the alpha-particles are virtually undeflected. ● A small fraction of the alpha-particles are deflected through large angles. ● A very small fraction of the alpha-particles bounce back from the foil. Which conclusion does not follow from these observations? A Most of the mass of the gold atom is in its nucleus. B Most of the atom is empty space. C The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. D The nucleus must be charged.

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Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2023

34 A nuclide of chlorine has the symbol shown. 35 C l 17 What is the nucleon number of this nuclide of chlorine? A 17 B 18 C 35 D 52

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2023

28 A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth. The rod becomes positively charged because of the movement of charged particles. Which row gives the name of these charged particles and the direction in which they move? charged direction of particles movement A electrons from cloth to rod B electrons from rod to cloth C protons from cloth to rod D protons from rod to cloth

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2023

34 In -particle scattering, -particles are incident on a thin metal foil. Which row describes results from the experiment and a conclusion that the results lead to? results conclusion A most of the -particles most of the atom is empty space pass straight through the foil B most of the -particles the nucleus is very large pass straight through the foil C very few of the -particles most of the atom is empty space pass straight through the foil D very few of the -particles the nucleus is very large pass straight through the foil

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2023

37 Which particle is absorbed by a nucleus to cause nuclear fission? A a neutron B a proton C an -particle D a -particle

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2023

34 A magnesium ion has a double positive charge and a chloride ion has a single negative charge. Which statement is correct? A A chlorine atom gains an electron to form the chloride ion. B A chlorine atom loses a proton to form the chloride ion. C A magnesium atom loses an electron to form the magnesium ion. D A magnesium atom gains two electrons to form the magnesium ion.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2023

37 What happens in the process of nuclear fission? A Electrons are added to a nucleus. B Electrons are removed from a nucleus. C The nucleus of an atom splits. D Two atomic nuclei join together.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2023

40 How does the Sun produce its energy? A by the fission of helium B by the fission of hydrogen C by the fusion of helium D by the fusion of hydrogen

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2023

34 The scattering of a-particles by a thin gold foil provides evidence for the nuclear model of the atom. Two a-particles of the same energy are incident on a nucleus of gold. Which diagram shows the correct paths followed by the a-particles as they pass close to the nucleus? A B path of a-particle @ gold nucleus Cc D @ @

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2023

36 Why are beta-particles deflected more strongly than alpha-particles when they enter an electric field? A Beta-particles have less mass than alpha-particles. B Beta-particles are negatively charged. C Beta-particles have lower velocities than alpha-particles. D Beta-particles have more ionising power than alpha-particles.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2023

37 Which statement describes how nuclear energy is released by fission in a nuclear power station? A Atoms join together to make molecules. B Heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei. C Light nuclei join together to form heavier nuclei. D Molecules break down into atoms.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2023

30 An isotope of strontium has the nuclide notation 84 Sr. 38 How many protons and neutrons are there in a nucleus of this isotope? protons neutrons A 38 46 B 38 84 C 46 38 D 46 84

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2024

32 What occurs during nuclear fusion? A Two light atomic nuclei join together and emit energy. B Two light atomic nuclei join together and absorb energy. C A heavy atomic nucleus splits and emits energy. D A heavy atomic nucleus splits and absorbs energy.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2024

34 The radioactive isotope radon, 222 Rn, is an alpha () emitter. 86 During this radioactive decay, an isotope of polonium, Po, is produced. How many neutrons does a nucleus of this isotope of polonium contain? A 130 B 132 C 134 D 136

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2024

39 Nuclear reactions in the Sun release large quantities of energy. Which statement about this process is correct? A It involves the fission of helium to produce hydrogen. B It involves the fission of hydrogen to produce helium. C It involves the fusion of helium to produce hydrogen. D It involves the fusion of hydrogen to produce helium.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2024

32 A scientist fires alpha-particles at a very thin sheet of gold and detects the particles that pass through. Which statement about the results of the scattering experiment is correct? A Alpha-particles are attracted to the nucleus of the atoms in the metal sheet. B Half the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. C Most of the alpha-particles are deflected, showing that the nucleus is very dense. D Only a small number of alpha-particles are deflected, but some of these are deflected through large angles.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2024

33 The notation represents the nucleus of a gold atom. 197Au 79 The relative charge on a proton is +1. What is the relative charge on the gold nucleus? A +79 B +118 C +197 D +276

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2024

34 An isotope of hydrogen has the nuclide notation H. 2 1 How many neutrons are in the nucleus of this isotope and what is the relative charge on the nucleus? number of relative neutrons charge A 1 +1 B 1 +2 C 2 +1 D 2 +2

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2024

38 What is the main process that powers the Sun? A burning of helium and oxygen B burning of hydrogen and oxygen C nuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium D nuclear fission of helium to form hydrogen

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2024

33 The scattering of particles by a thin gold foil provided scientists with evidence for the nuclear atom. Which particles were scattered by the gold nuclei in the thin foil? A -particles B -particles C neutrons D protons

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2024

34 A nucleus X has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which notation is correct for this nucleus? A 17 X B 17 X C 18 X D 35 X 18 35 17 17

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2024

33 Which diagram shows the structure of a neutral atom? A B – – key + + n n n = neutral subatomic particles + n + + = positive subatomic particles – = negative subatomic particles – C D – – + + n n n n + –

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2024

8 Which statement about the use of nuclear fuel as an energy resource is correct? A It obtains its energy from the Sun. B It has no environmental impact. C Nuclear power stations do not need turbines. D The energy is released by nuclear fission.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2024

34 -particles are directed at a metal foil. Most of the particles pass through the foil with little change in direction. A small proportion of the particles are scattered back through large angles. What does this evidence suggest about the structure of an atom? A It consists of a charged centre much smaller than the size of the atom and with little of the mass of the atom. B It consists of a negative charge the size of the atom containing small positive charges scattered through it. C It consists of a charged centre much smaller than the size of the atom but with most of the mass of the atom. D It consists of a positive charge the size of the atom containing small negative charges scattered through it.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2024

34 The products of the decay of a nucleus of a radioactive isotope are a nucleus and radiation which is emitted. What is the nature of the products? A a nucleus of an element different from the isotope is formed and both an -particle and -radiation are emitted B a nucleus of an element different from the isotope is formed and just -radiation is emitted C a nucleus of the same element as the isotope is formed and both a -particle and -radiation are emitted D a nucleus of the same element as the isotope is formed and just an -particle is emitted

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2024

39 Which reaction produces the energy that powers the Sun? A fission of hydrogen B fission of uranium C fusion of hydrogen D fusion of uranium

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2024

34 A uranium nucleus 238 U decays to form thorium by emitting an -particle. Thorium decays to 92 protactinium by emitting a -particle. Which row gives the atomic number and mass number of this isotope of protactinium? atomic number mass number A 89 234 B 90 235 C 91 234 D 95 235

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2025

35 Which row shows what happens when a nucleus decays by emitting a -particle? change in the nucleus particle emitted A a neutron changes to a electron proton and an electron B a neutron changes to a proton proton and an electron C a proton changes to a electron neutron and an electron D a proton changes to a neutron neutron and an electron

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2025

38 The nucleus of an isotope of nitrogen, N, absorbs a neutron. It then decays into an isotope of carbon, C, and emits x. 1 n + 14 N  14 C + x 0 7 6 What is x? A -particle B -particle C -radiation D proton

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 Feb/March 2025

33 In an alpha particle scattering experiment, a beam of alpha particles is fired at a very thin piece of gold foil. In which direction do most of the alpha particles travel after hitting the foil? gold foil beam of alpha particles A D B C

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2025

34 An atom of boron contains 5 protons and 5 electrons. The nucleon number of the atom is 11. How many neutrons are there in the atom? A 5 B 6 C 11 D 16

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 May/June 2025

34 When a thin gold foil is bombarded with alpha particles, some alpha particles are deflected through large angles. Which statement explains this deflection? A Most of the atom consists of empty space. B All of the positive charge and most of the mass of the gold atom are concentrated in a small volume. C Positive charge in the gold atom is spread evenly throughout the atom. D All of the negative charge is concentrated at its centre.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2025

39 Stars are powered by nuclear reactions that release energy. Which statement describes the nuclear reaction in stable stars? A Nuclear fission converts helium into hydrogen. B Nuclear fission converts hydrogen into helium. C Nuclear fusion converts helium into hydrogen. D Nuclear fusion converts hydrogen into helium.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 0625/22 May/June 2025

34 Which observation provides evidence for the nuclear atom? A attraction of opposite charges B emission of -rays during the decay of a radioactive nuclide C scattering of -particles by a thin metal foil D scattering of -rays by a thin metal foil

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/23 May/June 2025

33 239 Pu is an isotope of plutonium. 94 The nucleus can absorb a neutron and then split to form two other nuclei. Two nuclei that form are gold, 207 Au, and phosphorus, 31 P. 79 15 In this reaction, neutrons are also produced. What is the number of neutrons produced when the nucleus splits? A 1 B 2 C 4 D 5

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2025

35 A beta-particle is a fast-moving electron. Which statement explains how beta-particles are emitted from an atom? A An electron is emitted as a beta-particle from an inner electron shell of the atom. B An electron is emitted as a beta-particle from an outer electron shell of the atom. C A neutron changes into a proton and a beta-particle is emitted from the nucleus. D A proton changes into a neutron and a beta-particle is emitted from the nucleus.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 0625/21 Oct/Nov 2025

33 The arrow shows the path of an -particle travelling towards the centre of a gold nucleus. gold nucleus Which description of the path of the -particle after striking the gold nucleus is correct? A The -particle is deflected through a very small angle towards the top of the page. B The -particle is deflected back along its initial path. C The -particle carries on in a straight line with no deflection. D The -particle is captured by the nucleus and goes into orbit around it.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/22 Oct/Nov 2025

36 Which change occurs in the nucleus of a radioactive atom when a beta-particle is emitted? A neutron  alpha-particle B neutron  proton + electron C proton  neutron D proton  neutron + electron

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 0625/23 Oct/Nov 2025