Atoms, nuclei and radiation — Paper 1 · A Level Physics 9702

38 The symbol 77 Ge represents a nuclide of germanium that decays to a nuclide of arsenic (As) 32 by emitting a β-particle. What is the symbol of this arsenic nuclide? A 76 As B 78 As C 78 As D 77 As 32 32 31 33

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2004

39 The table shows three properties of different types of ionising radiation. X Y Z charge 0 –1 e +2 e 1 mass 0 u 4 u 1840 speed c ~0.9 c ~0.1 c What are the radiations X, Y and Z? X Y Z A alpha beta X-rays B gamma alpha beta C gamma beta alpha D X-rays alpha beta

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2004

40 Which conclusion can be drawn from the results of the experiment showing the scattering of α-particles by gold foil? A Electrons orbit the atomic nucleus in well-defined paths. B Nuclei of different isotopes contain different numbers of neutrons. C The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons. D The nucleus is very small compared with the size of the atom.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2004

38 An atomic nucleus emits a β-particle. What change does this cause to the proton and nucleon numbers of the nucleus? proton number nucleon number A –1 +1 B 0 –1 C +1 –1 D +1 0

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2005

39 Two α-particles with equal energies are fired towards the nucleus of a gold atom. Which diagram best represents their paths? A B gold nucleus gold nucleus C D gold nucleus gold nucleus

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2005

40 A nuclear reaction is represented by the equation 16 O + He 4 → 19 F + X. 8 2 9 What is particle X? A an α-particle B a β-particle C a neutron D a proton

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2005

38 What is a correct order of magnitude estimate for the diameter of a typical atomic nucleus? A 10–14 m B 10–18 m C 10–22 m D 10–26 m

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2006

39 The decay of a nucleus of neptunium is accompanied by the emission of a β-particle and γ-radiation. What effect (if any) does this decay have on the proton number and the nucleon number of the nucleus? proton number nucleon number A increases decreases B decreases increases C unchanged decreases D increases unchanged

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2006

40 Radon-220 is radioactive and decays to Polonium-216 with the emission of an α-particle. The equation for the radioactive decay is shown. 220 Rn → 216 Po + He 4 86 84 2 How many neutrons are in the radon and polonium nuclei? Rn Po A 86 84 B 134 132 C 220 212 D 220 216

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2006

38 Which statement concerning α-particles is correct? A An α-particle has charge +4e. B An α-particle is a helium atom. C When α-particles travel through air, they cause ionisation. D When α-particles travel through a sheet of gold foil, they make the gold radioactive.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2006

39 Where are electrons, neutrons and protons found in an atom? electrons neutrons protons A in the nucleus in the nucleus orbiting the nucleus B in the nucleus orbiting the nucleus in the nucleus C orbiting the nucleus in the nucleus orbiting the nucleus D orbiting the nucleus in the nucleus in the nucleus

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2006

39 The symbol 77 Ge represents a nucleus of germanium that decays to a nucleus of arsenic by 32 emitting a β-particle. What is the symbol of this arsenic nucleus? A 76 As B 78 As C 78 As D 77 As 32 32 31 33

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2007

39 What is the approximate mass of a nucleus of uranium? A 10–15 kg B 10–20 kg C 10–25 kg D 10–30 kg

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2008

38 Which conclusion can be drawn from the results of the experiment showing the scattering of α-particles by gold foil? A Electrons orbit the atomic nucleus in well-defined paths. B Nuclei of different isotopes contain different numbers of neutrons. C The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons. D The nucleus is very small compared with the size of the atom.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2008

39 A nucleus Q has the notation Q y . x Which of the following is an isotope of Q? A y − 1 Q B y Q C y Q D y − 1 Q x x− 1 x+ 1 x + 1

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2008

36 How do the nucleon (mass) number and proton (atomic) number of two isotopes of an element compare? nucleon number proton number A different different B different same C same different D same same Space for working

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2009

38 Which two nuclei contain the same number of neutrons? A 12 C and 14 C 6 6 B 16 N and 15 O 7 8 C 23 Na and 24 Mg 11 12 D 32 Si and 32 P 14 15 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2009

37 The gold nucleus 185 Au undergoes alpha decay. 79 What are the nucleon (mass) number and proton (atomic) number of the nucleus formed by this decay? nucleon number proton number A 183 79 B 183 77 C 181 77 D 181 75

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2009

38 The nuclei of the isotopes of an element all contain the same number of a certain particle. What is this particle? A electron B neutron C nucleon D proton Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2009

39 Alpha, beta and gamma radiations 1 are absorbed to different extents in solids, 2 behave differently in an electric field, 3 behave differently in a magnetic field. The diagrams illustrate these behaviours. diagram 1 diagram 2 + L P M Q N R – paper 1 mm 1 cm aluminium lead diagram 3 X Y Z magnetic field into page Which three labels on these diagrams refer to the same kind of radiation? A L, P, X B L, P, Z C M, P, Z D N, Q, X Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2009

36 The gold nucleus 185 Au undergoes alpha decay. 79 What are the nucleon (mass) number and proton (atomic) number of the nucleus formed by this decay? nucleon number proton number A 183 79 B 183 77 C 181 77 D 181 75

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2009

37 The nuclei of the isotopes of an element all contain the same number of a certain particle. What is this particle? A electron B neutron C nucleon D proton Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2009

38 Alpha, beta and gamma radiations 1 are absorbed to different extents in solids, 2 behave differently in an electric field, 3 behave differently in a magnetic field. The diagrams illustrate these behaviours. diagram 1 diagram 2 + L P M Q N R – paper 1 mm 1 cm aluminium lead diagram 3 X Y Z magnetic field into page Which three labels on these diagrams refer to the same kind of radiation? A L, P, X B L, P, Z C M, P, Z D N, Q, X Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2009

39 Two α-particles with equal energies are fired towards the nucleus of a gold atom. Which diagram best represents their paths? A B gold nucleus gold nucleus C D gold nucleus gold nucleus Space for working

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2009

37 What are the correct descriptions of a γ-ray and a β-particle? γ-ray β-particle A high-speed electron electromagnetic radiation B electromagnetic radiation helium-4 nucleus C electromagnetic radiation high-speed electron D high-speed electron helium-4 nucleus Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2010

38 What are the correct descriptions of a γ-ray and a β-particle? γ-ray β-particle A high-speed electron electromagnetic radiation B electromagnetic radiation helium-4 nucleus C electromagnetic radiation high-speed electron D high-speed electron helium-4 nucleus Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2010

38 In the Rutherford scattering experiment, α-particles were fired at a thin gold foil. A small proportion of the α-particles were deflected through large angles. Which statement gives the correct conclusion that could be drawn directly from these results? A The atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. B The nucleus is at the centre of the atom. C The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. D The atom contains a very small, charged nucleus.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2010

39 Which statement about the nuclei of the atoms of an element is correct? A Every nucleus of an element contains an equal number of neutrons and protons. B Every nucleus of an element contains the same number of neutrons as all others of that element, but the number of protons may differ. C Every nucleus of an element contains the same number of protons as all others of that element, but the number of neutrons may differ. D The number of protons in a nucleus differs from isotope to isotope of an element, as do the number of neutrons. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2010

39 Uranium-235 may be represented by the symbol 235 U . 92 Which row shows the numbers of nucleons, protons and neutrons in a 235 92U nucleus? nucleons protons neutrons A 92 235 143 B 143 92 235 C 235 92 143 D 235 143 92

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2010

40 Which statement about nuclei is correct? A Different isotopic nuclei have different proton numbers. B For some nuclei, the nucleon number can be less than the proton number. C In some nuclear processes, mass-energy is not conserved. D Nucleon numbers of nuclei are unchanged by the emission of β-particles. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2011

39 The uranium nucleus 238 U undergoes α-decay, producing nucleus X. 92 Nucleus X undergoes β-decay, producing nucleus Y. For nucleus Y, what are the values of the proton number and nucleon number? proton number nucleon number A 89 234 B 89 236 C 91 234 D 91 236

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2011

40 Radon-220 is radioactive and decays to polonium-216 with the emission of an α-particle. The equation for the radioactive decay is shown. 220 Rn → 216 Po + He 4 86 84 2 How many neutrons are in the radon and polonium nuclei? Rn Po A 86 84 B 134 132 C 220 212 D 220 216 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2011

38 Which statement about nuclei is correct? A Different isotopic nuclei have different proton numbers. B For some nuclei, the nucleon number can be less than the proton number. C In some nuclear processes, mass-energy is not conserved. D Nucleon numbers of nuclei are unchanged by the emission of β-particles. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2011

40 An atomic nucleus emits a β-particle. What change does this cause to the proton number and the nucleon number of the nucleus? proton number nucleon number A –1 +1 B 0 –1 C +1 –1 D +1 0 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2011

39 Which statement concerning α-particles is correct? A An α-particle has charge +4e. B An α-particle is a helium atom. C When α-particles travel through air, they cause ionisation. D When α-particles travel through a sheet of gold foil, they make the gold radioactive.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2011

33 An atomic nucleus emits a β-particle. What change does this cause to the proton number and the nucleon number of the nucleus? proton number nucleon number A –1 +1 B 0 –1 C +1 –1 D +1 0 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2011

39 Which statement about alpha, beta and gamma radiation is correct? A Alpha radiation has the greatest ionising power. B Beta radiation has the greatest ionising power. C Gamma radiation has the greatest ionising power. D Alpha, beta and gamma radiation have nearly equal ionising powers.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2012

39 A material contains a radioactive isotope that disintegrates solely by the emission of α-particles at a rate of 100 s–1. Which statement about this material is correct? A The number of atoms in the material diminishes at a rate of 100 s–1. B The number of neutrons in the material diminishes at a rate of 100 s–1. C The number of nucleons in the material diminishes at a rate of 400 s–1. D The number of protons in the material diminishes at a rate of 100 s–1.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2012

40 A different nucleus can be formed by bombarding a stable nucleus with an energetic α-particle. 23 Na is bombarded with an energetic α-particle. 11 What could be the products of this nuclear reaction? A 25 Ne + neutron 10 B 25 Na + proton 11 C 26 Mg + β 12 D 27 A l + γ 13 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2012

38 A nuclear isotope emits radiation which is detected by a Geiger-Müller tube held at a distance of about 10 cm from the radioactive source. The radiation is stopped completely by a 2 mm thick sheet of lead. What can be deduced from this information about the emission from the isotope? A It could be alpha and beta radiation, but not gamma radiation. B It could be alpha and gamma radiation, but not beta radiation. C It could be beta and gamma radiation, but not alpha radiation. D It could be alpha, beta and gamma radiation.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2012

38 A nickel nucleus 59 Ni can be transformed by a process termed K-capture. In this process the 28 nucleus absorbs an orbital electron. If no other process is involved, what is the resulting nucleus? A 58 Ni B 58 Co C 59 Co D 59 Cu 28 27 27 29 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2013

39 It was once thought that the mass of an atom is spread uniformly through the volume of the atom. When α-particles are directed at a piece of gold foil, the results led scientists to believe instead that nearly all the mass of the gold atom is concentrated at a point inside the atom. Which effect is possible only if nearly all the mass of the gold atom is concentrated at a point? A a few α-particles bounce back B most α-particles are only slightly deflected C some α-particles pass through without any deflection D some α-particles are absorbed

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2013

40 Which pair of nuclei are isotopes of one another? nucleon number of number neutrons A 186 112 180 118 B 186 112 182 108 C 184 110 187 110 D 186 110 186 112 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2013

39 What is the approximate mass of an alpha particle? A 10–28 kg B 10–26 kg C 10–24 kg D 10–22 kg

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2013

39 The decay of a nucleus of neptunium is accompanied by the emission of a β-particle and γ-radiation. What effect (if any) does this decay have on the proton number and on the nucleon number of the nucleus? proton number nucleon number A increases decreases B decreases increases C unchanged decreases D increases unchanged Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2013

40 A radioactive nucleus is formed by β-decay. This nucleus then decays by α-emission. Which graph of nucleon number N plotted against proton number Z shows the β-decay followed by the α-emission? A B 236 236 N N 234 234 232 232 230 230 88 90 92 94 88 90 92 94 Z Z C D 236 236 N N 234 234 232 232 230 230 88 90 92 94 88 90 92 94 Z Z Space for working

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2013

39 When α-particles are fired at a thin metal foil, most of the particles pass straight through but a few are deflected by a large angle. Which change would increase the proportion of α-particles deflected by a large angle? A using α-particles with greater kinetic energy B using a foil made of a metal with fewer protons in its nuclei C using a double thickness foil D using an alpha source with a higher activity Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2013

39 When α-particles are fired at a thin metal foil, most of the particles pass straight through but a few are deflected by a large angle. Which change would increase the proportion of α-particles deflected by a large angle? A using α-particles with greater kinetic energy B using a foil made of a metal with fewer protons in its nuclei C using a double thickness foil D using an alpha source with a higher activity Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2013

10 A moving thorium nucleus 230 Th spontaneously emits an α-particle. The nucleus formed is a 90 radium nucleus 226 Ra , as shown. 88 230 Th 90 before emission after emission 226 88 Ra 4 He 2 Which statement is correct? A The kinetic energy of the α-particle equals the kinetic energy of the radium nucleus. B The momentum of the α-particle equals the momentum of the radium nucleus. C The total momentum before the emission equals the total momentum after the emission. D The velocity of the α-particle equals the velocity of the radium nucleus. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2013

39 A nucleus of the nuclide 228 Ac decays by emitting a beta particle. The nuclear equation below 89 represents this decay. 228 Ac → Th X + β 89 Y Which pair of values of X and Y is correct? X Y A 224 87 B 224 89 C 228 88 D 228 90 Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2013

37 Alpha, beta and gamma radiations have various depths of penetration in matter and different charges. Which row best summarises the penetration and charge of each radiation? alpha beta gamma A absorbed by a absorbed by several not fully absorbed by sheet of card mm of aluminium several cm of lead negative charge no charge no charge B absorbed by a absorbed by several not fully absorbed by sheet of card mm of aluminium several cm of lead negative charge positive charge no charge C absorbed by a absorbed by several not fully absorbed by sheet of card mm of aluminium several cm of lead positive charge negative charge no charge D absorbed by several not fully absorbed by absorbed by a mm of aluminium several cm of lead sheet of card positive charge negative charge no charge Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2014

39 U++ is a doubly-ionised uranium atom. The uranium atom has a nucleon number of 235 and a proton number of 92. In a simple model of the atom, how many particles are in this ionised atom? A 235 B 325 C 327 D 329

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2014

38 A nucleus X decays into a nucleus Y by emitting an alpha particle followed by two beta particles. Which statement about this nuclear decay is correct? A Beta particle decay occurs when a proton changes into a neutron. B Nucleus Y has the same nucleon number as nucleus X. C Nucleus Y is an isotope of nucleus X. D The total mass of the products is equal to the mass of the initial nucleus X. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2014

39 A slow-moving neutron collides with a nucleus of uranium-235. This results in a nuclear reaction that is represented by the following nuclear equation 235 U + n 1 0 → 154 Nd + 80 Ge + x 92 60 32 where x represents one or more particles. What does x represent? A one neutron B two electrons C two neutrons D two protons

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2014

40 The first artificial radioactive substance was made by bombarding aluminium, 27 A l , with 13 α-particles. This produced an unstable isotope of phosphorus, 30 P . 15 What was the by-product of this reaction? A an α-particle B a β-particle C a neutron D a proton Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2014

39 An isotope of thorium has a nucleon number of 232 and a proton number of 90. It decays to form another isotope of thorium with a nucleon number of 228. How many alpha particles and beta particles are emitted by a nucleus of thorium during this decay? alpha particles beta particles A 0 4 B 1 0 C 1 2 D 2 1

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2014

40 Four nuclei are represented below. 28 E 25 G 25 M 24 Q 14 15 12 13 Which statement about these nuclei is correct? A An uncharged atom of element Q has 24 orbital electrons. B Nucleus M could transform into Q by emitting a beta particle. C Nuclei G and M are isotopes of the same element. D When E absorbs a neutron and then emits an alpha particle, nucleus E transforms into M. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2014

38 Which statement about α-particles is correct? A α-particles emitted from a single radioactive isotope have a continuous distribution of energies. B α-particles have less ionising power than β-particles. C The charge of an α-particle is +1.60 × 10–19 C. D The speeds of α-particles can be as high as 1.5 × 107 m s–1. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2014

40 What is the approximate mass of a nucleus of uranium? A 10–15 kg B 10–20 kg C 10–25 kg D 10–30 kg Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2014

38 Which statement about α-particles is correct? A α-particles emitted from a single radioactive isotope have a continuous distribution of energies. B α-particles have less ionising power than β-particles. C The charge of an α-particle is +1.60 × 10–19 C. D The speeds of α-particles can be as high as 1.5 × 107 m s–1. Space for working

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2014

40 What is the approximate mass of a nucleus of uranium? A 10–15 kg B 10–20 kg C 10–25 kg D 10–30 kg Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2014

38 The nucleus of a radioactive isotope of an element emits an alpha particle. The daughter nucleus then emits a beta particle and then the daughter nucleus of that reaction emits another beta particle. Which statement describes the final nuclide that is formed? A It is a different isotope of the original element. B It is a nuclide of a different element of higher proton number. C It is a nuclide of the same element but with different proton number. D It is identical to the original nuclide.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2014

39 A nuclear reaction is shown. 238 U + He 4 → 241 Pu + X 92 2 94 What is product X? A an alpha particle B an electron C a neutron D a proton Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2014

40 Alpha, beta and gamma radiations 1 are absorbed to different extents in solids, 2 behave differently in an electric field, 3 behave differently in a magnetic field. The diagrams illustrate these behaviours. diagram 1 diagram 2 + L P M Q N R – paper 1 mm 1 cm aluminium lead diagram 3 X Y Z magnetic field into page Which three labels on these diagrams refer to the same kind of radiation? A L, P, X B L, P, Z C M, P, Z D N, Q, X Space for working

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2014

27 An electromagnetic wave has a wavelength that is numerically of the same order of magnitude as the diameter of a nucleus. In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does the wave occur? A gamma ray B X-ray C visible light D infra-red

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2015

39 When α-particles are directed at gold leaf 1 almost all α-particles pass through without deflection, 2 a few α-particles are deviated through large angles. What are the reasons for these effects? 1 2 A most α-particles have enough energy gold is very dense so a few low energy to pass right through the gold leaf α-particles bounce back from the gold surface B most α-particles miss all gold atoms a few α-particles bounce off gold atoms C the gold nucleus is very small so occasionally the path of an α-particle is most α-particles miss all nuclei close to a nucleus D the positive charge in an atom is not occasionally an α-particle experiences many concentrated enough to deflect an α-particle small deflections in the same direction

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2015

38 An experiment in which α-particles were deflected by a gold foil produced new insights into the structure of the atom. Which conclusion can be drawn from the results of the experiment? A Atomic nuclei occupy a very small fraction of the volume of an atom. B Electrons orbit the atomic nucleus. C Some atoms of the same element contain different numbers of neutrons. D The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2015

38 Nucleus P decays in two stages to produce nucleus Q. Which decay sequence will result in the highest number of neutrons in nucleus Q? A an α-particle followed by a β-particle B an α-particle followed by a γ-ray C a β-particle followed by another β-particle D a β-particle followed by a γ-ray

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2015

39 A neutral atom has a nucleus given by the symbol 133 Cs . 55 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in this atom? protons neutrons electrons A 55 78 55 B 55 133 55 C 78 55 78 D 133 55 133

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2015

38 The nuclei of the isotopes of an element all contain the same number of a certain particle. What is this particle? A electron B neutron C nucleon D proton

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2015

39 Which statement about nuclei is correct? A Different isotopic nuclei have different proton numbers. B For some nuclei, the nucleon number can be less than the proton number. C In some nuclear processes, mass-energy is not conserved. D Nucleon numbers of nuclei are unchanged by the emission of β-particles.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2015

39 A material contains a radioactive isotope that disintegrates solely by the emission of α-particles at a rate of 100 s–1. Which statement about this material is correct? A The number of atoms in the material diminishes at a rate of 100 s–1. B The number of neutrons in the material diminishes at a rate of 100 s–1. C The number of nucleons in the material diminishes at a rate of 400 s–1. D The number of protons in the material diminishes at a rate of 100 s–1.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2015

40 A radioactive nucleus emits an α-particle or a β-particle, creating a product nucleus. Which decay process could create the product nucleus stated? radioactive nucleus decay product nucleus A 226 Ra α 224 Rn 88 86 B 238 U α 242 Pu 92 94 C 228 Ra β 228 Fr 88 87 D 231 Th β 231 Pa 90 91

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2015

39 When a nucleus emits an α-particle, how do the proton number and the nucleon number of the original nucleus change? proton number nucleon number A –4 –2 B –2 –2 C –2 –4 D +1 no change

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2015

38 A sample of an isotope emits β– particles. The emitted β– particles have a range of energies. What must also be emitted? A antineutrinos B neutrinos C antineutrons D neutrons

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2016

39 A nucleus of magnesium decays into a nucleus of sodium by emitting a β+ particle. The decay is represented by the equation shown. 23 Mg → Na P + 0 β 12 Q + 1 What are the values of P and Q? P Q A 22 11 B 22 13 C 23 11 D 23 13

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2016

40 Thorium-234 ( 234 Th) decays by β– emission into a daughter product which in turn decays by a 90 further β– emission into a granddaughter product. Which letter in the diagram represents the granddaughter product? A B 92 91 proton 90 number 89 C D 88 232 233 234 235 236 nucleon number

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2016

39 Which word equation represents β+ decay? A proton → neutron + electron + electron antineutrino B proton → neutron + electron + electron neutrino C proton → neutron + positron + electron antineutrino D proton → neutron + positron + electron neutrino

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2016

40 Which statement about the alpha-particle scattering experiment provides evidence for the existence of the nucleus? A A tiny proportion of the alpha-particles are deflected through large angles. B Slower alpha-particles are deflected through larger angles. C The kinetic energies of the deflected alpha-particles are unchanged. D The number of alpha-particles deflected depends on the thickness of the foil.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2016

38 The gold nucleus 185 Au undergoes alpha decay. 79 What are the nucleon number and proton number of the nucleus formed by this decay? nucleon number proton number A 183 79 B 183 77 C 181 77 D 181 75

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2016

40 Which equation represents β+ decay? A neutron → proton + positron + antineutrino B neutron → proton + positron + neutrino C proton → neutron + positron + antineutrino D proton → neutron + positron + neutrino

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2016

39 What are the correct descriptions of a γ-ray and a β– particle? γ-ray β– particle A high-speed electron electromagnetic radiation B electromagnetic radiation helium-4 nucleus C electromagnetic radiation high-speed electron D high-speed electron helium-4 nucleus

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2016

39 What are the correct descriptions of a γ-ray and a β– particle? γ-ray β– particle A high-speed electron electromagnetic radiation B electromagnetic radiation helium-4 nucleus C electromagnetic radiation high-speed electron D high-speed electron helium-4 nucleus

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2016

38 Which row describes the relative ionizing power and the relative penetration power per unit length in air of α-particles and γ-rays? α-particles γ-rays A least ionizing least penetrating B least penetrating most ionizing C most ionizing most penetrating D most penetrating least ionizing

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2017

38 The table lists the nucleon number and the proton number of various nuclei. The nuclei are represented by the letters L to T. nucleon proton nucleus number number L 227 89 M 226 89 N 225 89 O 227 90 P 226 90 Q 225 90 R 227 91 S 226 91 T 225 91 Which row in the following table correctly shows three nuclei of the same element, and three nuclei that have the same number of neutrons? same number same element of neutrons A L M N R P N B M P S R S T C O P Q M P S D R P N O P Q

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2017

38 In a television programme to illustrate scientific models, a presenter fires a gun many times at a bale of hay. Two small cannon balls are embedded within the hay some distance apart from each other. The hay bale measures approximately 2 m × 2 m × 2 m and the cannon balls are made of iron, approximately spherical, and about 5 cm in diameter. What might the presenter be illustrating? A α-particle scattering B β– decay C conservation of momentum D double-slit interference

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2017

39 A certain nuclide, uranium-235, has nucleon number 235, proton number 92 and neutron number 143. Data on four other nuclides are given below. Which nuclide is an isotope of uranium-235? nucleon number proton number neutron number A 235 91 144 B 236 92 144 C 237 94 143 D 238 95 143

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2017

38 Which statement about α-particles is correct? A α-particles emitted from a single radioactive isotope have a continuous distribution of energies. B α-particles have less ionising power than β-particles. C The charge of an α-particle is +1.60 × 10–19 C. D The speeds of α-particles can be as high as 1.5 × 107 m s–1.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2017

39 An astatine nucleus has a nucleon number of 218 and a proton number of 85. It decays to form a polonium nucleus, emitting a β– particle and an α-particle in the process. What are the nucleon number and the proton number of this polonium nucleus? nucleon number proton number A 214 83 B 214 84 C 215 83 D 216 82

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2017

39 Each option shows the number of neutrons, protons and electrons in two atoms, some of which are ionised. Which pair of atoms in the table are isotopes of the same element? neutron proton electron A 20 20 17 19 20 20 B 28 28 23 24 23 24 C 34 36 29 29 29 28 D 40 42 32 31 32 32

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2017

38 In the α-particle scattering experiment, a beam of α-particles is aimed at a thin gold foil. Most of the α-particles go straight through or are deflected by a small angle. A very small proportion are deflected through more than 90°, effectively rebounding towards the source of the α-particles. Which conclusion about the structure of atoms cannot be drawn from this experiment alone? A Most of the atom is empty space. B Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. C The nucleus contains both protons and neutrons. D The nucleus is charged.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2018

39 Radon-211, 211 Rn , francium-210, 210 Fr , and radium-212, 212 Ra , are three nuclides. 86 87 88 How many neutrons does each nuclide have in its nucleus? radon-211 francium-210 radium-212 A 86 87 88 B 125 123 124 C 211 210 212 D 297 297 300

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2018

39 A nucleus of magnesium-23 undergoes β+ decay, as represented by the nuclear equation shown. 23 Mg → X + β+ + νe 12 What is nucleus X? A 22 Na B 22 A l C 23 Na D 23 A l 11 13 11 13

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2018

39 A proton in a nucleus undergoes β+ decay. One of the products is a neutron. What are the other products? A an electron and a neutrino B an electron and an antineutrino C a positron and a neutrino D a positron and an antineutrino

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2018

39 A nucleus Q has the notation Q y . x Which of the following is an isotope of Q? A y − 1 Q B y Q C y Q D y − 1 Q x x− 1 x+ 1 x + 1

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2018

39 Which statement about the alpha-particle scattering experiment provides evidence for the existence of the nucleus? A A tiny proportion of the alpha-particles are deflected through large angles. B Slower alpha-particles are deflected through larger angles. C The kinetic energies of the deflected alpha-particles are unchanged. D The number of alpha-particles deflected depends on the thickness of the foil.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2019

39 What is a correct estimate of the order of magnitude of the diameter of a typical atomic nucleus? A 10–14 m B 10–18 m C 10–22 m D 10–26 m

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2019

38 The table gives some data relating to four neutral (uncharged) atoms W, X, Y and Z. W X Y Z nucleon (mass) number 16 17 17 18 total number of particles (protons, 24 26 25 28 neutrons and electrons) in the atom Two of the atoms are isotopes of the same element. What is the proton number of this element? A 7 B 8 C 9 D 10

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2019

39 A radioactive nucleus emits an α-particle or a β– particle, creating a product nucleus. Which decay could create the product nucleus stated? radioactive nucleus decay product nucleus A 226 Ra α 224 Rn 88 86 B 238 U α 242 Pu 92 94 C 228 Ra β– 228 Fr 88 87 D 231 Th β– 231 Pa 90 91

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2019

39 An element has two isotopic forms. What are the nuclear arrangements of these two isotopes? A They have different nucleon numbers and different proton numbers. B They have different nucleon numbers but the same proton number. C They have the same nucleon number and the same proton number. D They have the same nucleon number but different proton numbers.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2020

39 Radiation from a radioactive source has a range of a few millimetres in air and can be deflected by an electric field. Which type of radiation is being emitted? A α-radiation B β– radiation C β+ radiation D γ-rays

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2020

38 Which statement about two nuclei that are isotopes of the same element is correct? A The nuclei each have the same acceleration when in the same uniform electric field. B The nuclei each have the same number of neutrons. C The nuclei each have the same number of nucleons. D Uncharged atoms containing the nuclei each have the same number of electrons.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2020

39 In a nuclear physics experiment, a nucleus of 32 16S collides with a nucleus of 94 42Mo. The nuclei combine together and immediately emit a single alpha-particle. The nuclear reaction is shown. 16S + 94 32 42Mo  X +  What is nucleus X? A 122 56X B 124 54X C 126 58X D 126 59X

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2020

39 What is a conclusion from the alpha-particle scattering experiment? A Protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges. B Protons have a much larger mass than electrons. C The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom. D The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2020

39 The table contains data for four different nuclei P, Q, R and S. number nucleon nucleus of neutrons number P 5 10 Q 6 10 R 6 14 S 8 16 Which two nuclei are isotopes of the same element? A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D R and S

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2020

39 A nucleus of uranium, 235 92U, undergoes a series of decays. During the series of decays, two -particles and one – particle are emitted. As a result, a nucleus of actinium, Ac, is formed. What is the correct notation for the nuclide of actinium that is formed? A 227 87Ac B 227 89Ac C 231 87Ac D 231 89Ac

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2021

39 A beam of -particles is incident on a thin gold foil. One -particle collides head-on with a gold nucleus and is deflected back along its original path. Which statement could explain why the recoil speed of the gold nucleus is small compared with the recoil speed of the -particle? A Most -particles are only slightly deflected as they pass through the gold foil. B The -particle and the gold nucleus repel each other. C The mass of the gold nucleus is much greater than the mass of the -particle. D The momentum of the -particle decreases as it approaches the gold nucleus.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2021

38 When -particles are fired at a thin metal foil, most of the particles pass straight through but a few are deflected by a large angle. Which change would increase the proportion of -particles deflected by a large angle? A using -particles with greater kinetic energy B using a double thickness foil C using a foil made of a metal with fewer protons in its nuclei D using a source emitting more -particles per unit time

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2021

38 When -particles are directed at gold leaf: 1 almost all -particles pass through without deflection 2 a few -particles are deviated through large angles. What are the reasons for these effects? 1 2 A most -particles have enough energy gold is very dense so a few low to pass right through the gold leaf energy -particles bounce back from the gold surface B most -particles miss all gold atoms a few -particles bounce off gold atoms C the gold nucleus is very small occasionally the path of an so most -particles miss all nuclei -particle is close to a nucleus D the positive charge in an occasionally an -particle atom is not concentrated experiences many small enough to deflect an -particle deflections in the same direction

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2022

38 In an experiment on -particle scattering, -particles are directed at a thin gold foil. Most of the -particles pass straight through the foil or are deflected by a small angle. A small number of -particles are deflected by a large angle. Which statement cannot be deduced from this experiment? A Atoms are mostly empty space. B Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. C The nucleus of an atom contains protons. D The nucleus of an atom is small compared to the size of an atom.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2022

39 Four nuclei are represented below. 28 E 25 G 25 M 24 Q 14 15 12 13 Which statement about these nuclei is correct? A An uncharged atom of element Q has 24 orbital electrons. B Nuclei G and M are isotopes of the same element. C When E absorbs a neutron and then emits an-particle, E transforms into M. D When M emits a – particle, M transforms into Q.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2022

38 An -particle passes close to a gold nucleus and is deflected through an angle greater than 90. Which property of the -particle changes as a result of the deflection? A charge B momentum C nucleon number D proton number

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2022

38 In the -particle scattering experiment, a beam of -particles is aimed at a thin gold foil. Most of the -particles go straight through or are deflected by a small angle. A very small proportion are deflected by more than 90, effectively rebounding towards the source of the -particles. Which conclusion about the structure of atoms cannot be drawn from this experiment alone? A Most of the atom is empty space. B Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. C The nucleus contains both protons and neutrons. D The nucleus is charged.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2022

38 Which statement about the alpha-particle scattering experiment provides evidence for the existence of the nucleus? A A tiny proportion of the alpha-particles are deflected through large angles. B Slower alpha-particles are deflected through larger angles. C The kinetic energies of the deflected alpha-particles are unchanged. D The number of alpha-particles deflected depends on the thickness of the foil.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2022

38 What is a conclusion from the alpha-particle scattering experiment? A Protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges. B Protons have a much larger mass than electrons. C The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom. D The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2023

38 What are isotopes? A nuclei of different elements with the same number of neutrons B nuclei of different elements with the same number of nucleons C nuclei of the same element with different numbers of neutrons D nuclei of the same element with different numbers of protons

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2023

39 A neutron n 1 0 is fired at a 235 U nucleus. The neutron is absorbed by the nucleus which then splits 92 to form nuclei of 141 Ba and 92 Kr. 56 36 What is the number of free neutrons emitted when the 235 U nucleus splits? 92 A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2023

38 The table contains data for four different nuclei P, Q, R and S. number nucleon nucleus of neutrons number P 5 10 Q 6 10 R 6 14 S 8 16 Which two nuclei are isotopes of the same element? A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D R and S

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2023

39 Which statement about – decay is correct? A A neutron changes to a proton in the nucleus and an electron and an antineutrino are emitted. B A neutron changes to a proton in the nucleus and an electron and a neutrino are emitted. C A proton changes to a neutron in the nucleus and an electron and an antineutrino are emitted. D A proton changes to a neutron in the nucleus and an electron and a neutrino are emitted.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2023

38 Two nuclides are different isotopes of the same element. Which statement about the nuclides is correct? A Neutral atoms of the nuclides have the same number of electrons. B Nuclei of the nuclides have different numbers of protons. C Nuclei of the nuclides have the same number of nucleons. D Nuclei of the nuclides have the same number of neutrons.

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2023

39 The charge-to-mass ratio r of a particle is given by the equation shown. charge on particle r = mass of particle The value of r is determined for an α-particle, a β+ particle and a proton p. Which list shows the particles in order of increasing magnitude of r from left to right? A α → β+ → p B α → p → β+ C p → α → β+ D p → β+ → α

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2023

38 The table shows the number of nucleons and the total number of particles (protons, neutrons and electrons) in neutral atoms of four nuclides W, X, Y and Z. number of total number nucleons of particles W 19 30 X 19 31 Y 21 32 Z 22 31 Which two nuclides are isotopes of each other? A W and X B W and Y C X and Z D Y and Z

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2023

37 Hydrogen and deuterium can be represented by the nuclide symbols H 1 and H 2 respectively. 1 1 What is a difference between hydrogen and deuterium? A The deuterium atom has twice the number of electrons as the hydrogen atom. B The deuterium nucleus has a charge, but the hydrogen nucleus has no charge. C The deuterium nucleus has less mass than the hydrogen nucleus. D The deuterium nucleus has half the charge per unit mass of the hydrogen nucleus.

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/11 May/June 2024

37 Nuclide X with proton number Z undergoes + decay to form nuclide Y. The decay may be represented by the equation shown. X  Y + + + W What is the proton number of Y and which particle is represented by the symbol W? proton number particle of Y represented by W A Z – 1 antineutrino B Z – 1 neutrino C Z + 1 antineutrino D Z + 1 neutrino

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2024

39 The unstable nuclide 218 X decays through a sequence of emissions of  and – particles to form 84 the stable nuclide 210 Y. 83 How many  and – particles are emitted during this decay process? -particles – particles A 1 1 B 2 1 C 2 3 D 3 2

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2024

40 Which statement about radioactive decay is correct? A Neutrinos are always emitted during -decay. B The -particles emitted from a radioactive sample have a continuous range of kinetic energies. C The – particles emitted from a radioactive sample have a continuous range of kinetic energies. D The proton number of a nucleus decreases by four when it undergoes -decay.

1 marks

Answer: C

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2024

40 A magnesium nucleus 23 Mg decays by emitting two particles. 12 The resulting nucleus is sodium 23 Na. 11 Which two particles are emitted? A -particle, antineutrino B + particle, antineutrino C – particle, neutrino D + particle, neutrino

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2024

38 A stationary nucleus has nucleon number A. The nucleus decays by emitting a proton with speed v to form a new nucleus with speed u. The new nucleus and the proton move away from one another in opposite directions. Which equation gives v in terms of A and u? A v = ( 4 A – 1)u B v = (A – 1)u C v = Au D v = (A + 1)u

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 Feb/March 2025

38 Two neutral atoms are isotopes of the same element. Which statement about the atoms is correct? A They have a different number of neutrons and a different number of electrons. B They have a different number of neutrons and the same number of protons. C They have the same number of neutrons and a different number of electrons. D They have the same number of neutrons and the same number of protons.

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/12 May/June 2025

38 A nucleus decays by emitting a + particle. Which particle must also be emitted from the nucleus? A antineutrino B β– particle C -particle D neutrino

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/13 May/June 2025

37 A uranium atom with a charge of +2e has a nucleon number of 235 and a proton number of 92. e is the elementary charge. What is the total number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this charged atom? A 235 B 325 C 327 D 329

1 marks

Answer: B

This question in 9702/14 May/June 2025

38 The diagram shows a sequence of radioactive decays involving three -particles and a – particle. 237Np Q R S T 93 What is nuclide T? A 225 Ra B 231 Ra C 225 Th D 229 Th 88 88 90 90

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2025

39 The number of electrons in a neutral atom of an isotope of plutonium, 239 Pu, is changed to 94 produce a charged atom (ion) W. W has an overall charge of +1.6  10–19 C. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in W? protons neutrons electrons A 94 145 93 B 94 145 95 C 238 94 239 D 239 94 238

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/11 Oct/Nov 2025

39 A nucleus of magnesium-23 decays to form a nucleus of sodium-23, emitting a + particle and particle X. What is particle X? A an antineutrino B an electron C a neutron D a neutrino

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/12 Oct/Nov 2025

38 The diagram shows a sequence of radioactive decays involving three -particles and a – particle. 237Np Q R S T 93 What is nuclide T? A 225 Ra B 231 Ra C 225 Th D 229 Th 88 88 90 90

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2025

39 The number of electrons in a neutral atom of an isotope of plutonium, 239 Pu, is changed to 94 produce a charged atom (ion) W. W has an overall charge of +1.6  10–19 C. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in W? protons neutrons electrons A 94 145 93 B 94 145 95 C 238 94 239 D 239 94 238

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/13 Oct/Nov 2025

38 What is the correct equation for + decay? A neutron  proton + electron + electron antineutrino B neutron  proton + electron + electron neutrino C proton  neutron + positron + electron antineutrino D proton  neutron + positron + electron neutrino

1 marks

Answer: D

This question in 9702/14 Oct/Nov 2025

39 A nucleus of polonium, 214 Po, decays by emitting an -particle to become a nucleus of lead. 84 The nucleus of lead is also unstable and decays by emitting a – particle to form a nucleus of bismuth which then decays by emitting a – particle to produce a nucleus X. What is the number of neutrons in nucleus X? A 126 B 128 C 130 D 210

1 marks

Answer: A

This question in 9702/14 Oct/Nov 2025