Electromagnetic spectrum — Paper 3 · IGCSE Science - Combined 0653

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a boat sailing near a lighthouse at night. The light from the lighthouse warns passing boats to beware of dangerous rocks nearby. Fig. 6.1 (a) The lighthouse has a very bright lamp placed at the principal focus of a converging lens. Fig. 6.2 shows one ray from the lamp passing through the lens. Two more rays are shown coming from the same point in the lamp. On Fig. 6.2 complete these rays to show how the lens produces a narrow parallel beam of light. Fig. 6.2 [2] (b) The lamp is switched on at night by a radio signal sent from a long distance away. Both visible light and radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 6.3, put visible light and radio waves in their correct places in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. gamma ultra- micro- radiation violet waves [2] Fig. 6.3 (c) Fog at sea is caused by water vapour in the air condensing to form tiny water droplets. Water vapour in the air comes from water in the sea. (i) Name the process by which water in the sea escapes to form water vapour in the air. … [1] (ii) Describe in terms of water molecules how the process named in (i) happens. … … … [2] (d) When there is fog at sea, it is difficult for sailors to see the rocks. A fog-horn at the lighthouse produces a very loud sound to warn sailors about the rocks. The sound produced by a fog-horn has a frequency of 50 Hz. Describe the pitch and amplitude of the sound produced. pitch … amplitude … [2] (e) Climate change across the world is causing the average temperature of sea water to increase. One effect of this temperature change is to increase the process named in (c)(i). Describe another effect of an increase in temperature on a liquid such as sea water. … [1]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) at least two diverging rays from filament to lens ; all rays emerging from lens parallel ; 2 6(b) visible light in correct box ; radio (waves) in correct box ; 2 6(c)(i) evaporation ; 1 6(c)(ii) faster molecules ; have enough energy to escape ; 2 6(d) (pitch) low (frequency / note) ; (amplitude) large ; 2 6(e) (volume) expands ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2017

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a man standing in the sea on a sunny day. Fig. 6.1 (a) (i) The man says that his back is getting too hot in the Sun. Describe how the thermal energy reaches his back from the Sun. … … … [2] (ii) The temperature of the man’s body is 37 °C. The temperature of the sea water is 15 °C. Explain why the man says that the water feels cold to his feet. … … … … [2] (iii) The man walks out of the sea, and his wet feet slowly become dry. He says that his feet get colder as they dry. Complete the sentences below that explain in terms of the movement of molecules why his feet get colder as they dry. The … water molecules escape from the surface of the water on his feet. This means that the remaining water molecules have less … so the remaining water on his feet is at a lower … . [2] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows a man spear fishing. He sees a fish in the sea in front of him. Fig. 6.2 shows part of a ray of light from the fish to the man’s eye. He thinks the fish is in the position shown. (i) On Fig. 6.2 continue the ray in the water to show where the fish really is. Mark the real position of the fish with an X. air water Fig. 6.2 [2] (ii) State the name of this effect when light passes from air to water. … [1] (c) The man cooks a fish in a microwave oven. On Fig. 6.3 place microwaves in their correct position in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. gamma visible radio rays light waves Fig. 6.3 [1]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) (tran infra 6(a)(ii) idea feet heat wate 6(a)(iii) (line (line 6(b)(i) (pos unbr 6(b)(ii) refra 6(c) gam ra nsfer by) radiatio a-red ; of lose heat / therm t / thermal energ er is colder (than 1) (more) energ 4) temperature sition of X implies roken ray in a st action ; mma ays on ; mal energy ; y lost to water ; n the feet of the getic/faster and ; s) correct refrac raight line from X visible light man) ; (line 3) energy / ction at surface ; X joining with ra micro- waves ; / speed ; ay to eye ; radio waves Max 2 x 2 2 2 1 1

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2017

6 An aircraft is flying at a height of 10 000 m. Outside the aircraft the temperature is −55 °C, but inside the aircraft the temperature is kept at 21 °C. (a) (i) State the main method of thermal energy transfer from air inside the aircraft to the outside. … [1] (ii) Suggest how the construction of the aircraft should be designed to reduce this loss of thermal energy. … … [1] (b) Inside the aircraft’s jet engines, the temperature reaches 1700 °C as the jet fuel burns. The combustion of the fuel forms exhaust gases containing carbon dioxide and water molecules. (i) State which of the diagrams in Fig. 6.1, X, Y or Z, shows the arrangement of these molecules as they are formed in the engine. Give a reason for your answer. X Y Z Fig. 6.1 diagram … reason … … [1] (ii) Fig. 6.2 shows the white trails across the sky left by the jet engines of an aircraft. Fig. 6.2 Suggest what these white trails are made of. Give a reason for your answer. The white trails are made of … reason … … [2] (c) Radar is a method of tracking aircraft from the ground using microwaves. Air traffic control can also use radio waves to talk to the pilot. On Fig. 6.3, put microwaves and radio waves in their correct places in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. gamma visible lightradiation Fig. 6.3 [2] (d) The jet engines of the aircraft in Fig. 6.2 emit a very loud noise. Most of this noise occurs at low frequencies around 100 Hz. Describe the pitch and amplitude of the sound produced. pitch … amplitude … [2]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) conduction ; 1 6(a)(ii) insulation (in outer layer of aircraft) / make aircraft out of bad (thermal) conductor / owtte ; 1 6(b)(i) (Z – no mark) gas molecules far apart / not touching ; 1 6(b)(ii) ice / (frozen) water ; water from fuel combustion freezing / condensing in very cold air ; 2 6(c) gamma radiation visible light micro- waves ; radio waves ; 2 6(d) (pitch) low ; (amplitude) (very) high ; 2

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2017

6 An aircraft is flying at a height of 10 000 m. Outside the aircraft the temperature is −55 °C, but inside the aircraft the temperature is kept at 21 °C. (a) (i) State the main method of thermal energy transfer from air inside the aircraft to the outside. … [1] (ii) Suggest how the construction of the aircraft should be designed to reduce this loss of thermal energy. … … [1] (b) Inside the aircraft’s jet engines, the temperature reaches 1700 °C as the jet fuel burns. The combustion of the fuel forms exhaust gases containing carbon dioxide and water molecules. (i) State which of the diagrams in Fig. 6.1, X, Y or Z, shows the arrangement of these molecules as they are formed in the engine. Give a reason for your answer. X Y Z Fig. 6.1 diagram … reason … … [1] (ii) Fig. 6.2 shows the white trails across the sky left by the jet engines of an aircraft. Fig. 6.2 Suggest what these white trails are made of. Give a reason for your answer. The white trails are made of … reason … … [2] (c) Radar is a method of tracking aircraft from the ground using microwaves. Air traffic control can also use radio waves to talk to the pilot. On Fig. 6.3, put microwaves and radio waves in their correct places in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. gamma visible lightradiation Fig. 6.3 [2] (d) The jet engines of the aircraft in Fig. 6.2 emit a very loud noise. Most of this noise occurs at low frequencies around 100 Hz. Describe the pitch and amplitude of the sound produced. pitch … amplitude … [2]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) conduction ; 1 6(a)(ii) insulation (in outer layer of aircraft) / make aircraft out of bad (thermal) conductor / owtte ; 1 6(b)(i) (Z – no mark) gas molecules far apart / not touching ; 1 6(b)(ii) ice / (frozen) water ; water from fuel combustion freezing / condensing in very cold air ; 2 6(c) gamma radiation visible light micro- waves ; radio waves ; 2 6(d) (pitch) low ; (amplitude) (very) high ; 2

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2017

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a radiator which uses hot water to provide heating for people sitting in a room watching television. warm air rising cooler water out hot radiator water in Fig. 6.1 (a) (i) Name the method of thermal energy transfer from the hot water inside the radiator, through the radiator, to the air outside the radiator. … [1] (ii) Suggest a suitable material for making the radiator so that this thermal energy transfer is efficient. … [1] (b) (i) On Fig. 6.1 complete a sequence of five arrows to show how the warm air from the radiator is able to transfer thermal energy to the people sitting in the room and return as cool air to the radiator. [2] (ii) State the term used to describe this type of thermal energy transfer. … [1] (c) Television signals use electromagnetic waves. Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. ultra- micro- gamma visible infra-red radio violet waves Fig. 6.2 (i) On Fig. 6.2, in the first row of the table, write the name of the missing type of electromagnetic waves in the blank box. [1] (ii) The aerial on the television set receives a signal from a television transmitter on a nearby hill. On Fig. 6.2 in the second row of the table place a tick in the box under the electromagnetic waves used by this television set. [1] (d) The screen of the television set is very dusty. A man uses a cloth to clean the screen, but he notices that the dust is attracted back to the screen. His friend tells him that this is due to an electrostatic charge on the screen. Describe one or more experiments that the friend could do to show the man • how electrostatic charges are produced, • that there are two types of electric charge. You may wish to include diagrams to help your answer. … … … … … [3]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) conduction ; 1 6(a)(ii) metal / named metal ; 1 6(b)(i) arrows up and across room ; arrows down and back towards radiator ; 2 6(b)(ii) convection ; 1 6(c)(i) X-rays ; 1 6(c)(ii) tick under radio waves ; 1 6(d) description of charging by friction ; reference to positive and negative charges / opposite charges attract ; some experimental detail ; 3

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6 Fig. 6.1a shows an insulated bag used to carry frozen food. The bag keeps the food below the melting point of ice. Fig. 6.1b shows the structure of the walls of the bag. plastic covering insulating foam aluminium Carry– keep cool! foil Fig 6.1a Fig. 6.1b (not to scale) (a) State the meaning of melting point. … … [1] (b) The insulating foam is designed to reduce thermal energy transfer through the bag. (i) Name two methods of thermal energy transfer that the insulating foam is designed to reduce. … and … [1] (ii) Describe how the insulating foam reduces thermal energy transfer by these two methods. … … … [2] (c) The aluminium foil is designed to reduce thermal energy transfer by radiation. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum mainly involved in thermal energy transfer by radiation. … [1] (d) A box of ice cream is carried in the bag. The ice cream weighs 1900 g, and has a volume of 2000 cm3. Calculate the density of the ice cream. State the formula you use and show your working. formula working density = … g / cm3 [2]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid owtte 1 6(b)(i) conduction and convection ; 1 6(b)(ii) (reduces convection) as no (gas) circulation (possible) owtte ; (reduces conduction) as foam is a bad conductor owtte ; 2 6(c) infra-red 1 6(d) d = m / V = (1900 / 2000) ; = 0.95 (g / cm3) ; 2

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2017

6 Fig. 6.1 shows two people talking to each other using cordless telephones over a link to a communications satellite. communications satellite person A person B handset satellite satellite handset B dish dish A base base telephone telephone station station exchange exchange Fig. 6.1 (a) At every stage wave motion is used to transmit the conversation. (i) Use information from Fig. 6.1 to complete the following sentence. … waves transmit the conversation between person A and handset A. [1] (ii) State two different ways in which microwaves or radio waves are used in Fig. 6.1. 1. from … to … . 2. from … to … . [2] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. infra-red gamma rays visible light waves Fig. 6.2 On Fig. 6.2 write microwaves and radio waves in their correct positions in the electromagnetic spectrum. [2] (c) The communications satellite can become very warm in the day, but become very cold at night. Explain why these temperature changes happen. … … … … [2] (d) Explain why the communications satellite cannot use sound waves to communicate with the Earth. … … … [1]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) sound ; 1 6(a)(ii) from handset to base station (or reverse) ; from satellite dish to satellite (or reverse) ; 2 6(b) gamma rays visible light infrared waves microwaves ; radio waves; 2 6(c) (infrared) radiation from Sun absorbed during day ; at night, radiation from satellite results in cooling ; 2 6(d) sound needs a medium to travel through – no medium in space ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2018

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a man watching television. He changes the channel with a remote control. The channel he now watches shows a hot‑air balloon high in the sky. Fig. 6.1 (a) Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 6.2 write in their correct boxes the names of the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum used for • television transmission, • changing the channel, • watching the television. Draw a line to link each use to the correct part of the spectrum you have named. One line has been completed for you. gamma X‑rays ultraviolet microwaves rays changing watching the television television television transmission channel Fig. 6.2 [3] (b) Fig. 6.3 shows a hot‑air balloon being prepared for flight. A fuel burner produces hot gases. The balloon fills with the hot gases and the balloon rises up into the air. Fig. 6.3 (i) State the name of the method of thermal energy transfer from the fuel burner upwards into the balloon. … [1] (ii) When the balloon has been filled with hot gases, it rises up into the air. Explain why the fuel burner has to be used again at intervals to keep the balloon fully inflated with hot gases. … … … [2] (iii) Complete the following sentences about the energy changes that occur. As the fuel burns, the stored … energy in the fuel changes into thermal energy in the gases produced. As the balloon rises, it gains … energy. [2] (iv) Explain why people in the basket underneath the balloon can feel the heat from the fuel burner as the fuel burns. … … [1]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) gamma rays X-rays ultraviolet visible light infra-red microwaves radio waves changing television channel watching the television television transmission three correct names of electromagnetic waves ; correct names in the correct positions ; two correct links ; 3 6(b)(i) convection ; 1 6(b)(ii) gases cool by thermal energy (heat) transfer to surroundings (by conduction though balloon) / hot gas cools down ; (causing) decrease of gas volume / contraction ; 2 6(b)(iii) chemical ; gravitational (potential) (energy) / potential (energy) / kinetic (energy) ; 2 6(b)(iv) (energy transfer) by radiation / infra-red 1

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2018

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum linked to some uses of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. electromagnetic spectrum gamma ultraviolet visible light infra‑red microwaves radio waves rays looking at checking treatment of detecting the Moon luggage causes television satellite cancer intruders with a in airport sunburn transmission telephones telescope security uses Fig. 6.1 (i) On Fig. 6.1 complete the empty box in the electromagnetic spectrum. [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.1 draw four more lines so that each type of electromagnetic wave is linked to a use of that type. Three lines have already been done for you. [2] (b) Fig. 6.2a and Fig. 6.2b show an experiment to investigate the transfer of thermal energy (heat). balloon balloon glass bottle glass bottle hot water hot water Fig. 6.2a Fig. 6.2b Fig. 6.2a shows the apparatus before the glass bottle is lowered into the hot water. Fig. 6.2b shows the apparatus after the bottle has been in the water for five minutes. The bottle and the air inside are slowly heated as thermal energy travels through the glass and warms the air inside. As the bottle is heated, the balloon fills with air. (i) Name the process by which thermal energy travels through the glass. … [1] (ii) Suggest why the heating of the air in the bottle is slow. … … [1] (iii) Explain why the balloon above the glass bottle fills with warm air as the air is heated. … … [1]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 6 6( 6 6( 6( Que (a)(i) X-rays (a)(ii) any tw all four (b)(i) condu (b)(ii) glass i (b)(iii) air / ga estion s ; wo lines correct ; r lines correct ; ction ; is a bad / poor co as expands on h onductor (of the eating / volume rmal energy) ; of gas increases s on heating ; Answer Ma 1 2 1 1 1 arks

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2018

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum linked to some uses of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. electromagnetic spectrum gamma ultraviolet visible light infra‑red microwaves radio waves rays looking at checking treatment of detecting the Moon luggage causes television satellite cancer intruders with a in airport sunburn transmission telephones telescope security uses Fig. 6.1 (i) On Fig. 6.1 complete the empty box in the electromagnetic spectrum. [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.1 draw four more lines so that each type of electromagnetic wave is linked to a use of that type. Three lines have already been done for you. [2] (b) Fig. 6.2a and Fig. 6.2b show an experiment to investigate the transfer of thermal energy (heat). balloon balloon glass bottle glass bottle hot water hot water Fig. 6.2a Fig. 6.2b Fig. 6.2a shows the apparatus before the glass bottle is lowered into the hot water. Fig. 6.2b shows the apparatus after the bottle has been in the water for five minutes. The bottle and the air inside are slowly heated as thermal energy travels through the glass and warms the air inside. As the bottle is heated, the balloon fills with air. (i) Name the process by which thermal energy travels through the glass. … [1] (ii) Suggest why the heating of the air in the bottle is slow. … … [1] (iii) Explain why the balloon above the glass bottle fills with warm air as the air is heated. … … [1]

6 marks

Mark scheme: 6 6( 6 6( 6( Que (a)(i) X-rays (a)(ii) any tw all four (b)(i) condu (b)(ii) glass i (b)(iii) air / ga estion s ; wo lines correct ; r lines correct ; ction ; is a bad / poor co as expands on h onductor (of the eating / volume rmal energy) ; of gas increases s on heating ; Answer Ma 1 2 1 1 1 arks

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2018

6 Fig. 6.1 shows an electrical device used in kitchens to kill insects. Insects can spread disease by contaminating food. grid of fine wires fluorescent tubes in front of the fluorescent tubes safety grille consisting of closely spaced metal rods Fig. 6.1 The device is connected to the electricity supply. (a) The two fluorescent tubes emit both visible light and ultraviolet radiation. This attracts insects to the device. (i) Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. micro- X-rays radio waves waves Fig. 6.2 On Fig. 6.2 place visible light and ultraviolet radiation in their correct boxes in the spectrum. [2] (ii) The level of ultraviolet radiation emitted by the device is kept as low as possible when the device is used where people are present. Explain why this precaution is needed. … … … [2] (b) Fig. 6.1 shows a grid of fine wires in front of the two fluorescent tubes. The insects have to fly between the wires as they go towards the light. A potential difference of 2000 V exists between each pair of wires. When an insect touches a pair of wires, an electrical circuit is completed. An electric current flows through the insect. (i) State what is meant by electric current. … [1] (ii) The current in the wires when an insect touches them and completes the circuit is 0.5 A. Calculate the resistance of the insect. Show your working and state the unit of your answer. resistance = … unit … [3] (c) Suggest one safety hazard when operating any electrical device in a kitchen. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) X-rays Ultraviolet/ UV visible micro- waves radio waves ultraviolet/UV in correct box ; visible in correct box ; 2 6(a)(ii) ultraviolet can be hazardous / dangerous / harmful / cause damage ; to the retina / eyes / eyesight / cells/skin / may cause cancer ; 2 6(b)(i) flow of (electric) charge 1 6(b)(ii) R = V/I or R = 2000 / 0.5 ; = 4000 ; ohms / Ω ; 3 6(c) idea of water getting into / heat causing damage to devices ; 1

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2019

3 (a) Below is a list of some types of wave. gamma infrared microwave sound ultraviolet visible light X-rays State one wave from the list that is: (i) not an electromagnetic wave … [1] (ii) used in the transmission of satellite television … [1] (iii) can cause sunburn. … [1] (b) In some swimming pools a wave machine is used to generate water waves. Fig. 3.1 shows how the machine’s electric motor moves a large paddle backwards and forwards in the water to make the waves. motor paddle waves Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 shows part of the circuit diagram for the electric motor. a.c. supply M motor Fig. 3.2 On Fig. 3.2 complete the circuit diagram by adding the circuit symbols for: 1. an ammeter to measure the current through the motor 2. a circuit component that enables the value of the current in the circuit to be changed 3. a voltmeter to measure the voltage of the a.c. supply. [4] (c) The motor speed is increased so the paddle moves faster. Suggest one effect this will have on the waves produced by the paddle. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) sound ; 1 3(a)(ii) microwave ; 1 3(a)(iii) ultraviolet ; 1 3(b) ammeter symbol ; variable resistor symbol ; voltmeter symbol ; voltmeter in parallel across a.c. supply only ; 4 3(c) increase frequency / decrease wavelength ; 1

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2019

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a boy in a swimming pool. Fig. 3.1 The boy swims a length of the pool. (a) (i) On Fig. 3.1 draw an arrow to show the frictional force of water resistance on the boy. [1] (ii) He exerts a force of 40 N to swim at constant speed. State the value of the frictional force of water resistance. Give a reason for your answer. force = … N reason … … [1] (b) The boy swims at a speed of 0.80 m / s. Calculate the time taken by the boy to swim 25 m at this speed. Show your working. time = … s [2] (c) Fig. 3.2 shows a speed–time graph for another swimmer. 0.8 speed 0.6 m / s 0.4 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 time / s Fig. 3.2 Describe the motion of the swimmer between 10 s and 40 s. … … … [2] (d) The time taken by the swimmer in (c) is measured by an electronic stop-clock. The stop-clock is stopped when the swimmer crosses a beam of infrared radiation. (i) Suggest one reason why X-rays would not be suitable for this purpose. … … [1] (ii) Fig. 3.3 shows the electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 3.3 write infrared radiation in its correct place in the spectrum. visible radio X-rays light waves Fig. 3.3 [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) arrow pointing left to right, touching swimmer ; 1 3(a)(ii) 40 N because are equal and opposite / forces balance ; 1 3(b) speed = distance / time or time = distance / speed or time = 25 / 0.8 ; = 31 (s) 2 3(c) 10–20 s / for 10 s, constant speed (of 0.8 m / s) ; 20–40 s / next 20 s, changing speed / slowing down / decelerating (to a stop at 40 s) ; 2 3(d)(i) X-rays are harmful ; 1 3(d)(ii) X-rays visible light infra-red radio waves 1

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2019

3 Fig. 3.1 shows how a small hydroelectric power station is used to supply electricity. dam power lines to house house water generator lake river pipe turbine Fig. 3.1 (a) The flowing water turns the turbine (a type of waterwheel), which then turns the generator. Use words from the list to complete the sequence of energy changes that take place. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. chemical elastic electrical gravitational kinetic light sound thermal … potential energy of water in the lake … energy of flowing water in the pipe … energy of the turning turbine and generator … energy in the power lines. [3] (b) In a house, the electricity is used to power a television set. The aerial for the television set receives one type of electromagnetic wave. The television set emits a different type of electromagnetic wave. Fig. 3.2 shows the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma X-rays ultraviolet visible light infrared microwaves radio waves radiation Fig. 3.2 (i) Name the type of electromagnetic wave received by the aerial. … [1] (ii) Name the type of electromagnetic wave emitted by the television set. … [1] (c) A man in the house is listening to music on the television. Fig. 3.3 shows the sound waves coming from three different instruments, A, B and C, playing musical notes at the same time. A time B time C time Fig. 3.3 (i) State which instrument was playing the note with the highest pitch. Explain your answer. instrument … explanation … … [1] (ii) State which instrument was playing the loudest note. Explain your answer. instrument … explanation … … (iii) The man says he could hear two of the notes, but not the one with the lowest frequency. Suggest a value for the frequency that the man could not hear. State the unit of frequency in your answer. frequency = … unit … [2] (iv) Give a reason for your answer to (iii). … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) gravitational kinetic kinetic electrical 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 3 correct = 2 marks All correct = 3 marks 3 3(b)(i) radio waves / microwaves ; 1 3(b)(ii) visible light ; 1 3(c)(i) C and because more waves in same time / higher frequency ; 1 3(c)(ii) A and because waves have largest amplitude ; 1 3(c)(iii) any value below 20 (Hz) ; Hz / hertz ; 2 3(c)(iv) below the (normal) lower limit / frequency of human hearing ; 1

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2019

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a lightning flash, which is a form of electrostatic discharge. thundercloud lightning flash ground Fig. 9.1 (a) Name the two opposite types of electric charge. … and … [1] (b) Lightning occurs when clouds become highly charged. A very high potential difference of more than 1 000 000 V exists between the thundercloud and the ground. Name the unit which has the symbol V. … [1] (c) The thundercloud consists mainly of water droplets. The droplets in the cloud become electrically charged. Suggest what happens to the water molecules to cause them to become electrically charged. … … [1] (d) A lightning flash emits a range of wavelengths between 390 nm and 590 nm. (1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m). Table 9.1 shows the range of wavelengths of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Table 9.1 type of electromagnetic wave range of wavelengths gamma rays less than 0.001 nm X‑rays 0.001–10 nm ultraviolet 10–400 nm visible light 400–750 nm infrared 750 nm–1 mm microwaves 1 mm–100 cm radio waves more than 100 cm Identify the two parts of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by lightning. … and … [2] (e) Thunder is the sound energy produced by the lightning flash. (i) A woman hears the sound of thunder 5.0 seconds after she sees the lightning flash hit the ground on top of a distant hill. The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s. Calculate the distance of the woman from the top of the hill. Show your working. distance = … m [2] (ii) Explain why the thunder from a distant lightning flash is heard some time after the flash is seen. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) positive and negative ; 1 9(b) volt(s); 1 9(c) loss / gain / transfer of electrons (between molecules) ; 1 9(d) visible light; ultraviolet ; 2 9(e)(i) speed = distance / time or d = speed × time = 330 × 5.0 ; = 1650 (m) ; 2 9(e)(ii) light travels (much) faster than sound ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2019

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a lightning flash, which is a form of electrostatic discharge. thundercloud lightning flash ground Fig. 9.1 (a) Name the two opposite types of electric charge. … and … [1] (b) Lightning occurs when clouds become highly charged. A very high potential difference of more than 1 000 000 V exists between the thundercloud and the ground. Name the unit which has the symbol V. … [1] (c) The thundercloud consists mainly of water droplets. The droplets in the cloud become electrically charged. Suggest what happens to the water molecules to cause them to become electrically charged. … … [1] (d) A lightning flash emits a range of wavelengths between 390 nm and 590 nm. (1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m). Table 9.1 shows the range of wavelengths of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Table 9.1 type of electromagnetic wave range of wavelengths gamma rays less than 0.001 nm X‑rays 0.001–10 nm ultraviolet 10–400 nm visible light 400–750 nm infrared 750 nm–1 mm microwaves 1 mm–100 cm radio waves more than 100 cm Identify the two parts of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by lightning. … and … [2] (e) Thunder is the sound energy produced by the lightning flash. (i) A woman hears the sound of thunder 5.0 seconds after she sees the lightning flash hit the ground on top of a distant hill. The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s. Calculate the distance of the woman from the top of the hill. Show your working. distance = … m [2] (ii) Explain why the thunder from a distant lightning flash is heard some time after the flash is seen. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) positive and negative ; 1 9(b) volt(s); 1 9(c) loss / gain / transfer of electrons (between molecules) ; 1 9(d) visible light; ultraviolet ; 2 9(e)(i) speed = distance / time or d = speed × time = 330 × 5.0 ; = 1650 (m) ; 2 9(e)(ii) light travels (much) faster than sound ; 1

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2019

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a police car. On the roof it has • a flashing blue lamp that emits visible light • a radio aerial to transmit radio waves. P O L I C E Fig. 9.1 (a) (i) On Fig. 9.2 place radio waves and visible light in their correct positions in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. increasing frequency gamma micro- radiation waves Fig. 9.2 [2] (ii) State the meaning of the term frequency. … … [1] (b) The resistance of the lamp when lit is 1.5 Ω. The battery supplies a voltage of 12 V. Calculate the current through the lamp when lit. State the unit of your answer. current = … unit … [3] (c) Complete Fig. 9.3 to show how a beam of light from the lamp is reflected from a plane mirror to an observer. plane lamp mirror eye Fig. 9.3 [2] (d) The blue lamp is connected in series to the car battery and a switch. On Fig. 9.4 complete the circuit diagram for the blue lamp. Fig. 9.4 [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) gamma radiation (visible) light ; micro- waves radio waves ; 2 9(a)(ii) number of, vibrations / waves / oscillations per second ; 1 9(b) R = V / I or I = V / R = 12 / 1.5 ; = 8 ; (unit =) A ; 3 Question Answer Marks 9(c) 2 9(d) 2 ray from lamp to mirror to eye ; angle of incidence and angle of reflection at mirror judged by eye to be equal (normal not required) ; correct symbols for lamp and switch ; complete series circuit with no additional components ;

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2020

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a mobile (cell) phone and a loudspeaker. The mobile phone transmits a signal to the loudspeaker. The loudspeaker converts the signal into sound. electromagnetic waves carry signal to loudspeaker loudspeaker mobile phone Fig. 9.1 (a) Electromagnetic waves of frequency 2.4 × 109 Hz are used to carry the signal from the mobile phone to the loudspeaker. (i) Fig. 9.2 shows the approximate ranges of frequency for each type of electromagnetic wave. more than 1019 to 1017 to 1015 to 1014 to 1011 to less than 1019 Hz 1017 Hz 1015 Hz 1014 Hz 1011 Hz 109 Hz 109 Hz gamma visible radio X-rays ultraviolet infrared microwaves radiation light waves Fig. 9.2 Use the information in Fig. 9.2 to identify the type of electromagnetic wave used to carry the signal to the loudspeaker. … [1] (ii) The loudspeaker can be switched on and off using a remote controller. State the type of electromagnetic wave transmitted by a remote controller. … [1] (b) The loudspeaker is operated by an alternating current (a.c.) supply. A lamp is connected in parallel with the loudspeaker. A switch is used to switch on both the lamp and the loudspeaker. (i) On Fig. 9.3, complete the circuit diagram to show how the loudspeaker, lamp and switch are connected. a.c. supply loudspeaker Fig. 9.3 [3] (ii) The loudspeaker requires a current of 0.80 A. The power supply provides a voltage of 20 V across the loudspeaker. Calculate the resistance of the loudspeaker. Give the unit of your answer. resistance = … unit … [3] (c) The alternating current supply has a frequency of 50 Hz. When the speaker is switched on, but no signal is being received, sound waves of frequency 50 Hz are emitted from the loudspeaker. Suggest whether a person near the loudspeaker will hear these sound waves. Give a reason for your answer. … … … [1]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) microwaves ; 1 9(a)(ii) infrared ; 1 9(b)(i) 3 9(b)(ii) R = V / I = 20 / 0.80 ; = 25 ; unit: Ω / ohm ; 3 9(c) (yes – no mark) frequency within range of (human) hearing ; 1 all circuit symbols correct ; louspeaker and lamp in parallel ; switch in main circuit ;

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2020

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a device called a ‘solar still’. A solar still is used to produce fresh water from sea water. Sun water vapour glass tube glass tank sea 35 °C ground water surface underground tank fresh 15 °C water Fig. 6.1 Sea water is added to a glass tank. The glass tank is in full sunlight. The temperature of the sea water in the glass tank increases to a maximum of 35 °C. Water vapour travels through a glass tube to an underground tank. The water vapour cools and condenses. Fresh water collects in the underground tank. (a) (i) Name the process that occurs at the surface of the sea water in the glass tank. … [1] (ii) State why some water molecules leave the surface of the sea water in this process. … … [1] (iii) State what happens to the temperature of the sea water remaining in the glass tank as a result of this process. … [1] (b) State whether the sea water in the glass tank boils. Give a reason for your answer. … … [1] (c) The sea water is heated by electromagnetic radiation from the Sun. (i) Name the type of electromagnetic radiation involved in heating the sea water. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.2, write a tick (3) in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where this type of radiation is found. increasing frequency visible X-rays microwaves light Fig. 6.2 [1] (iii) State the meaning of frequency. … … [1] (d) Fig. 6.3 shows a ray from the Sun being refracted as it passes into the glass tank. On Fig. 6.3, label the angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction r for the ray. [2] ray air glass from outside tank Sun tank Fig. 6.3 [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) evaporation ; 1 6(a)(ii) faster / more energetic molecules have enough energy to (break their bonds and) escape ; 1 6(a)(iii) (temperature) decreases / (sea water) cools down ; 1 Question Answer Marks 6(b) No AND (because) maximum temperature is below boiling point of (sea) water ; 1 6(c)(i) infrared ; 1 6(c)(ii) increasing frequency X-rays visible light  microwaves ; 1 6(c)(iii) the number of complete waves per second / the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time ; 1 6(d) angle i correctly located ; angle r correctly located ; 2

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2020

6 (a) Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation. Fig. 6.1 shows a space telescope that is used for detecting gamma radiation from distant stars. Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 6.2, write gamma radiation in the correct position. ultraviolet visible light microwaves Fig. 6.2 [1] (b) An astronomer uses a telescope to produce an image of a star. Fig. 6.3 shows visible light rays from the star entering a thin converging lens in the telescope. (i) On Fig. 6.3, complete the ray diagram to show how the lens focuses the rays to produce a real image on the screen. screen Fig. 6.3 [2] (ii) State the name of the distance from the lens to the screen in Fig. 6.3. … [1] (iii) Light waves from a star slow down as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. This causes them to change direction, as shown in Fig. 6.4. star atmosphere Earth Fig. 6.4 State the name of the effect shown in Fig. 6.4. … [1] (c) Stars can emit radiation at all frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) State a useful application of microwave radiation. … … [1] (ii) Explain why stars cannot lose energy by conduction or convection. … … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) gamma radiation (ultraviolet) (visible light) (microwaves) 1 6(b)(i) 3 rays continued to converge AND middle ray straight ; meeting at point on screen ; 2 6(b)(ii) focal length ; 1 6(b)(iii) refraction ; 1 6(c)(i) satellite TV / mobile phones / microwave ovens ; 1 6(c)(ii) no matter in space / conduction and convection require, a medium / matter; 1

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2020

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a flask containing gas being heated in a water-bath. The water-bath is made of copper. A U-tube containing water is connected to the flask. thermometer flask U-tube water water water-bath Bunsen burner made of copper tripod Fig. 6.1 (a) As the water-bath is heated, the reading on the thermometer increases. Name the processes by which thermal energy is transferred: through the copper … through the water. … [2] (b) The water in the U-tube is at the same level on each side when the water-bath is at 20 °C. As the temperature in the water-bath increases, the water levels in the U-tube change. (i) Predict how the water levels in the U-tube look when the temperature has increased. Draw your prediction on Fig. 6.2. U-tube Fig. 6.2 [1] (ii) Explain your prediction in terms of the motion and separation of the gas molecules inside the flask. … … … … [2] (c) After a time the thermometer reads 100 °C. State what happens to the water in the water-bath at this temperature. … [1] (d) The flame from the Bunsen burner is visible. (i) Fig. 6.3 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 6.3 write visible light in its correct position on the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma ultraviolet microwavesradiation Fig. 6.3 [1] (ii) The Bunsen burner also produces sound. Fig. 6.4 shows a diagram of the sound wave emitted by the Bunsen burner. Fig. 6.4 Show clearly on Fig. 6.4 the wavelength of the sound wave. Label it W. [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) conduction ; convection ; 2 6(b)(i) down in left side of U-tube / up in right side of U-tube ; 1 6(b)(ii) molecules move faster (as temperature increases) ; distance between molecules increases / volume increases ; 2 6(c) (it) boils ; 1 Question Answer Marks 6(d)(i) visible light in centre box (right of ultraviolet) ; 1 6(d)(ii) correct wavelength indicated on diagram ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2021

9 Fig. 9.1 shows thermal energy being transferred to a beaker full of water. thermometer Fig. 9.1 (a) A student measures the temperature of the water every five minutes. Explain why the level of the liquid in the thermometer changes as the temperature increases. … … [1] (b) Table 9.1 shows the results. Table 9.1 time / min temperature / °C 0 20 5 40 10 60 15 80 20 100 25 100 (i) Name the process taking place as the water is heated between 20 and 25 minutes. … [1] (ii) Describe the changes in the separation and motion of the water molecules between 5 minutes and 10 minutes. separation … motion … [2] (c) The student puts the thermometer in a cup of water. When the student looks down into the cup, the thermometer appears to bend as it goes into the water. Fig. 9.2 shows what the student can see. Fig. 9.2 Name the property of light demonstrated by this observation. … [1] (d) The student sends a message containing the results of the experiment by mobile phone (cell phone) to a friend. (i) State the type of electromagnetic waves used by the mobile phone to send the message. … [1] (ii) Fig. 9.3 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. visible X-rays infrared light Fig. 9.3 On Fig. 9.3 write your answer to (d)(i) in the correct position in the electromagnetic spectrum. [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) liquids expand / volume increases (with temperature rise) ; 1 9(b)(i) boiling ; 1 9(b)(ii) separation: (molecules) further apart ; motion: (molecules) move faster ; 2 9(c) refraction ; 1 9(d)(i) radio waves / microwaves ; 1 9(d)(ii) gamma X-rays ultraviolet visible light infrared microwaves radio waves stated waves in (d)(i) in correct position ; 1

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2021

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a man lying down on a sandy beach on a sunny day. Fig. 3.1 Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. The man is also affected by ultraviolet and infrared radiation from the Sun. Fig. 3.2 shows the electromagnetic spectrum. visible micro- X-rays X light waves Fig. 3.2 Identify X in Fig. 3.2 and state one effect it will have on the man. X is … effect … … [2] (b) The man stands up. There is a mark in the sand to show where he was lying. When he stands up, his feet make deeper marks in the sand. Explain why the marks are deeper in the sand when he is standing. … … … … [2] (c) Fig. 3.3 shows the man holding a beach ball. Fig. 3.3 (i) The ball has a mass of 0.25 kg. The ball exerts a downward force on the man’s hand of 2.45 N. Calculate the gravitational field strength, g. g = … N / kg [2] (ii) The man throws the ball vertically upwards in the air. He catches it as it falls down. Complete the sentences about energy below. The ball gains … energy as it moves upwards. The ball gains … energy as it falls down. [2] (d) The man throws the ball to a friend. The friend catches the ball 4.2 s later. The distance travelled by the ball is 15 m. Show that the average speed of the ball is 3.6 m / s. [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) X is: ultraviolet ; effect: sunburn ; 2 3(b) pressure due to weight ; over smaller area on feet / over larger area lying down ; 2 3(c)(i) W = mg (in any form) / g = 2.45 / 0.25 ; (g =) 9.8 (N / kg) ; 2 3(c)(ii) gravitational potential ; kinetic ; in this order 2 3(d) 15 / 4.2 (= 3.6 m / s) ; 1

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2021

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the seven regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma visible radio X-rays ultraviolet infrared microwaves rays light waves Fig. 3.1 (i) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is used for satellite television. … [1] (ii) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that causes sunburn. … [1] (b) Fig. 3.2 shows a wave. direction of movement of the wave Fig. 3.2 (i) On Fig. 3.2, draw a double-headed arrow (↔ or ↕) to show one wavelength. [1] (ii) It takes 40 seconds for 100 wavelengths to pass a point. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … Hz [2] (c) Fig. 3.3 shows a student standing at a distance from a cliff. cliff Fig. 3.3 (not to scale) The student makes a loud sound. After 3.6 seconds, the student hears the echo of the sound reflected back from the cliff. The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s. Calculate the distance of the student from the cliff. distance = … m [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) microwave(s) ; 1 3(a)(ii) ultraviolet ; 1 3(b)(i) double-headed arrow between any two equivalent points on adjacent waves, e.g. ; 1 3(b)(ii) frequency = number of waves per second / 100 ÷ 40 ; 2.5 (Hz) ; 2 3(c) speed = distance ÷ time in any form / 330 × 3.6 ; (total distance travelled =) 1188 OR idea of, distance / time, being halved ; 590 ; 3

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2021

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the seven regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma visible radio X-rays ultraviolet infrared microwaves rays light waves Fig. 3.1 (i) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is used for satellite television. … [1] (ii) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that causes sunburn. … [1] (b) Fig. 3.2 shows a wave. direction of movement of the wave Fig. 3.2 (i) On Fig. 3.2, draw a double-headed arrow (↔ or ↕) to show one wavelength. [1] (ii) It takes 40 seconds for 100 wavelengths to pass a point. Calculate the frequency of the wave. frequency = … Hz [2] (c) Fig. 3.3 shows a student standing at a distance from a cliff. cliff Fig. 3.3 (not to scale) The student makes a loud sound. After 3.6 seconds, the student hears the echo of the sound reflected back from the cliff. The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s. Calculate the distance of the student from the cliff. distance = … m [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) microwave(s) ; 1 3(a)(ii) ultraviolet ; 1 3(b)(i) double-headed arrow between any two equivalent points on adjacent waves, e.g. ; 1 3(b)(ii) frequency = number of waves per second / 100 ÷ 40 ; 2.5 (Hz) ; 2 3(c) speed = distance ÷ time in any form / 330 × 3.6 ; (total distance travelled =) 1188 OR idea of, distance / time, being halved ; 590 ; 3

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2021

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a heat lamp used to keep newborn chicks warm. heat lamp chick Fig. 6.1 The heat lamp emits radiation in the visible light and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 6.2, write visible light and infrared radiation in the correct places. increasing frequency gamma radio radiation waves Fig. 6.2 [2] (b) The heat lamp is connected to a 230 V electricity supply. The current in the lamp when it is switched on is 1.1 A. (i) Calculate the resistance of the lamp. Give the unit of your answer. resistance = … unit … [3] (ii) A farmer connects two identical heat lamps in parallel. State two advantages of connecting the heat lamps in parallel. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) A newborn chick emits a sound with a frequency of 3.5 kHz. As the chick grows, the frequency of the sound changes. After 36 weeks, the sound emitted is 1.5 kHz. (i) Describe how the pitch of the sound emitted by the chick changes over 36 weeks. … … [1] (ii) State whether all the sounds made by the chick as it grows over 36 weeks can be heard by a healthy human ear. Give a reason for your answer. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) (gamma radiation) visible light ; Infrared radiation ; (radio waves) 2 6(b)(i) R = V ÷ I (in any form) / 230 ÷ 1.1 ; 209 ;  / ohm(s) ; 3 6(b)(ii) any two of: if one lamp fails, the other remains lit owtte ; more light / heat ; can be controlled independently ; 2 6(c)(i) (pitch) decreases / gets lower / goes down ; 1 6(c)(ii) yes – AND sounds made by chicks all lie within range of 20 Hz – 20 000 Hz ; 1

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2022

9 (a) Draw one straight line from each word to its description. word description distance between the peaks on amplitude consecutive waves maximum displacement frequency of a wave number of waves passing a wavelength point in space per second [2] (b) The driver of a car uses visible light to look at the road. (i) Fig. 9.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 9.1, write visible light in the correct place. increasing frequency radio X-rays ultraviolet waves Fig. 9.1 [1] (ii) The driver of the car looks in the car mirror and sees a taxi behind. Fig. 9.2 shows the incident ray of light from the taxi to the mirror. On Fig. 9.2, draw the reflected ray of light from the mirror to the driver’s eye. Label the angle of incidence i and the angle of reflection r. normal taxi car mirror driver’s eye Fig. 9.2 [2] (iii) The car is in direct sunlight, and the roof of the car gets hot. The driver is not in direct sunlight, but the driver also gets hot. Complete the sentences about energy transfers by using one word in each gap. The metal roof of the car absorbs … radiation from the Sun. Thermal energy is transferred through the metal roof of the car by … . The movement of air inside the car transfers thermal energy to the driver by … . [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) 2 word description distance between the peaks on amplitude consecutive waves maximum displacement frequency of a wave number of waves passing a wavelength point in space per second one correct ; three correct ; 9(b)(i) 1 visible radio X-rays ultraviolet (light) ; waves 9(b)(ii) reflected ray drawn from mirror to driver’s eye AND angles of incidence and reflection equal (judged by eye) ; 2 angles i and r correctly labelled ; 9(b)(iii) infrared ; 3 conduction ; convection ;

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2022

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a ship at sea. Fig. 9.1 (a) The ship uses radio waves to communicate with other ships. Radio waves are one region of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) Fig. 9.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 9.2, write radio waves in the correct place. increasing frequency gamma infrared radiation Fig. 9.2 [1] (ii) Complete the sentences about frequency. The frequency of a wave is the … of waves passing a point in space per second. The unit of frequency is … . [2] (b) Fig. 9.3 shows solar panels on the boat. solar panel metal support Fig. 9.3 The solar panels generate electricity using light from the Sun. Energy from the Sun makes the solar panels hot to touch. (i) State the method of energy transfer from the Sun through space. … [1] (ii) The solar panels are fixed to metal supports underneath. The Sun does not shine directly onto the metal supports, but the metal supports also become hot to touch. State the main method of energy transfer from the solar panels to the metal supports. … [1] (iii) Solar panels are a source of renewable energy. Select from the list two other sources of renewable energy. coal geothermal hydroelectric nuclear petroleum tidal 1 … 2 … [2] (iv) Fig. 9.4 shows three rays of light entering a thin converging lens. Point F is the principal focus of the lens. F Fig. 9.4 On Fig. 9.4, complete the ray diagram to show how the three rays are focused. [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 1 radio gamma infrared waves ; 9(a)(ii) number ; 2 hertz / Hz ; 9(b)(i) radiation ; 1 9(b)(ii) conduction ; 1 9(b)(iii) any two from: 2 geothermal ; hydroelectric ; tidal ; 9(b)(iv) centre ray not refracted ; 2 outer two rays converging AND all three rays intersecting at F ;

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2022

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a ship at sea. Fig. 9.1 (a) The ship uses radio waves to communicate with other ships. Radio waves are one region of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) Fig. 9.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 9.2, write radio waves in the correct place. increasing frequency gamma infrared radiation Fig. 9.2 [1] (ii) Complete the sentences about frequency. The frequency of a wave is the … of waves passing a point in space per second. The unit of frequency is … . [2] (b) Fig. 9.3 shows solar panels on the boat. solar panel metal support Fig. 9.3 The solar panels generate electricity using light from the Sun. Energy from the Sun makes the solar panels hot to touch. (i) State the method of energy transfer from the Sun through space. … [1] (ii) The solar panels are fixed to metal supports underneath. The Sun does not shine directly onto the metal supports, but the metal supports also become hot to touch. State the main method of energy transfer from the solar panels to the metal supports. … [1] (iii) Solar panels are a source of renewable energy. Select from the list two other sources of renewable energy. coal geothermal hydroelectric nuclear petroleum tidal 1 … 2 … [2] (iv) Fig. 9.4 shows three rays of light entering a thin converging lens. Point F is the principal focus of the lens. F Fig. 9.4 On Fig. 9.4, complete the ray diagram to show how the three rays are focused. [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 1 radio gamma infrared waves ; 9(a)(ii) number ; 2 hertz / Hz ; 9(b)(i) radiation ; 1 9(b)(ii) conduction ; 1 9(b)(iii) any two from: 2 geothermal ; hydroelectric ; tidal ; 9(b)(iv) centre ray not refracted ; 2 outer two rays converging AND all three rays intersecting at F ;

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2022

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a house in the Himalayas. The roof of the house is covered in snow. As the Sun shines on the roof, the snow begins to melt. Drops of water fall from the roof. Fig. 6.1 (a) State the temperature at which the snow melts. temperature = … °C [1] (b) Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun transfers thermal energy which warms the snow. Fig. 6.2 shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum. increasing … gamma X‑rays microwaves radio waves radiation Fig. 6.2 (i) Complete Fig. 6.2 to state the property of electromagnetic radiation that increases in the direction of the arrow. [1] (ii) Write in the correct space in Fig. 6.2 the name of the type of radiation that transfers thermal energy and warms the snow. [1] (c) There is ice on a lake near the house. Fig. 6.3 shows a ray of light from the Sun incident on the ice. air ice Fig. 6.3 State the term used to describe the change in direction of light as it enters the ice. … [1] (d) Fig. 6.4 shows waves on the surface of the lake when there is no ice on it. Fig. 6.4 (i) On Fig. 6.4, use a double‑headed arrow (↔ or↔) to show one wavelength. [1] (ii) A student counts 40 waves moving past her in 25 s. Calculate the frequency of the waves. Include the unit. frequency = … unit = … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) 0 (°C) ; 1 6(b)(i) 1 increasing frequency ; gamma radio X-rays microwaves radiation waves 6(b)(ii) 1 increasing frequency gamma radio X-rays infrared microwaves radiation waves infrared and in correct position ; 6(c) refraction ; 1 6(d)(i) horizontal arrow between two adjacent, peaks / troughs / other equivalent points on one oscillation ; 1 6(d)(ii) frequency = number of waves  time ; 3 40  25 = 1.6 ; Hz ;

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2023

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a group of people keeping warm by a campfire and playing musical instruments. Fig. 3.1 (a) State the process that causes the hot smoke to move upwards from the fire. … [1] (b) A kettle filled with water is heated on the fire until it boils. State the temperature of pure water when it is boiling. temperature … °C [1] (c) The air around the people is very cold. (i) State the process by which energy from the fire warms the people. … [1] (ii) State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that transfers this energy. … [1] (d) The people play musical instruments. Table 3.1 shows the frequency ranges of the instruments they play. Table 3.1 frequency range instrument / Hz clarinet 164 – 1567 flute 261 – 3349 French horn 110 – 880 guitar 82 – 880 trombone 85 – 493 trumpet 164 – 987 violin 196 – 3136 (i) Identify the instrument that can produce: the note with the lowest pitch … the widest range of frequencies. … [2] (ii) A bat flies past the campfire. The hearing range of the bat is from 2 kHz to 110 kHz. State which two musical instruments can be heard by the bat. … and … [1] (e) A person at the campfire makes a mobile phone (cell phone) call. State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum used to transmit the call using a mobile phone. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) convection ; 1 3(b) 100 (°C) ; 1 3(c)(i) radiation ; 1 3(c)(ii) infrared ; 1 3(d)(i) in this order: guitar ; flute ; 2 3(d)(ii) violin AND flute ; 1 3(e) microwave ; 1

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2023

9 (a) A person’s voice emits sound in the form of longitudinal waves. The sound waves can be represented by wave graphs which plot displacement against time. Fig. 9.1 shows the wave graph for sound wave A and the wave graph for sound wave B as they travel through the air. A displacement time B displacement time Fig. 9.1 Both wave graphs are plotted to the same time and displacement scales. Complete the sentences about Fig. 9.1. Use words from the list. Each word may be used once or not at all. amplitude frequency speed wavelength Wave A has a lower … than wave B. Wave A has a greater … than wave B. [2] (b) Many telephone calls are connected by electric currents in copper wires between the telephones. Complete the sentences by filling in the blank space with the correct word. A current in a copper wire is due to a … of electrons. Electrons have a … charge. [2] (c) Other ways of sending calls use electromagnetic waves. (i) State the type of electromagnetic wave used to send calls between two mobile (cell) phones. … [1] (ii) Fibre optic cables use infrared waves for telephone calls. Fig. 9.2 shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Write infrared waves in the correct position in the spectrum. increasing frequency gamma radio visible light rays waves Fig. 9.2 [1] (iii) Infrared waves travel along fibre optic cables at a speed of 2 × 108 m / s. A telephone call between two people 12 000 km apart travels by fibre optic cable. Calculate the time taken for the call to travel between the two people. time = … s [3] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) frequency ; wavelength / amplitude ; 2 9(b) movement / flow ; negative ; 2 9(c)(i) microwave ; 1 9(c)(ii) gamma rays visible light infrared ; radio waves 1 9(c)(iii) unit conversion seen anywhere OR 12 000 km = 12  106 m ; speed = distance  time (in any form) OR 12  106  2  108 ; 6(.0)  10–2 / 0.06(0) (s) ; 3

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2023

9 Many security measures are used in airports, including security scans of baggage, intruder alarms and video cameras. (a) There are seven regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig. 9.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. increasing frequency gamma X-rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radiation Fig. 9.1 (i) Complete Fig. 9.1. [2] (ii) State which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is used for: security scans of baggage … intruder alarms. … [2] (b) An intruder alarm emits sound waves. Fig. 9.2 represents two sound waves, A and B, shown to the same scale. A time B time Fig. 9.2 State which sound wave is: • lower pitch … • louder. … [1] (c) Video cameras use thin converging lenses. Fig. 9.3 shows a thin converging lens forming the real image of an object on a screen. F F principal axis screen Fig. 9.3 (i) On Fig. 9.3, use a double-headed arrow (↔ or ↕) to show the focal length of the lens. [1] (ii) On Fig. 9.3, complete the ray diagram to show the formation of the image on the screen. [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 2 one name correct AND in correct place / both names correct ; both names correct AND in correct places ; 9(a)(ii) X-rays ; 2 infrared ; 9(b) A AND A ; 1 9(c)(i) 1 focal length shown with double-headed arrow from lens axis to either F ; 9(c)(ii) 2 any two lines correct ; all four lines correct ;

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2023

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a spacecraft approaching the planet Venus. Fig. 9.1 (a) The spacecraft detects visible light and infrared radiation coming from Venus. (i) Complete the sentences using words from this list. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. electromagnetic higher longer lower radio shorter ultraviolet X–ray Visible light and infrared radiation are regions of the … spectrum. The frequency of visible light is … than the frequency of infrared radiation. [2] (ii) Suggest why energy is not transferred by conduction or convection through space. … … [1] (b) The spacecraft takes 120 days to travel from the Earth to Venus. The distance travelled from the Earth to Venus is 6.9 × 1010 km. (i) Calculate the average speed of the spacecraft in kilometres per hour (km / h). speed = … km / h [3] (ii) State the energy that the spacecraft has due to its motion. … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) electromagnetic ; 2 higher ; in this order ; 9(a)(ii) idea that both need a (material) medium to transfer energy ; 1 9(b)(i) conversion 120 days to (120  24) / 2880 hours ; 3 average speed = total distance  total time in any form OR 6.9  1010  2880 ; 2.4  107 (km / h) ; 9(b)(ii) kinetic ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2024

6 The list shows some types of wave. infrared waves microwaves radio waves sound waves visible light waves water waves (a) Choose types of wave from the list to answer these questions. Each wave may be used once, more than once or not at all. (i) State the type of wave used in intruder alarms. … [1] (ii) State two types of wave that are not part of the electromagnetic spectrum. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) State the type of wave which is the electromagnetic wave with the lowest frequency. … [1] (b) The air temperature is 15 °C. A sound wave in the air takes 2.6 s to travel from the source to a person hearing the sound. The speed of sound in air at 15 °C is 340 m / s. (i) Show that the distance of the person from the source is 884 m. [1] (ii) The speed of sound in air increases as the temperature of the air increases. At 35 °C the speed of sound in air is 352 m / s. Estimate the speed of sound at 25 °C. speed = … m / s [1] (c) (i) State the equation used to calculate the density of a substance from known values of mass and volume. … [1] (ii) Explain why the density of air decreases when the temperature of air increases. … … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) infrared (waves) ; 1 6(a)(ii) water (waves) ; sound (waves) ; 2 Question Answer Marks 6(a)(iii) radio (waves) ; 1 6(b)(i) 340  2.6 (= 884 m) ; 1 6(b)(ii) any value between 343 and 349 (m / s) ; 1 6(c)(i) density = mass  volume /  = m  V in any form ; 1 6(c)(ii) any two from: particles move further apart ; air / gas, expands / volume increases ; mass unchanged (so density decreases) ; 2

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2024

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a candle made of wax. flame wax Fig. 9.1 (a) (i) On Fig. 9.1, draw and label a force arrow to show the weight of the candle. [1] (ii) The mass of the candle is 12 g. Calculate the weight of the candle. The gravitational force on unit mass is 10 N / kg. weight = … N [3] (b) The flame of the candle emits visible light and infrared radiation. Fig. 9.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 9.2, write infrared in the correct place. increasing frequency gamma rays visible light Fig. 9.2 [1] (c) The candle is made of wax. Wax melts at a temperature about half-way between room temperature (20 °C) and the boiling point of water. Estimate the melting point of the wax. Show your working. melting point = … °C [2] (d) When wax melts, the volume of the wax increases. State the effect this has on the density of the wax. Explain why the density changes in this way. Use ideas about particles in your explanation. effect on density … explanation … … … [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) arrow labelled weight in contact with candle and pointing straight down; 1 9(a)(ii) correct unit conversion of g to kg seen ; 3 evidence of W = mg / 0.012  10 ; 0.12 (N) ; 9(b) 1 9(c) boiling point of water stated as 100 C ; 2 half-way between 20 and 100 C is 60 C ; 9(d) (density) decreases ; 3 particles, further apart in liquid (so volume increases) / AW ; mass is constant / reference to density = mass  volume ;

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2024

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a candle made of wax. flame wax Fig. 9.1 (a) (i) On Fig. 9.1, draw and label a force arrow to show the weight of the candle. [1] (ii) The mass of the candle is 12 g. Calculate the weight of the candle. The gravitational force on unit mass is 10 N / kg. weight = … N [3] (b) The flame of the candle emits visible light and infrared radiation. Fig. 9.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 9.2, write infrared in the correct place. increasing frequency gamma rays visible light Fig. 9.2 [1] (c) The candle is made of wax. Wax melts at a temperature about half-way between room temperature (20 °C) and the boiling point of water. Estimate the melting point of the wax. Show your working. melting point = … °C [2] (d) When wax melts, the volume of the wax increases. State the effect this has on the density of the wax. Explain why the density changes in this way. Use ideas about particles in your explanation. effect on density … explanation … … … [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) arrow labelled weight in contact with candle and pointing straight down; 1 9(a)(ii) correct unit conversion of g to kg seen ; 3 evidence of W = mg / 0.012  10 ; 0.12 (N) ; 9(b) 1 9(c) boiling point of water stated as 100 C ; 2 half-way between 20 and 100 C is 60 C ; 9(d) (density) decreases ; 3 particles, further apart in liquid (so volume increases) / AW ; mass is constant / reference to density = mass  volume ;

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2024

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows three diagrams, A, B and C, of particles in the three states of matter. A B C Fig. 8.1 (i) State which diagram, A, B or C, shows the particles in a gas. Give two reasons for your answer. diagram … reason 1 … reason 2 … [2] (ii) Give the term for the change in state from a gas to a liquid. … [1] (iii) Describe how the motion of particles in cold water is different from the motion of particles in hot water. … … [1] (b) Table 8.1 shows the approximate frequency ranges for the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Table 8.1 gamma radio X-rays ultraviolet visible light infrared microwaves radiation waves 1.0 × 1016 Hz 8.0 × 1014 Hz 4.0 × 1014 Hz 1.0 × 1011 Hz 1.0 × 109 Hz above below to to to to to 1.0 × 1019 Hz 1.0 × 109 Hz 1.0 × 1019 Hz 1.0 × 1016 Hz 8.0 × 1014 Hz 4.0 × 1014 Hz 1.0 × 1011 Hz (i) State the colour of visible light with the lowest frequency. … [1] (ii) Identify the region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has waves with a frequency of 3.0 × 109 Hz. State one application for this region of the electromagnetic spectrum. region … application … [2] (iii) The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the wavelength of visible light with a frequency of 5.0 × 1014 Hz. wavelength = … m [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) (C – no mark) 2 random / irregular, arrangement ; far apart / not touching ; 8(a)(ii) condensation ; 1 8(a)(iii) (particles in cold water) move, slower / with less speed ; 1 8(b)(i) red ; 1 8(b)(ii) microwaves ; 2 satellite TV / mobile phone / microwave / AVP, e.g. Bluetooth ; 8(b)(iii) v = f  / 3.0  108 ÷ 5.0  1014 ; 2 6.0  10–7 (m) ;

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2025

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 is a drawing of our galaxy showing the approximate location of the Sun. the Sun Fig. 9.1 (i) Name our galaxy. … [1] (ii) The Sun is a distance of 25 000 light-years from the centre of our galaxy. State the time taken for light to travel from the Sun to the centre of our galaxy. Include the unit in your answer. time = … unit … [1] (iii) Most of the energy radiated from the Sun is in three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. One of these regions is visible light. On Fig. 9.2, tick () two boxes to show the other two regions. gamma X-rays ultraviolet visible light infrared microwaves radio waves radiation  Fig. 9.2 [2] (b) Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 6.0 × 10–7 m travels through space at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the frequency of the radiation. Include the unit in your answer. frequency = … unit … [3] (c) An astronomer looks at a distant star. Fig. 9.3 shows the astronomer’s eye and two parallel rays of light from the distant star. lens Fig. 9.3 Complete Fig. 9.3 to show the two rays focused onto the back of the astronomer’s eye by the lens. [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) (the) Milky Way ; 1 9(a)(ii) 25 000 years ; 1 9(a)(iii) ultraviolet ; 2 infrared ; 9(b) f = v ÷ λ / frequency = speed ÷ wavelength / 3.0  108  6.0  10–7 ; 3 5.0  1014 ; Hz ; 9(c) refraction inside the lens ; 2 rays drawn with ruler converge on back of eye ; e.g.

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2025

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of light reflected by a plane mirror. normal ray of light Y X W Z plane mirror Fig. 8.1 (i) Tick (✓) one box to show the name of angle X. angle of dispersion angle of incidence angle of reflection angle of refraction [1] (ii) Angle W is 30°. Determine the size of angle Y. angle Y = … ° [1] (b) A ray of light in air enters a glass block, as shown in Fig. 8.2. K Fig. 8.2 Draw on Fig. 8.2 the emergent ray of light leaving the glass block at K. [1] (c) Fig. 8.3 shows the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of low to high frequency. radio microwave infrared visible ultraviolet X-ray gamma Fig. 8.3 (i) An application of the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum is detecting fake bank notes. State an application of each of the following regions. microwave … infrared … [2] (ii) The Sun radiates most of its energy in three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. State the names of these three regions. 1 … 2 … 3 … [2] (iii) List the colours of the visible spectrum in order of low to high frequency. … … [2] (d) The Moon reflects light from the Sun to the Earth. The Moon is a distance of 380 000 km from the Earth. The speed of light is 3.0 × 105 km / s. Calculate the time it takes light to travel from the Moon to the Earth. time = … s [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) angle of incidence ; 1 8(a)(ii) (calculation of angle of reflection / 90 – 30) = 60 (o) ; 1 8(b) emerging ray drawn which bends away from normal as it leaves the glass block ; 1 8(c)(i) satellite television / mobile (cell) phone / microwave ovens ; 2 remote controllers (for televisions) / thermal imaging ; 8(c)(ii) infrared 2 visible ultraviolet one or two correct ; three correct ; 8(c)(iii) red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet 2 seven colours correct ; correct order ; 8(d) 2 speed = distance ÷ time / 380 000 ÷ 3.0  105 ; 1.3 (s) ;

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2025

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of light reflected by a plane mirror. normal ray of light Y X W Z plane mirror Fig. 8.1 (i) Tick (✓) one box to show the name of angle X. angle of dispersion angle of incidence angle of reflection angle of refraction [1] (ii) Angle W is 30°. Determine the size of angle Y. angle Y = … ° [1] (b) A ray of light in air enters a glass block, as shown in Fig. 8.2. K Fig. 8.2 Draw on Fig. 8.2 the emergent ray of light leaving the glass block at K. [1] (c) Fig. 8.3 shows the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of low to high frequency. radio microwave infrared visible ultraviolet X-ray gamma Fig. 8.3 (i) An application of the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum is detecting fake bank notes. State an application of each of the following regions. microwave … infrared … [2] (ii) The Sun radiates most of its energy in three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. State the names of these three regions. 1 … 2 … 3 … [2] (iii) List the colours of the visible spectrum in order of low to high frequency. … … [2] (d) The Moon reflects light from the Sun to the Earth. The Moon is a distance of 380 000 km from the Earth. The speed of light is 3.0 × 105 km / s. Calculate the time it takes light to travel from the Moon to the Earth. time = … s [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) angle of incidence ; 1 8(a)(ii) (calculation of angle of reflection / 90 – 30) = 60 (o) ; 1 8(b) emerging ray drawn which bends away from normal as it leaves the glass block ; 1 8(c)(i) satellite television / mobile (cell) phone / microwave ovens ; 2 remote controllers (for televisions) / thermal imaging ; 8(c)(ii) infrared 2 visible ultraviolet one or two correct ; three correct ; 8(c)(iii) red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet 2 seven colours correct ; correct order ; 8(d) 2 speed = distance ÷ time / 380 000 ÷ 3.0  105 ; 1.3 (s) ;

This question in 0653/33 Oct/Nov 2025