Climate and natural vegetation — Paper 2 · IGCSE Geography 0460

1 Study the map extract for Ballyvaghan, Ireland. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) The map has blue grid lines which make squares. What area of land does one grid square show? Tick one answer below. Tick (3) 1 km2 10 km2 20 km2 50 km2 100 km2 [1] (b) (i) Height above sea level is shown by contour lines. What is the difference in height between the contour lines on this map? Tick one answer below. Tick (3) 1 m 10 m 20 m 40 m 100 m [1] (ii) What does the green shading in grid square 2807 show? … [1] (c) Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the east of the map extract. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 29 30 31 32 12 12 N67 11 11 C E 10 10 B A 09 09 D 08 08 29 30 31 32 Fig. 1 (i) Identify feature A. … [1] (ii) Identify the type of road at B. … [1] (iii) Give the six-figure grid reference of the road junction at C. … [1] (iv) Give the height above sea level of the spot height at D. … [1] (v) Describe the gradient of the road: between D and E; … [1] between E and C. … [1] (d) Fig. 2 shows the location of the coastal settlements at Ballyvaghan and Bealaclugga. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 11 11 10 10 09 09 BealacluggaBealaclugga 08 08 BallyvaghanBallyvaghan 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Fig. 2 (i) A person travels along the N67 road from the main road junction at Ballyvaghan to the road junction at Bealaclugga. How far does the person travel? Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) How much further does the person travel along the N67 road than the straight line distance between the two points? Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (iii) Which of the following statements describes the directions that the person travels from Ballyvaghan to Bealaclugga? Tick one answer below. Tick (3) north east then south east north east then south west north west then south west north west then south east south east then north east [1] (e) Fig. 3 is a cross section through the summit (top) of Moneen Mountain from 240077 to 290077. (m) 400 400 height level 300 300 sea above 200 200 above sea 100 100 level height 0 0 (m) 240077 290077 Fig. 3 (i) On Fig. 3, use a labelled arrow to show the position of the lake at Lough Luirk. [1] (ii) Using the map, complete the cross section on Fig. 3. [2] (f) Using map evidence, give reasons for the growth of the settlement at Ballyvaghan. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) 1 km2, 1 1(b)(i) 10 m, 1 1(b)(ii) land below 100 m, 1 1(c)(i) (county) boundary, 1 1(c)(ii) third class, 1 1(c)(iii) 316 103/4, 1 1(c)(iv) 25 m, 1 1(c)(v) D – E gentle, 2 E – C steep, 1(d)(i) 6800–7300 (m), 1 1(d)(ii) 1550–2050 (m), 1 Error carried forward. 1(d)(iii) north east then south east, 1 1(e)(i) correct position of Lough Luirk 78–86 mm from left margin, 1 1(e)(ii) summit 250–270m, Not ruler flat or sharply pointed. 2 correct horizontal position of summit 45–52 mm from left margin, 1(f) road junction/route centre, 5 gentle slopes/flat, lowland/below 100 m, quay/harbour/port, visitor centre, earthwork/antiquity, coastal/mountain scenery/to walk/climb, tourism with evidence, services/police/post/school/chapel/church/parking, lake for water supply,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2017

1 Study the map extract for Voss, Norway. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1 shows some of the features of the main settlement of Voss. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 58 59 60 61 25 25 C A 24 24 D B 23 23 58 59 60 61 Fig. 1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1: (i) feature A; … [1] (ii) feature B; … [1] (iii) feature C; … [1] (iv) the name of the river at D. … [1] (b) Describe the site of the settlement at Voss. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Describe the relief of the area around Sonvesåsen in the south east of the map extract. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Fig. 2 is a cross section along northing 26 from 580260 to 610260. lake 800 800 level X sea 600 600 Y Z 400 400 above metres 200 200 580260 610260 Fig. 2 Identify: (i) the land use at X; … [1] (ii) the land use at Y; … [1] (iii) the feature at Z. … [1] (e) Fig. 3 shows the road from the southern edge of the map at 593210 to the road junction at point X at 584223. 58 59 60 23 23 X 22 22 21 21 58 59 60 Fig. 3 (i) What is the distance along the road? Circle one correct answer below. 750 metres 1550 metres 2050 metres 3050 metres [1] (ii) Describe the route of the road from the southern edge of the map to the road junction at X. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) Railway 1 1(a)(ii) power line 1 1(a)(iii) sports ground 1 1(a)(iv) Vosso 1 1(b) near lake / on lakeside, 4 on river, gentle(r) slope / flat, low(er) ground / valley, road junction / route centre, valley confluence, river confluence, railway junction, 1(c) Hill / mountain / high, 4 654m, steep slopes, convex / gentle(r) upper slopes, deep valley, small valleys, steeper in N/W / gentler in S/E, 1(d)(i) Forest 1 1(d)(ii) Cultivation 1 1(d)(iii) private road 1 1(e)(i) 3050m 1 1(e)(ii) along valley side / along side of a slope, 4 gentle gradient / keeps as level as possible / (about) 300m, avoids steep slope (lower in valley), descends to X, hairpins (etc.), goes NW / NNW, through cultivation and forest, past houses and farms, road junction(s) (not X), crosses stream(s) / river(s),

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2017

4 Photograph A (Insert) shows an area in Africa. (a) Describe the vegetation shown in the photograph. … … … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the climate of the area shown in Photograph A. 40 (°C) 30 20 (mm) 10 5 temperature rainfall 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 7 Use the information in Fig. 7 to complete the table below. Feature of the climate Amount Description temperature in July 36 °C … temperature in January … °C warm annual temperature range … °C quite high annual rainfall 34 mm … [4] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) Shrubs / bushes / scrub, 4 (one) larger bush / small tree, No / few leaves, red leaves / red flowers, small leaves, bulbous / wide / thick trunk, thorns / spikes, flowers / yellow leaves, 4(b) Hot / very hot / high / very high, 4 13 °C, 23 °C (error carried forward), Low / very low,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2017

1 Study the map extract for Lønavatnet, Norway. The scale is 1:25 000. Fig. 1 shows some of the features around the lake of Lønavatnet. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 60 61 62 63 64 32 32 H 31 31 B D 30 30 C G E 29 29 A F J 28 28 60 61 62 63 64 Fig. 1 (a) Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1: (i) feature A; … [1] (ii) feature B; … [1] (iii) feature C; … [1] (iv) the type of land at D; … [1] (v) feature E. … [1] (b) (i) Estimate the area of the lake of Lønavatnet. Circle one correct answer below. 3 km2 5 km2 7 km2 9 km2 [1] (ii) A person walks along the edge of the lake from F to G. How far does the person walk? Circle one correct answer below. 1525 m 2225 m 2975 m 3675 m [1] (c) (i) Identify the river feature in area H. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 1, draw an arrow to show the direction of flow of the river at J. [1] (d) The main types of land use in the area of the map extract are forest and cultivation. (i) Forest does not grow on the highest land. What is the general upper limit of forest growth on the west side of Lønavatnet? Circle one correct answer below. 400 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m [1] (ii) Describe the distribution of cultivation in the area shown on the map extract. … … … … … … [3] (e) In Fig. 2 the area west of the lake is shaded. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 33 33 32 32 31 31 Lønavatnet 30 30 29 29 28 28 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 (not to scale) Fig. 2 (i) Using the map extract, describe the relief of the area shaded in Fig. 2. … … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Describe the drainage of the area shaded in Fig. 2. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) State / county road 1 1(a)(ii) power line 1 1(a)(iii) camp site 1 1(a)(iv) marsh 1 1(a)(v) Quarry / gravel pit 1 1(b)(i) 3 km2 1 1(b)(ii) 2225 m 1 1(c)(i) Delta / braided / islands / distributaries / bars, 1 Mark best answer given unless contradicted. 1(c)(ii) arrow showing flow to south west 1 1(d)(i) 600 m 1 1(d)(ii) on low(er) / 77–200 m / in valley / avoids high(er), 3 on gentle(r) / flat(ter) / avoids steep(er), lakeside / near lake / around lake, near settlement / houses / roads / farms, area in SE / next to quarry / Nordheim / Nedra / Øvre Lemme, 1(e)(i) High / mountainous, 4 1410 m, lowest 60–80 m, high(er) in NW / high(er) away from lake / low(er) in SE / low(er) next to lake, steep, gentle(r) / flat(ter) at bottom / near lake, gentle(r) / flatter at top / in NW, valley side, (small) valleys, Ridge / spur, Don’t allow points clearly linked to the area east of the lake. 1(e)(ii) small rivers / small streams, 3 high drainage density / many rivers / many streams / many tributaries, straight, flow south east / to lake, steep gradient, small lakes,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2017

4 Fig. 6 shows areas of hot desert in the southern hemisphere. 20°N EquatorEquator 0° 20°S 40°S Key hot desert Fig. 6 (a) Describe the distribution of hot deserts shown in Fig. 6. … … … … … [2] (b) Fig. 7 shows the climate of a place in one of the hot desert areas shown in Fig. 6. 30 20 400 mean mean temperature 300 rainfall (°C) (mm) 10 200 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D months Fig. 7 (i) What evidence from Fig. 7 shows that this is a place in the southern hemisphere? … … [1] (ii) State the annual range of temperature shown in Fig. 7. … °C [1] (iii) Which two of the following statements describe the climate shown in Fig. 7? Tick two correct answers below. Tick very low rainfall very low annual temperature range high temperatures all year cool dry summers hot winters with some rainfall hot summers with some rainfall [2] (c) Give two reasons for the amount of rainfall in the areas shown in Fig. 6. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) in each continent / 3 named continents, 2 on west side, on / near coast, 10°–35° (any figure between) / Tropic of Capricorn, 4(b)(i) January warmer than July (comparison needed), 1 January summer / July winter, (Allow any appropriate months) 4(b)(ii) 14–15 (°C), 1 4(b)(iii) very low rainfall, 2 hot summers with some rainfall (c) high pressure, 2 descending air / stable air, cold ocean currents, offshore winds, rainshadow,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2017

4 Fig. 5 shows the climate of a place in Africa. 40 (°C) 30 20 (mm) temperature 10 5 rainfall 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 5 (a) For the climate shown in Fig. 5 state the: (i) January temperature; … °C [1] (ii) annual temperature range. … °C [1] (b) What is the annual rainfall at the place shown in Fig. 5? Circle one correct answer below. 12 mm 17 mm 34 mm 60 mm [1] (c) Fig. 6 shows the location of three places in Africa, X, Y and Z. 23 12 °N X Africa Y Equator Z 23 12 °S Fig. 6 Which location, X, Y or Z, has the climate shown in Fig. 5? … [1] (d) Give two reasons why summer (July) is hotter than winter (January) at the place shown in Fig. 5. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (e) Suggest two reasons for the very low rainfall at the place shown in Fig. 5. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 13 °C, 1 4(a)(ii) 23 °C, 1 4(b) 17 mm, 1 4(c) X, 1 4(d) high(er) angle of the sun (in summer)/sun overhead in summer, 2 rays more concentrated/rays pass through less atmosphere, longer days, little/less cloud cover, 4(e) high pressure, 2 descending air, warming prevents condensation, (development) stable air, offshore winds, cold ocean current, distance from the sea, rainshadow,

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2017

5 (a) Study Fig. 7, showing weather in the northern part of South America at midday on a day in July. N Caribbean Sea 1012 Georgetown 25 Atlantic 1008 Ocean 9 Equator 26 Quito Manaus Pacific Ocean 1012 1016 0 1000 1012 km Key circles cloud cover circles wind speed clear sky calm temperature (°C) 12 one okta 1–2 knots wind direction (SW) cloud cover two oktas 3–7 knots (six oktas) three oktas 8–12 knots wind speed four oktas 13–17 knots (23–27 knots) five oktas 18–22 etc until atmospheric 1012 pressure (mb) six oktas 48–52 knots seven oktas eight oktas sky obscured Fig. 7 (i) Shade the area on Fig. 7 which has the highest atmospheric pressure and label it ‘high’. [1] (ii) Use Fig. 7 to complete the table below. weather answer cloud amount at Quito … oktas wind direction at Manaus … wind speed at Manaus … knots [3] (iii) Describe the weather conditions at Georgetown shown in Fig. 7. … … … … … … [3] (b) Give one reason why there is a low annual temperature range in equatorial areas. … … [1] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) area above 1016 mb shaded/labelled “high”, 1 5(a)(ii) 4 (oktas), 3 NE/ENE, 8 to 12 (knots), 5(a)(iii) hot/high temperature/25°C, 3 no cloud/clear, calm/no wind, 5(b) sun at a high angle all year, 1 (almost) constant length of day and night,

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2017

1 Study the map extract for Geitsida, Norway. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the south east of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 61 62 63 64 65 52 52 C B 51 51 D 50 50 A 49 49 61 62 63 64 65 Fig. 1.1 (i) Identify the type of road at A. … [1] (ii) Identify feature B. … [1] (iii) What is the height of contour C? … metres [1] (iv) What is the six-figure grid reference of the road junction at D? Tick one correct answer below. Tick (3) 652511 509648 648510 648508 648509 [2] (b) A person travels along the road from the northern edge of the map at Nyheim to the eastern edge of the map at Atnbrua. (i) In which compass direction does the person travel? Tick one correct statement below. Tick (3) north west to south east south east to north west north east to south west south west to north east [1] (ii) How far does the person travel along the road? Tick one correct statement below. Tick (3) 7200 metres 7800 metres 8400 metres 9000 metres [1] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross section along northing 58 from 580580 to 640580. 1300 1300 1200 1200 1100 1100 height height 1000 1000(metres) (metres) 900 900 800 800 0 0 580580 640580 Fig. 1.2 (i) Using the map, complete the cross section on Fig. 1.2. [2] (ii) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of Voldalen. [1] (iii) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of Midtvola. [1] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows the mountainous area around Geitsida in the west of the map extract. 55 56 57 58 58 58 57 57 Geitsida 56 56 55 55 55 56 57 58 Fig. 1.3 Describe the relief of the area shown on Fig. 1.3. … … … … … … … … [3] (e) Look at the whole of the map extract. (i) Describe the distribution of cultivation and forest. … … … … … … … … [3] (ii) Describe the relationship between roads and relief. … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) state/country/district road, 1 1(a)(ii) hotel/lodging, 1 1(a)(iii) 1200 (metres), 1 1(a)(iv) 648509 = 2, 2 648508 = 1 1(b)(i) north west to south east, 1 1(b)(ii) 8400 metres, 1 1(c)(i) 1000 m–1050 m, 2 summit between 75 and 85 mm from left, 1(c)(ii) Voldalen between 45 and 60 mm from left, 1 1(c)(iii) Midtvola between 70 and 87 mm from left, 1 In each part of (b) use the ruler device to measure the answers. Arrows should end within about 1 cm of the profile. Measure to the point that the arrow projects to. There should be no ambiguity. Allow labels by names or question numbers. 1(d) upland/mountains/high, 3 steep slopes, heights 1200–1560 metres, many/small/narrow/V-shaped valleys, (max 2) spurs/ridges, several summits/peaks, at least 3 1(e)(i) in low(er) land/avoids high(er)/avoids over 1000 m, 3 in valley(s), in NE/N/E, NW and SE don’t spoil response. cultivation within forest, cultivation on valley floor, cultivation lower/forest higher, (comparison) cultivation on gentle(r), forest on steep(er), 1(e)(ii) follow valleys, 3 keep low(er)/avoid high(er)/avoid over 800 m, on gentle(r)/flat qualified /avoids steep(er), on valley floor, on eastern side of valley, on steep land in south,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2018

4 Figs. 4.1 and 4.2 (Insert) show the natural vegetation in two areas with very different climates. (a) Describe the natural vegetation shown in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Describe the natural vegetation shown in Fig. 4.2. … … … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) bushes/scrub 4 sparse/scattered/bare ground in cracks in rocks low/small trees/vegetation flat tops green/in leaf grass located 4(b) trees/forest 4 dense green/luxuriant/lush palms broad leaves emergent(s) growing in water different species/variety

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2018

5 Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 (Insert) are photographs which show vegetation in two different climates. (a) Describe the vegetation in Fig. 5.1. … … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Describe the trees in Fig. 5.2. … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) dense, 4 forest / trees, climbers / vines / lianas / creepers, palm, (allow coconut etc.) emergent (or description of), green / luxuriant / lush / rich, varied species 5(b) tall, 4 sparse / few / <10 / widely spaced / scattered (allow ‘not many’ or ‘not close’), branches / leaves at top / bare trunks, wide trunks (allow big), straight trunks, small / few leaves / little foliage / much wood to leaf (allow ‘not many leaves’), same species

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2019

1 Study the map extract for Kristianstad, Sweden. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the south of the map extract. 41 42 43 44 45 46 06 06 A 05 05 B 04 04 E D C 03 03 02 02 41 42 43 44 45 46 Fig. 1.1 (a) Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of road B … [1] (iii) the width of the watercourse C … [1] (iv) the feature at D … [1] (v) the feature at E. … [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows three types of natural vegetation, F, G and H, in grid square 5007 in the east of the map extract. F 50 51 08 08 G 07 07 50 51 H Fig. 1.2 Complete the table to identify the types of natural vegetation F, G and H, shown in Fig. 1.2. Letter Natural vegetation F … G … H … [3] (c) (i) What is the grid reference of the centre of the triangulation point near Björkhäll in the south east of the map extract? … [1] (ii) Identify the settlement pattern in the grid square in which Björkhäll is located. … … [1] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows the location of one of the industrial areas in Kristianstad. 46 48 10 10 Key industrial area Udden 07 07 46 48 Fig. 1.3 Describe the advantages for industry of the location of this industrial area. … … … … … … … … [4] (e) Which three of the statements about Kristianstad are correct? Tick three correct statements below. Tick (3) high-rise buildings are found only in the town centre it is a village it is between 5 and 10 metres above sea level sport and leisure are important functions of the settlement the CBD is on the east side of the river Helge å there are areas of forest within the town [3] (f) Fig. 1.4 shows an area in the north west part of the map extract, divided into two parts, K and L. 40 42 10 10 L K Skepparslöv 08 08 40 42 Fig. 1.4 Give two differences between the relief of areas K and L. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (g) What is the name of the small settlement which is 1200 metres from, and on a bearing of 90° from, the small settlement Stensborg in grid square 4004? … [1] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (tractor) track, 1 1(a)(ii) public road, 1 1(a)(iii) less than 6m, 1 1(a)(iv) mast, 1 1(a)(v) farm, 1 1(b) F – deciduous forest, 3 G – marsh, H – marsh liable to flooding, 1(c)(i) 491/2 024, 1 1(c)(ii) linear / nucleated, 1 1(d) railway, 4 motorway, roads / routes in all / many directions / route centre / bridge point, water supply from sea/river, labour from town, market in town, flat land, space for expansion, cheap marshland, port/sea/river for transport, agricultural raw materials, 1(e) sport and leisure are important functions of the settlement, 3 the CBD is on the east side of the river Helge å, there are areas of forest within the town, Deduct one mark for every tick more than 3. 1(f) K higher / L lower / K high and L low / K 15 – 75m and L 5–20m (any figure 2 between), K steeper / L flatter / K steep and L gentle / flat, 1(g) Strömdalen, 1

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2019

4 Figs. 4.1 and 4.2 (Insert) show different hot desert environments. (a) (i) Describe the natural vegetation in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … [3] (ii) State two difficulties for plants growing on the type of ground surface shown in Fig. 4.1. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) Describe ways in which the ecosystem in Fig. 4.2 is different from that in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8] TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 5

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) low / short, (allow ‘small’ if sense correct) 3 sparse / scattered/bare areas, bush / shrub/scrub, 1/2 / few tree-like plants / quiver trees, no / few leaves 4(a)(ii) large rocks/rocks restrict the area available for plant growth/rocks on 2 surface, rocky / shallow soil, dry / water will run into the soil quickly, loose soil / soil blows away, lacks humus, 4(b) sand / no rocks, 3 low(er) / short(er) / small(er) / no tall plants, no tree-like plants / bushes, denser / more ground cover / plants spreading sideways, animals, can live / burrow in sand, Emphasis on 4.2.

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2019

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the temperatures and rainfall of an area of equatorial climate. 30 30 temperature (°C) temperature (°C) 25 25 20 20 350 350 300 300 250 250 rainfall (mm) 200 200 rainfall (mm) 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D months Fig. 3.1 (i) The area shown on Fig. 3.1 has a temperature of 24 °C and 250 mm of rainfall in June. Plot this information on Fig. 3.1. [1] (ii) Use the information in Fig. 3.1 to complete the table below. Feature of the climate Amount Description mean temperature of the hottest month … °C hot mean temperature of the coldest month 24 °C … annual temperature range 3 °C … [3] (b) The equatorial climate is constant throughout the year. Table 3.1 shows a typical day’s weather. Table 3.1 Weather element Average reading Time maximum temperature 33 °C 14:00 minimum temperature 25 °C 06:00 maximum humidity 95% 15:00 minimum humidity 53% 13:00 0 – 2 oktas 00:00 – 06:00 3 – 5 oktas 06:00 – 12:00 cloud 6 – 8 oktas 12:00 – 18:00 2 – 5 oktas 18:00 – 24:00 (i) Calculate the daily range of temperature shown in Table 3.1. … °C [1] (ii) Using information in Table 3.1, at what time of day would rainfall be expected? Tick one box below. Time Tick (✓) 00:00 – 06:00 06:00 – 12:00 12:00 – 18:00 18:00 – 24:00 [1] (c) Explain why the equatorial climate is constant throughout the year with little seasonal variation. … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) correct plot of 24°C and 250 mm 1 3(a)(ii) 27°C, 3 hot/very warm/quite hot, small/low 3(b)(i) 8°C 1 3(b)(i) 12:00–18:00 1 3(c) length of day and night constant/same all year, 2 constant high angle of the sun/all year/direct sun all year, low pressure all year

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2019

1 Study the map extract for Knislinge, Sweden. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the west of the map extract. 38 39 40 41 42 43 25 25 A B 24 24 23 23 E C D 22 22 21 21 38 39 40 41 42 43 Fig. 1.1 (a) Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of land at B … [1] (iii) the type of natural vegetation at C … [1] (iv) the height of the contour D … [1] (v) feature E. … [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows the area around the town of Knislinge. 40 47 31 31 Key road Knislinge runway F Knislinge R 26 26 40 47 Fig. 1.2 (i) State the width of the road labelled F. … metres [1] (ii) Describe the general pattern of the main roads shown on Fig. 1.2. … … [1] (c) A runway to the east of Knislinge is labelled R on Fig. 1.2. Find this runway on the map extract. (i) Measure the length of the surfaced section of the runway. Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) Give the compass direction along the surfaced runway from the end near Sigfridssten to the other end near Bivarödsmölla. … [1] (d) Describe the features of the river between the western edge of the map extract at 380260 and its confluence with the river Helge å in grid square 4425. … … … … … … … … [4] (e) Fig. 1.3 shows the area around the town of Hanaskog. 38 42 46 27 27 24 24 Hanaskog 21 21 38 42 46 Fig. 1.3 (i) Using the map extract, describe the distribution of the arable land in the area shown on Fig. 1.3. … … … … [2] (ii) Using the map extract, state one way in which the distribution of woodland in the area shown on Fig. 1.3 differs from that of the arable land. … … [1] (f) Find the lake called Araslövssjön in the south east of the map extract. (i) Name the type of vegetation on the edges of the lake. … [1] (ii) State one way in which the lake is used. … [1] (g) Fig. 1.4 is a cross section along northing 23 from 400230 to 470230. metres metres 40 40 20 20 0 0 400230 470230 west east Fig. 1.4 On Fig. 1.4, using labelled arrows, mark the positions of: (i) a railway (R) [1] (ii) the river Kälan (K). [1] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) turning place, 1 1(a)(ii) other/open (land), 1 1(a)(iii) deciduous forest, 1 1(a)(iv) 25 m, 1 1(a)(v) (municipality) boundary, 1 1(b)(i) 5–7, 1 1(b)(ii) radial/route centre/nodal point/focus on town/branch out from town, 1 1(c)(i) 2000–2200, 1 1(c)(ii) SSE/SE, 1 1(d) at least 6 m wide, 4 flows east, braided/island/splits and re-joins, meanders, cut-off/oxbow, (4025) straightened, (3826) gentle gradient, two/few/small tributary/ies, dam, 1(e)(i) in valley(s) 2 near river(s), on low(er) land/land below 25 m (any figure below)/avoids high(er) land, on gentle(r) slopes/on flat(ter)/avoids steep(er) slopes, 1(e)(ii) steep(er) slopes, 1 high(er) land/hills/any figure between 25 m and 74 m, (more) in the west/south/less in the east/north, 1(f)(i) marsh (liable to flooding), 1 1(f)(ii) nature reserve, 1 1(g)(i) railway/R 76–80 mm from the western edge, 1 1(g)(ii) river Kälan/K 24–27 mm from the western edge, 1

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2019

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the climate of a hot desert area in the southern hemisphere. 40 30 temperature (°C) 20 10 0 10 rainfall (mm) 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D months Fig. 4.1 (a) For the climate shown in Fig. 4.1 state the: (i) January temperature … [1] (ii) annual temperature range. … [1] (b) (i) For the climate shown in Fig. 4.1, which is the wet season? Circle one correct answer below. winter spring summer autumn [1] (ii) What is the annual rainfall of the area shown in Fig. 4.1? Circle one correct answer below. 10 mm 20 mm 30 mm 40 mm [1] (c) Fig. 4.2 (Insert) shows vegetation in an area with a dry climate. Describe two features of the vegetation and explain how they are adapted to the dry climate. Feature 1 Description … … Adaptation to the dry climate … … Feature 2 Description … … Adaptation to the dry climate … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 36 °C, 1 4(a)(ii) 23 °C, Carry errors forward (ECF) from (a)(i) using 13 °C as the minimum. 1 4(b)(i) winter, 1 4(b)(ii) 20 mm, 1 4(c) small leaves, 4 reduce transpiration/water loss, thorns/needle leaves, prevent animals eating (to conserve moisture)/reduce transpiration/water loss, few leaves, reduce transpiration/water loss, Must have descriprion for explanation to score.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2020

1 Study the map extract for Stoumont, Belgium. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features around the main settlement at Stoumont. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 98 99 00 01 02 90 90 A B 89 89 X 88 88 G F STOUMONT 87 87 D E C Y 86 86 98 99 00 01 02 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the land use at B … [1] (iii) the height above sea level of the contour at C … metres [1] (iv) feature D … [1] (v) feature E … [1] (vi) feature F. … [1] (b) What is the six-figure grid reference of the junction at point G in Fig. 1.1? … [1] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross section from point X to point Y in Fig. 1.1. N633 road 400 400 300 300 above level seametres 200 200 metressea 100 100 levelabove 0 0 X Y 000880 020860 Fig. 1.2 (i) The cross section shown in Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross section. [2] (ii) In Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of the L’Amblève river. [1] (d) Find the N645 road that runs from near the settlement of Chevron in the south west of the map extract to the bridge over the L’Amblève river. (i) What is the distance along the road from the south edge of the map to the bridge over the L’Amblève river? Tick (3) one box below. Tick (3) 3780 metres 4780 metres 5500 metres 7780 metres [1] (ii) What is the compass direction from the point where the road meets the south edge of the map to the bridge over the L’Amblève river? … [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the point where the road meets the south edge of the map to the bridge over the L’Amblève river. … degrees [1] (iv) Describe the route of the N645 road. … … … … … … … [3] (e) Fig. 1.3 shows an area in the north east of the map extract. 02 03 04 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 89 02 03 04 Fig. 1.3 Which three of the following statements describe the relief of the area shown in Fig. 1.3? Tick (3) only three boxes below. Tick (3) The highest point is over 550 m. It is an area of gentle slopes. It is lowest in the north. The lowest land is below 200 m. It is an area of deeply cut relief. There is a river flood plain. There is a plateau in the south. The slopes face north. There is a V-shaped valley. It is a mountainous area. [3] (f) Look at the main settlement on the map extract at Stoumont. Give one reason for the growth of the settlement. … … [1] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (secondary) road, (allow spot height) 1 1(a)(ii) (mixed) woodland, 1 1(a)(iii) 250 metres, 1 1(a)(iv) railway, 1 1(a)(v) tunnel, 1 1(a)(vi) church, 1 1(b) 994879, 1 1(c)(i) flat valley floor, 2 (just above) 200 m, 1(c)(ii) correct position of river, 1 1(d)(i) 7780 m, 1 1(d)(ii) north east, 1 1(d)(iii) 33–37° 1 1(d)(iv) winding, 3 follows valley, keeps low, keeps level, crosses river, 1(e) the highest point is over 550 m, 3 it is an area of deeply cut relief, there is a V-shaped valley, Deduct one mark for every tick more than three. 1(f) road junction, 1 (more) gentle slope, services/two named services, dry point site, woodland for fuel,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2020

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the annual rainfall totals for ten years for a place with a hot desert climate and a place with an equatorial climate. 2500 2000 1500 annual Key rainfall hot desert (mm) equatorial 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 number of years Fig. 4.1 (a) (i) What was the most frequent rainfall total for the place with a hot desert climate? … [1] (ii) What was the range of rainfall totals for the place with a hot desert climate? … [1] (iii) What was the average annual rainfall for the place with a hot desert climate? Circle your answer below. 50 mm 178 mm 250 mm 388 mm [1] (b) Using Fig. 4.1, compare the amount and variability of the annual rainfall for the place with a hot desert climate and the place with an equatorial climate. Amount of rainfall … … … Variability of rainfall … … … [2] (c) Fig. 4.2 (Insert) shows a desert area where there has been recent rainfall. Explain how the vegetation shown in Fig. 4.2 has been affected by this rainfall. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) none/0 mm, 1 4(a)(ii) 1050 mm, 1 4(a)(iii) 178 mm, 1 4(b) Amount 2 equatorial higher/desert lower, Variability desert higher/equatorial lower. 4(c) vegetation mostly dormant, 3 rare rainfall, seeds germinate, plants flower, bushes grow leaves,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2020

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the world distribution of areas of equatorial climate. Tropic of 23−°N Cancer ¹² Equator X 0° Tropic of 23−°S¹² Capricorn Key equatorial climate Fig. 5.1 (a) Which two of the following statements describe the areas of equatorial climate shown on Fig. 5.1? Tick only two boxes below. Tick (✓) They are south of the Tropic of Capricorn. They lie on the two tropics. They are in every continent. They are within 20° of the Equator. They all reach a coastline. They are north of the Tropic of Cancer. They include every area on the Equator. They include all the area between the tropics. [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the climate of area X shown in Fig. 5.1. Study Fig. 5.2 and answer the question below. 30 30temperature temperature (°C) (°C) 25 25 350 350 300 300 250 250 rainfall 200 200 rainfall (mm) (mm) 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 5.2 Which three of the following statements describe the climate of area X shown in Fig. 5.2? Tick only three boxes below. Tick (✓) There is a cold season. July is the hottest month. There is a low annual range of temperature. Temperatures are high throughout the year. January is the coldest month. The annual rainfall is low. January is the driest month. October is the wettest month. There are two wetter seasons. There is a dry season. [3] (c) The vegetation of the areas of equatorial climate is tropical rainforest. Name each of the following features of the tropical rainforest: (i) the continuous layer of leaves and branches formed near the top of the tall trees … [1] (ii) the pointed ends of the leaves which help to get rid of excess rainfall … [1] (iii) the roots which support the tall trees in the soft soil … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) they are within 20° of the Equator, 2 they all reach a coastline, 5(b) there is a low annual range of temperature, 3 temperatures are high throughout the year, there are two wetter seasons, 5(c)(i) canopy, 1 5(c)(ii) drip tips, 1 5(c)(iii) buttress (roots), 1

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2020

6 Fig. 6.1 shows areas in Africa at risk of desertification. Desertification is when land can no longer support vegetation and agriculture becomes unproductive. N 23 12 ° N 0° Key desert at risk of desertification 23 12 ° S 0 1000 km Fig. 6.1 (a) Using Fig. 6.1, describe the distribution of areas in Africa at risk of desertification. … … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 6.2 gives information about annual rainfall in one of the areas at risk of desertification in Africa. It shows the years which have been wetter than average and drier than average between 1950 and 2016. wetter than average drier than average 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 year Fig. 6.2 Describe the annual rainfall: (i) between 1950 and 1967 … … [1] (ii) between 1970 and 1998 … … [1] (iii) between 2000 and 2016 … … [1] (c) Using Fig. 6.2, explain how rainfall could be one factor which could lead to desertification. … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) desert margins, 3 both to north and south of deserts, mostly between 10 and 35°, small area on Equator, Mediterranean coast, belt across north Africa/Sahel, area around Tropic of Capricorn, 6(b)(i) wetter than average, 1 6(b)(ii) drier than average 1 6(b)(iii) variable, 1 6(c) droughts/dry years*, 2 vegetation dies, soil erosion, overgrazing, *compulsory point.

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2020

4 Figs. 4.1 and 4.2 (Insert) show part of a desert in southern Africa. (a) Describe the vegetation shown in Figs. 4.1 and 4.2. … … … … … … … … … … … [5] (b) Fig. 4.2 also shows a waste heap produced by the mining of copper ore. Suggest how this may pose a threat to the natural environment. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) sparse/scattered/dispersed/bare, 5 trees, scrub/bushes, small leaves, some green, some without leaves, hills (almost) bare, (Fig. 4.1) some vegetation in lines, small/short/low (trees or bushes), 4(b) loss of vegetation, 3 loss of animal habitats, covers a large area, waste could be toxic/toxic leachate, affecting rivers/groundwater (dev.), visual pollution,

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2020

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a nutrient cycle in a tropical rainforest. precipitation transpiration trees intercept rainfall and reduce soil erosion leaves fall to floor fungi and bacteria most nutrients rapidly break absorbed by down leaves into plant roots humus more nutrients added to soil some nutrients lost through leaching Fig. 5.1 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows various processes which take place in a tropical rainforest. Identify each of the following processes: (i) rain falling … [1] (ii) loss of water vapour from trees … [1] (iii) loss of nutrients from the soil. … [1] (b) Using Fig. 5.1, identify two reasons why soil becomes more infertile when trees are removed due to deforestation. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (c) Suggest reasons why some local people are for deforestation and other local people are against it. For … … … … Against … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) precipitation, 1 5(a)(ii) transpiration, 1 5(a)(iii) leaching, 1 5(b) (more) soil erosion, 2 (more) leaching, (less) humus/nutrients created, 5(c) For 3 more land for agriculture, timber for sale/source of timber, develop industry/roads/housing/building/construction/settlement, mining, HEP/dams, remove dangerous animals, Against loss of wildlife/habitats/biodiversity, flooding, loss of indigenous land/move to permanent settlement, soil erosion/loss of fertility/lower yields, animals move into towns, air pollution/smoke, destroy natural beauty, landslides, lower rainfall, Reserve one mark for each.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2021

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the world distribution of areas of hot desert climate. 30°N Mexico Sahara Arabian 10°N 0° 10°S Atacama Australian 30°S Namib Kalahari Key hot desert Fig. 5.1 (a) Which two of the following statements describe the areas of hot desert climate shown in Fig. 5.1? Tick (✓) only two boxes below. tick (✓) they are mostly between 30°N and 30°S they are on the Equator they are in every continent they are mostly on the west sides of continents they are in temperate latitudes they are within 10 degrees of the Equator [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the climate of part of the Sahara Desert, shown in Fig. 5.1. Study Fig. 5.2 and answer the question on the opposite page. 40 30 temperature 20 (°C) 10 5 rainfall (mm) 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 5.2 Which three of the following statements describe the climate of the area shown in Fig. 5.2? Tick (✓) only three boxes below. tick (✓) there is low annual rainfall rain falls throughout the year August is the driest month most rain falls in winter the hottest monthly temperature is 30°C there is a high annual range of temperature January temperatures are hot summers are cool temperatures are high throughout the year [3] (c) Fig. 5.3 (Insert) shows the vegetation of an area of hot desert climate. (i) Describe the main features of the vegetation shown on Fig. 5.3. … … … … … [2] (ii) Using evidence from Fig. 5.3 only, explain one way that the vegetation shown in Fig. 5.3 is adapted to the climate. … … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) they are mostly between 30°N and 30°S, 2 they are mostly on the west sides of continents, 5(b) there is low annual rainfall, 3 most rain falls in winter, there is a high annual range of temperature, 5(c)(i) wide/thick/bulbous trunk/stem, 2 tall tree(s), (tree) not in leaf, scrub/bush/shrub, small/few leaves, dry/yellow/brown grass, trees far apart/widely spaced/isolated/scattered, 5(c)(ii) (bulbous) trunk to store water, 1 no/few/small leaves to reduce transpiration, (allow evaporation or water loss) grass dies down/becomes dormant in dry season, trees far apart to collect water from large area,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2021

1 Study the map extract for Bois de Grandval, France. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features around the Puy de la Belle-Viste. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract and answer the questions below. 83 84 85 86 88 88 D C 87 87 E B 86 86 A 85 85 83 84 85 86 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the name of river D … [1] (v) the height above sea level at the triangulation station (trigonometric point) at E. … metres [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 is a cross-section along northing 875 from 810875 to 840875. X 1700 1700 1600 1600 metres metres 1500 1500above above sea sea 1400 1400 level level 1300 1300 1200 1200 810875 840875 Fig. 1.2 (i) Identify the features at X. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of Puy Gerbel. [1] (iii) The cross-section shown in Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross-section. [2] (c) Describe the distribution of the woodland across the area of the map extract. … … … … … … … [4] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows an area in the south east of the map extract. 82 83 84 85 86 85 85 la Griffoul le Bourguet Lustrande 84 84 83 83 82 83 84 85 86 Fig. 1.3 (i) Give the six-figure grid reference of the cemetery which lies between Lustrande and le Bourguet. [1] (ii) How many bridges does the D39 road cross from the cemetery which lies between Lustrande and le Bourguet and the village of la Griffoul? [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the cemetery which lies between Lustrande and le Bourguet and the spot height of 1229 metres above sea level at la Griffoul. …………………. degrees [1] (iv) Describe and explain the route of the D39 road between Lustrande and la Griffoul. … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20] TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 2

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) road/D39, 1 1(a)(ii) hang-gliding area, 1 1(a)(iii) rock escarpment, 1 1(a)(iv) l’Epie, 1 1(a)(v) 1543 (metres), 1 1(b)(i) cart track (allow footpath), 1 1(b)(ii) Puy Gerbel 66–72 mm from left hand margin, 1 1(b)(iii) valley, 2 starting below 1500 m and above 1400 m in west, 1(c) in all areas/3 named compass directions, 4 less in E/NE/more in W, more/large area in centre, on steep slopes, on valley sides, not on valley floors, none on (some) summits, 1(d)(i) 826/7842, 1 1(d)(ii) 3/4, 1 1(d)(iii) 80–86°, 1 1(d)(iv) overall E/ENE/W/WSW direction, 4 goes NW then SE (ESE) then NNE (N or NE), keeps as level as possible/across slope/parallel to slope/around mountain/around valley, hairpin bends/sharp bends, 900 m (approx) – 1229 m/change 300 m (approx), crosses two valleys, EXAMINER: PLEASE USE TICKS FOR THIS PART OF THE QUESTION

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2021

4 Study Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, which show climate information about Manaus, Brazil. 33 high 32 temperature 31 30 29 28 temperature 27 (°C) 26 25 24 low 23 temperature 22 J F M A M J J A S O N D months Fig. 4.1 350 300 250 rainfall 200 (mm) 150 100 50 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D months Fig. 4.2 21 September Manaus Tropic of Equator Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N 0° Capricorn 23.5°S Fig. 4.3 (a) Using Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 only, answer the following questions. (i) Calculate the temperature range in June in Manaus. … °C [1] (ii) Estimate the total annual rainfall in Manaus. Circle one answer below. 1300 mm 1800 mm 2300 mm 2800 mm [1] (iii) Explain why humidity is always high in equatorial areas such as Manaus. … … … [2] (iv) Using Fig. 4.3, explain why September has a high temperature in Manaus. … … [1] (b) (i) ‘Manaus only has one season.’ How far do you agree with this statement? … … … … [2] (ii) What type of rainfall occurs in equatorial regions such as Manaus? … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 8 °C, 1 4(a)(ii) 2300 mm, 1 4(a)(iii) high temperatures (all year), 2 high rainfall/rainfall all year, warm air holds more moisture, high rates of evaporation, 4(a)(iv) overhead sun/sun (almost) overhead/high angle of sun, 1 4(b)(i) temperature is always high/little variation in temperature, 2 rainfall varies/drier June to November/wetter November to May (allow months in between), true for temperature but not true for rainfall, 4(b)(ii) convectional (rainfall), 1

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2021

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the locations of hot deserts in the world. 20°N 0° 20°S Key hot desert Fig. 4.1 (a) Describe the distribution of hot deserts shown in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 4.2 shows the climate of a hot desert area. 30 20 200 mean temperature 150 mean (°C) rainfall 10 100 (mm) 50 Key 0 0 mean J F M A M J J A S O N D temperature months mean rainfall Fig. 4.2 (i) Using Fig. 4.2, state the annual range of temperature. … °C [1] (ii) Using Fig. 4.2, estimate the total annual rainfall. Tick (3) one box below. tick (3) 90 mm 190 mm 290 mm 390 mm [1] (iii) What evidence from Fig. 4.2 suggests that this place is in the southern hemisphere? … … [1] (c) Describe two different ways in which plants adapt to a hot desert climate. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) along the Tropics/20 °N and S; 3 coastal; on West of continents; e.g., western (coast of) N. America/S. America/southern Africa; (extends into) NW/central Australia; (extends into) central Africa/North Africa/Horn of Africa; Middle East; 4(b)(i) 17 (°C) (28 – 11 = 0) 1 4(b)(ii) 290 mm 1 4(b)(iii) higher temperatures in Oct–March (or 2/3 consecutive months within range); 1 lower temperatures May–Aug (or 2/3 consecutive months within range); temperatures drop in the middle of the year/summer; temperatures rise at the beginning and end of the year/winter; 4(c) succulents/store water/bulbous roots; 2 thick/waxy cuticle; stomata close (during day); thick protective bark/needles/thorns/spikes; long/tap/deep/horizontal/widespread roots; small/no leaves (reduce transpiration); glossy/shiny/waxy leaves; flower/pollinate at night; plants/seeds lay dormant until rainfalls;

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2022

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the climate of a place in Brazil. temperature 30 (°C) 25 20 15 350 10 300 5 250 0 200 rainfall (mm) 150 100 50 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 5.1 (a) For the climate shown in Fig. 5.1 state the: (i) January rainfall … mm [1] (ii) annual temperature range. … °C [1] (iii) Which three of the following statements about the climate shown in Fig. 5.1 are true? Tick (3) three boxes below. tick (3) October is the wettest month. February is the driest month. There are two wetter seasons. The annual rainfall is low. The annual temperature range is high. Temperatures are high throughout the year. March is the hottest month. July is the coolest month. [3] (b) Study Fig. 5.2, which shows a simplified food web for a rainforest. caiman jaguar ocelot SECONDARY CONSUMERS (carnivores) howler spider three-toed PRIMARY tapir monkey monkey sloth CONSUMERS (herbivores) grass banana orchid bromeliad PRODUCERS tree plant (green plants) Key energy flow Fig. 5.2 (i) Identify two foods eaten by the caiman. 1 … 2 … [1] (ii) Suggest two impacts of a reduced number of orchids. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 200 (mm) 1 5(a)(ii) 2 °C 1 5(a)(iii) there are two wetter seasons; 3 temperatures are high throughout the year; July is the coolest month; 5(b)(i) Tapir and howler monkey 1 5(b)(ii) fewer spider monkeys/no food for spider monkeys; 2 less food/energy/other food source needed for ocelots/fewer ocelets; less food/energy/other food source needed for jaguars/fewer jaguars; fewer secondary consumers/carnivores who eat spider monkeys;

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2022

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a climate graph for an equatorial area. 40 400 30 300 temperature rainfall 20 200 (°C) (mm) 10 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Key temperature rainfall Fig. 5.1 (a) Using Fig. 5.1, describe the main features of an equatorial climate. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the nutrient cycle of a tropical rainforest as a systems diagram. nutrients dissolved in rain leaves vegetation fall leaf litter loss in overland flow leaf litter uptake by decomposes plants Key soil nutrient stores nutrient transfer loss by inputs leaching nutrients from weathered rock Fig. 5.2 (i) Which is the largest nutrient store in Fig. 5.2? … [1] (ii) Identify one way in which nutrients enter the system. … [1] (c) How does vegetation reduce overland flow and soil erosion? overland flow … … soil erosion … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) High temperatures/hot; 4 27–29 degrees C; Low temperature range/constant/range of 2 degrees C; High/heavy rainfall; 150–270 mm per month; Annual rainfall over 2000 mm/2300–2400 mm per year; Rainfall all year; No seasons/lack of difference between seasons. 5(b)(i) Vegetation 1 5(b)(ii) From rain; 1 From weathered rock. 5(c) Overland flow: 2 Leaves intercept/catch/rainfall; Roots create cracks in soil increasing infiltration/roots absorb/take up water. Soil erosion: Roots bind/anchor soil; Prevent rain splash; Slowing down runoff by increasing infiltration.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2022

4 Graphs A and B in Fig. 4.1 show the hot desert climate in two different areas of the world. A 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 rainfall temperature (mm) (°C) 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month B 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 rainfall temperature (mm) (°C) 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 4.1 (a) Using Fig. 4.1, state the: (i) January rainfall at A … mm [1] (ii) September temperature at B. … °C [1] (iii) Which of the following statements are true about the climates A and B shown in Fig. 4.1? Tick (✓) one box on each line. One has been completed for you. tick (✓) A B highest temperature range ✓ lowest minimum temperature highest annual rainfall longest dry season in the southern hemisphere [2] (b) Explain why rainfall is low in hot desert areas. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 8 (mm) 1 4(a)(ii) 31 (°C) 1 4(a)(iii) A 2 B A A 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 4(b) High pressure; 4 Cold ocean currents/air is cooled by contact with cold water; Air cooled so cannot hold moisture; Rain shadow/leeward side of mountains/rain falls elsewhere; Clouds have lost their moisture due to continentality/long distance from ocean/inland; Prevailing/trade winds carry clouds away/carry little or no moisture/dry; Sinking air hinders formation of clouds; Lack of available water (lakes and seas)/too dry/lacks moisture for evaporation to take place; Lack of vegetation to provide water vapour from evapotranspiration; Vegetation adapted to reduce transpiration. Dry winds = 1 Too vague: List of factors with no explanation e.g. distance from the sea; Too hot, as must be linked to lack of vegetation; Extreme heat makes it difficult for water to condense.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2023

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the global distribution of tropical rainforests. Tropic of Cancer Manaus Equator Tropic of Capricorn Key tropical rainforests Fig. 5.1 (a) Using Fig. 5.1, describe the global distribution of tropical rainforests. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the climate of Manaus, Brazil. 350 35 300 30 250 25 rainfall 200 20 temperature (mm) (°C) 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D months Fig. 5.2 For the climate shown in Fig. 5.2 state the: (i) rainfall in May … mm [1] (ii) temperature in March. … °C [1] (c) Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe the main features of an equatorial climate. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)  Near/along equator/between Tropics/between 30 N and S; (allow any 3 figure between 23.5−30)  South America;  Central America;  Central Africa;  South/Southeast Asia. 5(b)(i) 250 (mm). 1 5(b)(ii) 26.5−27 (C). 1 5(c)  High temperatures/hot/temperatures above 26C; 3  Low temperature range/constant/all year;  Range 1.5–2.5C;  High rainfall;  Rainfall all year;  Less rainfall June−Oct/Nov/more rainfall Dec/Jan−May;  (Relatively) wide range in monthly totals;  Range 235−250 mm;  No seasons. Note: reserve 1 mark for temperature and 1 mark for rainfall

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2023

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which shows the temperature and rainfall of an area of equatorial climate. (i) Which month has the lowest rainfall? … [1] (ii) Which months have the highest temperature? … [1] (iii) Estimate the total annual rainfall amount. Circle the correct answer below. 750 mm 1750 mm 2145 mm 3000 mm [1] (b) The equatorial climate is described as having little seasonal variation. Using evidence from Fig. 4.1 (Insert), state to what extent this is true for temperature and rainfall. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Give one reason why there is high rainfall in equatorial regions. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) August. 1 4(a)(ii) September and October. 1 4(a)(iii) 3000. 1 4(b) True/correct for temperature but not true/incorrect/false for rainfall; 4 (Accept ‘mainly/mostly true/untrue’.) Note: Must have both temperature and rainfall in one statement or two separate statements. Temperature stays constantly/always high/hot; Low range/lack of/small variation in temperature/small difference in temperature/same most of year; Range 2°C/26–28°C; Rainfall all year; Drier/less/decreased rainfall in July–Oct/June-Nov; (Accept reference to dry Jun–Nov versus wet season.) Large variation in monthly rainfall totals/large range; 114 to 396 mm (allow 4 mm tolerance for either figure)/282 mm difference. (allow 8 mm tolerance.) Note: Reserve 1 mark for temperature and 1 mark for rainfall. 4(c) Convectional rainfall; 1 Intense/strong heating by sun/(high temperatures since) sun is directly overhead; Low pressure; Air masses converge; Humid/warm and moist/high levels of evaporation/transpiration/ a lot of moisture; Warm air holds more moisture than cold air/warm air holds large amount of water vapour; Rising air.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2023

1 Study the map extract for Gourock, Scotland. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features around Spango in the map extract. 23 24 25 76 76 Schs B E C G D 75 75 A F 74 74 23 24 25 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) the type of road at A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the land use at D … [1] (v) the height above sea level of the spot height (survey height) at E. … metres [1] (b) Study the railway line which runs north-east from the railway station at F shown on Fig. 1.1. (i) Give the six-figure grid reference of the railway station at IBM station, shown as F on Fig. 1.1. … [1] (ii) What is the distance along the railway line from the railway station at IBM station F to the next railway station located to the north-east at Branchton, shown as G on Fig. 1.1? … metres [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the railway station at IBM station F to the next railway station located to the north-east at Branchton, shown as G on Fig. 1.1. … degrees [1] (c) Look again at the railway line on the map extract. Describe the relief to the south-east of the railway line. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (d) Describe the physical (natural) and human features of the coastline shown on the map extract. physical features … … … … … … … human features … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) A78/A road/main road/dual carriageway 1 1(a)(ii) School(s) 1 1(a)(iii) Recreation/leisure/sports centre 1 1(a)(iv) Scrub/bracken/heath/rough grassland 1 1(a)(v) 159 (metres) 1 1(b)(i) 234742 1 234743 235742 235743 1(b)(ii) 1950 (metres) accept 1900–2000 1 1(b)(iii) 53 (accept 51–54) degrees 1 1(c) Hilly/hill(s)/accept 2 named hills; 5 Highest point 274–280m; Highest in south/furthest from railway/increase in height with distance from railway; Rounded/knolls; Steep slopes; Steepest in west/north-west/nearest railway/decrease in steepness with distance from railway; North-west facing slopes (near railway)/south-east/south facing slopes near lake/water body; V-shaped valley(s). 1(d) Physical: 7 Bay(s); Headland(s)/point(s); Sand/shingle/beach(es); Rocks/rocky; Mud; Scree/loose rock(s)/boulders/outcrop; Human: Jetty; Lighthouse; Pier; Beacon; Slipway; Landing stage; Dock(s)/quay(s)/port(s). Note: Reserve 3 marks for physical/human. Response must be in correct section.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2023

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, showing the structure of a tropical rainforest. 60 50 Emergents 40 Canopy height 30 (metres) X 20 10 Y 0 Fig. 5.1 (i) Name layers X and Y. X … Y … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 5.1, state the maximum height of the emergent layer and the height range of the canopy layer. maximum height of the emergent layer … m height range of the canopy layer from … m to … m [2] (b) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), showing the distribution of tropical rainforests, areas of deforestation and the main causes of deforestation. (i) Which continent has the largest area of tropical rainforest? … [1] (ii) State the main cause of deforestation in each of the three continents. South America … Africa … Asia … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) X = under canopy/under storey/lower canopy. 2 Y = shrub (layer)/forest floor/ground (layer)/undergrowth. 5(a)(ii) Max. height of emergent layer = 56 (m) (Allow 55–57 m). 2 Height range of the canopy from 30/31 (m) to 38/39/40 (m). Note: Height range can be in any order. 5(b)(i) South America 1 5(b)(ii) South America – cattle ranching. 3 Africa – smallholder farming. Asia – large scale agriculture.

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2024

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), which shows information about the equatorial climate in Manaus, Brazil. (i) What is the average monthly rainfall in June? … mm [1] (ii) What is the average monthly temperature in November? … °C [1] (iii) Calculate the annual temperature range for Manaus, Brazil. You should show your calculations. … °C [2] (b) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), which shows the tropical rainforest found in Manaus, Brazil. Using Fig. 5.2, identify three features which are typical of a tropical rainforest. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) Deforestation of the tropical rainforest has been happening for many years. State one reason for deforestation. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 120 mm 1 5(a)(ii) 28°C 1 5(a)(iii) Calculation – 28 °C–27 °C 2 Answer – 1 °C 5(b) Emergent/taller trees; 3 Canopy layer; Shrubs/bushes; (Ever)green/lush; Dense; Dark forest floor; Palm trees; Biodiverse/large variety of trees; Thin trunks. 5(c) Small-scale/subsistence agriculture; 1 Commercial crops; Cattle ranching; Logging; (Fuel)wood; Mining; Urbanisation/expansion of settlements; Building roads/railways; Industry; Power supplied/HEP.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2024

5 Study Figs. 5.1, 5.2 and Table 5.1. Fig. 5.1 shows the location of two places in Africa with hot desert climates. N 0 1000 km In Salah Tropic of Cancer Nouakchott AFRICA Atlantic Ocean Equator Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2 shows the monthly temperatures of the two places and Table 5.1 shows the monthly rainfall. 40 30 mean monthly temperature 20 (°C) 10 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Key In Salah Nouakchott Fig. 5.2 Table 5.1 Rainfall (mm) month J F M A M J J A S O N D total In Salah 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 14 Nouakchott 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 13 19 6 1 4 47 (a) (i) State the mean monthly temperature for In Salah in May. … °C [1] (ii) State the mean annual temperature range for In Salah. … °C [1] (b) (i) Give one difference between the climates of the two places. … … [1] (ii) Suggest one reason why the climates of the two places are different. … … [1] (c) Explain why places with a hot desert climate, like In Salah and Nouakchott, have low rainfall. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 30 (°C), 1 5(a)(ii) 23.5 (°C), 1 5(b)(i) N more moderate/I more extreme; (NOTE accept hot v moderate) 1 N has a more constant/consistent/stable temperature/I has wider range/variation in temperature/I higher in summer + lower in winter; I hotter/N cooler May – September or any month within range; I cooler/N warmer October – March or any month within range; N wetter/I drier; N rain in August/Sept but I doesn’t; I rainfall more evenly distributed. 5(b)(ii) N coastal and I inland/N closer to the coast/different distances from the coast. 1 Difference in altitude. 5(c) The presence of high pressure; 4 Descending air; Lack of condensation/clouds/few clouds; Few/not many/lack of water bodies/sources/far from coasts/land-locked; Limited evaporation/little water vapour; Absence/lack of/sparse vegetation/trees/forest; Evapo-transpiration is limited; Offshore winds/winds formed over land/wind carries little moisture/dry winds; Cold ocean currents; Rain shadow area.

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2024

1 Study the map extract for the Île d’Oléron, France. The scale is 1 : 50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the north of the map extract. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 84 84 B C D 83 P 83 A 82 82 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of road at B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the height above sea level of point D. … metres [1] (b) Give the six-figure grid reference of the crossroads at point D shown in Fig. 1.1. Tick (✓) one box. tick (✓) 370832 342828 832370 842371 [1] (c) Find the museum at le Château-d’Oléron in grid square 4083 and the museum at Saint-Trojan-les-Bains in grid square 3978. (i) What is the straight-line distance from the museum at le Château-d’Oléron to the museum at Saint-Trojan-les-Bains? … metres [1] (ii) What is the compass direction from the museum at le Château-d’Oléron to the museum at Saint-Trojan-les-Bains? … [1] (iii) Measure the compass bearing from the museum at le Château-d’Oléron to the museum Saint-Trojan-les-Bains. … degrees [1] (d) Study the map extract north of northing 82. Identify three different activities that can be done by tourists in this area and state the map evidence for each activity. One example has been done for you. activity map evidence e.g. cycling there is a cycle trail 1 2 3 [3] (e) Fig. 1.2 is a cross-section across the Île d’Oléron along northing 78 from 360780 to 390780. 50 50 40 40 metres above metres above 30 30 sea level sea level 20 20 10 10 0 0 360780 390780 Fig. 1.2 (i) What is the main land-use along this cross-section? … [1] (ii) What is the maximum height of the land along the cross-section? … metres [1] (f) Identify three correct statements about the distribution of the settlements shown on the map extract. Tick (✓) three correct answers. tick (✓) mostly in the north evenly distributed linked by main roads more along the coast mostly in the east mostly on high land [3] (g) Describe the natural features of the west coast between Pointe de Gatseau in grid square 3773 and the northern edge of the map in grid square 3284. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) car park/parking/parking area 1 1(a)(ii) secondary (road)/D26 1 1(a)(iii) water tower 1 1(a)(iv) 5(m) 1 1(b) 370 832 1 1(c)(i) 4650(m) (tolerance 4400–4900) Allow 4.4–4.9 km (km must be stated) 1 1(c)(ii) SSW 1 1(c)(iii) 199° (tolerance 196–201°) 1 1(d) 3 Activity Map evidence Camping Campsite Horse riding Horseback riding centre Sunbathing/relaxing/picnicking/ Beach/sand/sand dunes/seaside resort/plage Swimming sea/body of water/seaside resort Walking/hiking Footpath/trails/woods Visiting/going to/studying Museum Visiting/going to/sightseeing Castle/castle walls Yachting/sailing/boating/water Harbour/port sports Fishing Harbour/port/river Learning about the city/area Tourist information centre Note: 1 mark per completed row. Candidates may interchange relevant map evidence with the activity. 1(e)(i) Wood/brushwood 1 1(e)(ii) 19–23 metres 1 1(f) • (1st) mostly in the north; 3 • (4th) more along the coast; • (5th) mostly in the east. 1(g) • beach(es); 4 • beaches are wide/widest in middle/have variable width/wider in S/narrower in N/wet sand wider in S/wet sand narrower in N; • beaches (largely) covered at high tide/more wet sand than dry sand (area)/mostly wet sand; • beach/sand/wet sand along the (entire length of) coastline/la Grande Plage/ beach is long; • sand dunes; • more dry sand/sand-dunes in the central part; • low lying; • flat/quite flat/relatively flat; • rocks/rocky/rock outcrops/wave cut platform/rock extending into the sea/(more) rock in the north; • coastline is slightly curved/sand has a recurved end (in the south)/spit. Note: allow reference to grid squares/named places instead of N/S and central.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2025

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a climate graph for Phoenix, in the USA. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 4.1 (i) Using Fig. 4.1, calculate the annual rainfall. Tick (✓) the correct answer. rainfall tick (✓) (mm) 152 258 367 556 [1] (ii) Describe the pattern of rainfall shown in Fig. 4.1. Do not use statistics in your answer. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 4.2 (Insert) shows some vegetation found in hot deserts. Using Fig. 4.2, explain two ways vegetation adapts to a desert climate. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 258 (mm) 1 4(a)(ii) • uneven/seasonal/fluctuates/varies; 3 • there is rainfall every month; • rainy period lasts 9 months; • two peaks; • most/more/highest/higher/very high rain in winter/Dec–Feb/ Jan–Feb/highest February; • least/less/low rain/drier period in April–June/May–June/least in June; • large increase in July/mid–Summer/December; • large decrease in Spring/Autumn/April; • steady/constant decrease from August to November/April to June; • wetter/high(er) rainfall from July through to March/high rainfall apart from April–June. Note: Allow high Jan to March and July to December written in two separate parts of the answer. Must have whole period. Time periods must be as written in the mark scheme. 4(b) • small leaves (1) to reduce evaporation (1); 4 • spines/thorns/spikes (1) to help reduce moisture loss/break up air flow/which can help reduce evaporation (1); • hairy leaves (1) to protect against heat/insulate against cold temperatures/to reduce water loss (1); • plants lose/shed leaves/have no leaves/low number of stomata/close stomata/sunken stomata/leaf pores (1) to help reduce moisture loss/transpire less (1); • plants/seeds lay dormant/look dead (1) for long periods/until rain arrives (1); • cactus/succulents/large body/stems/fleshy/thick leaves (1) to store water/for dry periods (1); • cactus have waxy surfaces/thick cuticle (1) reduce moisture loss/transpiration (1); • low growing (1) to avoid exposure to intense sunlight/reduce water loss/reduce damage from wind (1); • deep/long root systems (1) to tap into underground water/to reach/get to more water (1); • shallow/horizontal root systems (1) to get/catch/collect/obtain water when it rains (1). Note: 2  2 marks – one for method and one for explanation. Must have the adaptation for explanation to be credited. Do not double credit the following terms for explanation i.e. evaporation, moisture loss, transpiration and evapotranspiration; each can be credited once. Where appropriate these terms can be used interchangeably.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2025

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the climate of the Atacama hot desert in Chile. 30 30 temperature rainfall 20 20 (°C) (mm) 10 10 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 2.1 (i) Complete the graph for March using the following data. temperature rainfall (°C) (mm) 24 14 [2] (ii) Using Fig. 2.1, state the annual range of temperature. … °C [1] (b) Which two of the following statements describe the climate of the area shown in Fig. 2.1? Tick (✓) only two boxes. tick (✓) July is the driest month. Rain falls throughout the year. Temperatures are high throughout the year. The hottest monthly temperature is 30 °C. There are four seasons. There is low annual rainfall. [2] (c) What evidence from Fig. 2.1 suggests the Atacama desert is in the southern hemisphere? … … [1] (d) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), which shows a type of vegetation found in the Atacama desert. Explain two different ways this type of vegetation has adapted to the hot desert climate. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) temperature dot/cross at 24 °C and line joined 2 rainfall bar to 14 mm 2(a)(ii) 8 °C 1 2(b) Temperatures are high throughout the year. 2 There is low annual rainfall. 2(c) high(er) temperatures at beginning and end of year/October – April/highest 1 December and January low(er) temperatures in middle of year/May - September/lowest June and July Credit any three consecutive months within October – April or within May – September. 2(d) stores water in thick stem/large body/fleshy body 2 spines/spikes/thorns/no leaves reduce evaporation/transpiration widely spaced to reduce competition for water green stems to photosynthesise short/low level to protect from wind

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2025

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows the climate of Jambi, Indonesia. 35 350 30 300 25 250 20 200 rainfall temperature 15 150 (mm) (°C) 10 100 5 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 5.1 (i) Use the information in Fig. 5.1 to complete the table. temperature in August … °C annual temperature range … °C rainfall in November … mm [3] (ii) Which two of the following statements describe the climate of Jambi, Indonesia? Tick (3) only two boxes. tick (3) There is a cold season. There is a hot season. Temperatures are high throughout the year. There is a high annual range of temperature. Annual rainfall is low. Annual rainfall is high. [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the world distribution of areas with an equatorial climate. 1 23 2 °N Tropic of Cancer 0° Equator 1 23 2 °S Tropic of Capricorn Key equatorial climate Fig. 5.2 Describe the distribution of the areas with an equatorial climate. … … … … [2] (c) Explain one way that vegetation adapts in areas that experience an equatorial climate. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 3 temperature in August 27 annual temperature range 2 rainfall in November 310 5(a)(ii) 2 Tick (✓) there is a cold season there is a hot season temperatures are high throughout the year ✓ there is a high annual range of temperature annual rainfall is low annual rainfall is high ✓ 5(b) along/on/at/near the equator/between the tropics / between one named tropic 2 and the equator coastal in S. America/Africa/Asia (2 named continents) 5(c) buttress roots for stability (in wet ground/ shallow soil) 1 emergents / tall trees / straight trunks to reach light branchless trunks / leaves only at top as low light below canopy smooth bark / waxy leaves / drip tips to shed water large leaves to maximise sunlight capture lianas / epiphytes to reach light fruit/flower/leaves grow all year round/continuous growing season carnivorous plants to trap/digest insects/provide nutrients

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2025