Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2025 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

1 Study the map extract for Dungarvan (Dún Garbhán), Ireland. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the north of the map extract. 20 21 22 23 98 98 D 97 97 C B 96 96 A E 95 95 20 21 22 23 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) the type of road at A ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) feature B ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) the height above sea level of the triangulation pillar at C ...................................................... metres [1] (iv) feature D ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (v) the land use at E. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows two areas, A and B, in the north of the map extract. 24 25 98 98 A 97 97 B 96 96 24 25 Fig. 1.2 The following table compares the features of areas A and B. Complete the table by putting ticks in the correct six boxes. Use only one tick (3) for each row. both of these neither of area A area B areas these areas church land above 170 m stream track regional road electricity transmission line [6] (c) Identify the settlement pattern shown in grid square 2292. ...................................................... [1] (d) Find the junction of the national secondary road with the national primary road close to the eastern edge of the map. (i) What is the six-figure grid reference of the junction? Tick (3) one box. tick (3) 276954 957278 278957 267968 [1] (ii) Measure the distance along the national secondary road from the junction to the western edge of the map. ...................................................... km [1] (iii) Give the compass direction from the junction to where the road meets the western edge of the map. ...................................................... [1] (e) (i) Locate the River Brickey (An Bhroice) in the south of the map. Describe the features of the river. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Describe the relief to the south of the river. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 20]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (national) secondary 1 1(a)(ii) (Colligan) river 1 1(a)(iii) 176 1 1(a)(iv) parking 1 1(a)(v) coniferous/plantation 1 1(b) 6 area A area B both of neither of these these areas areas church ✓ land above 170 m ✓ stream ✓ track ✓ regional road ✓ electricity transmission ✓ line 1(c) linear 1 1(d)(i) 278 957 1 1(d)(ii) 8.9–9.2 1 1(d)(iii) west 1 1(e)(i) flows south-east 3 flat / gentle gradient tributary/confluence/another river joins straight sections/partly straight/relatively straight/straight in the west meandering river mouth/flows into an estuary/lake/bay/sea/body of water 1(e)(ii) hills/high/mountain(ous) 2 top/peak/summit steep N/NE/NNE facing slopes valley(s) saddle/col flat flood plain/next to river minimum height 0–10 m maximum height 240–263 m (allow any height within ranges)

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2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows data about the destination countries of Indian migrants in 1990 and 2020. destination number of Indian number of Indian country migrants 1990 migrants 2020 Canada 166 640 720 083 Kuwait 375 183 1 152 175 Oman 152 554 1 375 667 Pakistan 2 818 248 1 597 134 Saudi Arabia 906 468 2 502 337 UK 399 526 835 359 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 458 294 3 471 300 USA 450 406 2 723 764 Fig. 2.1 Using Fig. 2.1, describe the changes in the number of Indian migrants between 1990 and 2020 moving to these countries. Do not use statistics in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Fig. 2.2 is a world map showing the location of the countries named in Fig. 2.1. Fig. 2.3 shows data about their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. GNI is a measure of wealth. Kuwait UK UAE Canada USA Oman India Saudi Arabia Pakistan Fig. 2.2 country GNI per capita ($US) 2020 India 6 107 Canada 45 557 Kuwait 57 255 Oman 27 277 Pakistan 4 467 Saudi Arabia 45 232 UK 42 037 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 68 591 USA 60 727 Fig. 2.3 (i) Using Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 only, suggest two reasons why Indian migrants move to these countries. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Look at the number of migrants moving to Pakistan in 1990 and 2020 shown in Fig. 2.1. Using Fig. 2.3, suggest one reason for this change. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Many Indian migrants move to the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Complete Fig. 2.4, a divided bar graph, to show that 88% of the workers in the UAE are immigrants and 12% were born there. 0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Key immigrants born in UAE Fig. 2.4 [2] (d) Describe one economic benefit for India of many people migrating to other countries. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 2(a) increase in migrants (in most countries) 2 decrease/anomaly in Pakistan In 1990 Pakistan had most migrants and in 2020 UAE had most. In 1990 Oman had least migrants and in 2020 Canada had least. greatest increase to the United Arab Emirates (in absolute terms) greatest % increase to Oman 2(b)(i) high(er) GNI (per capita)/income/wages/pay/wealthy countries 2 close to India/same continent 2(b)(ii) GNI/income/wages/pay/wealth lower than India/lowest 1 2(c) Line drawn at 88% 2 Shaded correctly 2(d) migrants send remittances home 1 fewer benefits to pay less pressure on housing/healthcare/services less unemployment migrants learn new skills (to benefit India on their return)

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3 (a) Study Figs. 3.1 and 3.2. Fig. 3.1 shows the population structure of Switzerland and Fig. 3.2 shows the population structure of Uganda in 2022. Switzerland 2022 age in years male female 100+ 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 population population (thousand) (thousand) Fig. 3.1 Uganda 2022 age in years male female 100+ 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 population population (million) (million) Fig. 3.2 (i) How many females aged 40–44 were there in Switzerland in 2022? ...................................................... [1] (ii) Complete Fig. 3.2 to show there were 2 million males aged 20–24 in Uganda in 2022. [1] (iii) Describe three differences between the shape of the population pyramids of Switzerland and Uganda in 2022. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) Fig. 3.3 shows a prediction of Switzerland’s population structure in 2052. Switzerland 2052 age in years male female 100+ 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 population population (thousand) (thousand) Fig. 3.3 (i) Describe the predicted change in the number of people aged 0–19 in 2052 shown in Fig. 3.3 compared to in 2022 shown in Fig. 3.1. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Some countries such as Switzerland have an ageing population. Suggest two problems caused by an ageing population. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 300 000 1 3(a)(ii) Bar drawn to 2 million males 1 3(a)(iii) wider at bottom / young age groups in Ug / narrower at bottom in Sw 3 wider in middle / working age groups in Sw / narrower in middle in Ug wider at top / old age groups in Sw / narrower at top in Ug taller in Sw / shorter in Ug constrictive in Sw v expansive in Ug / Sw convex v Ug concave / Sw widest in middle v Ug widest at bottom Answer must be comparative and refer only to shape. 3(b)(i) increase 1 3(b)(ii) large numbers of old people to support/care for 2 strain on health services/social care need for pensions/benefits need for old people’s homes shortage of workers/ decreased working population higher tax / burden on working population less tax revenue (government) underuse of resources less military

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 (Insert) shows an active volcano in the Philippines. (i) Name the type of volcano shown. ...................................................... [1] (ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the features of the volcano. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (b) Suggest three opportunities that volcanoes like the one shown in Fig. 4.1 offer for people. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) strato/composite cone 1 4(a)(ii) high/tall 4 steep dissected/ gullies/ ridges / valleys black/grey/ash crater gas emission/vent cone/conical concave/steeper at the top/gentler at the base (bare) rock / rocky vegetation on lower / gentler slopes 4(b) fertile soil 3 jobs/income from tourism not economy geothermal power hot springs minerals/mining or named mineral (e.g. sulphur, gold, silver, diamonds) building materials/sand fertiliser (production) relief rainfall in dry areas leisure opportunities / climbing / hiking cheap house prices research/study opportunity

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5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows the climate of Jambi, Indonesia. 35 350 30 300 25 250 20 200 rainfall temperature 15 150 (mm) (°C) 10 100 5 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 5.1 (i) Use the information in Fig. 5.1 to complete the table. temperature in August ......................................... °C annual temperature range ......................................... °C rainfall in November ......................................... mm [3] (ii) Which two of the following statements describe the climate of Jambi, Indonesia? Tick (3) only two boxes. tick (3) There is a cold season. There is a hot season. Temperatures are high throughout the year. There is a high annual range of temperature. Annual rainfall is low. Annual rainfall is high. [2] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows the world distribution of areas with an equatorial climate. 1 23 2 °N Tropic of Cancer 0° Equator 1 23 2 °S Tropic of Capricorn Key equatorial climate Fig. 5.2 Describe the distribution of the areas with an equatorial climate. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (c) Explain one way that vegetation adapts in areas that experience an equatorial climate. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 3 temperature in August 27 annual temperature range 2 rainfall in November 310 5(a)(ii) 2 Tick (✓) there is a cold season there is a hot season temperatures are high throughout the year ✓ there is a high annual range of temperature annual rainfall is low annual rainfall is high ✓ 5(b) along/on/at/near the equator/between the tropics / between one named tropic 2 and the equator coastal in S. America/Africa/Asia (2 named continents) 5(c) buttress roots for stability (in wet ground/ shallow soil) 1 emergents / tall trees / straight trunks to reach light branchless trunks / leaves only at top as low light below canopy smooth bark / waxy leaves / drip tips to shed water large leaves to maximise sunlight capture lianas / epiphytes to reach light fruit/flower/leaves grow all year round/continuous growing season carnivorous plants to trap/digest insects/provide nutrients

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6 (a) Fig. 6.1 (Insert) shows a farm in the UK. Using Fig 6.1 only, describe the features of the farm. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows the area used to grow three types of crop in the UK in 2000 and 2018. 2500 2000 1500 hectares (thousand) 1000 500 0 wheat oats oilseed rape Key crop 2000 2018 Fig. 6.2 (i) Compare the amount of land used for wheat and oats in the year 2000. Use statistics in your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Describe the change in the number of hectares used for growing oilseed rape between 2000 and 2018. Do not use statistics in your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ................ ............................................................................................................... [1] (c) Many UK farms are intensive farms. What does the term ‘intensive’ mean? ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] [Total: 8] Additional page If you use the following page to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly shown. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 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Mark scheme: 6(a) arable/mixed/animals and crops 4 extensive/farm is large mechanised/machinery/combine harvester/tractor harvesting more than one crop hedgerows/bushes/woodland/line of trees/cluster of trees flat/gently sloping land commercial farming/crops to sell (divided into) fields sheep fences 6(b)(i) more used for wheat/less for oats 2 2060–2090 thousand ha/ almost 2100 thousand ha wheat and 100–120 thousand ha oats difference 1940–1990 thousand ha (reserve1 mark for statement and reserve 1 mark for data) 6(b)(ii) increased 1 6(c) large amount of output compared to size of land 1 high labour input for size of land high capital input for size of land uses high levels of technology on relatively small area of land

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