Radioactivity — Paper 3 · IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654

10 Fig. 10.1 is a diagram of a woodland food web. hawk fox butterfly grasshopper mouse rabbit blackberries grass Fig. 10.1 (a) A food web is a network of interconnected food chains. Define the term food chain. … … [2] (b) (i) Use Fig. 10.1 to draw one food chain that contains a rabbit. … [2] (ii) From the food web in Fig. 10.1 name one producer, … carnivore, … herbivore. … [3] (c) In the food web in Fig. 10.1 a disease kills the hawks. Use Fig. 10.1 to suggest and explain the effect this would have on the fox population. … … … … [3] 11 (a) Oil is burned in a power station to generate electricity. Complete the sentences using suitable words to describe how this happens. When oil is burned, … energy is transformed into thermal energy. The thermal energy heats … in a boiler to produce steam. The steam drives a … which turns a generator. [3] (b) (i) A small quantity of radioactive material from a nuclear power station is tested. Describe how a scientist could prove that the material is releasing γ-rays. … … … … [2] (ii) State one way in which the scientist could be harmed by the radiation emitted from the radioactive material. … … [1] (c) An overhead power cable transmits electrical power from a power station to a town. (i) State the effect on the resistance of the cable if the diameter of the cable is decreased. … [1] (ii) Apart from changing the diameter, state one other way of changing the resistance of the cable. … … [1] (d) The overhead power cables are hung from pylons (towers). Fig. 11.1 shows cables hanging between two pylons. Fig. 11.1 The power cables were hung loosely between the two pylons during hot weather. Explain why the cables were hung loosely between the pylons. … … … [2]

20 marks

Mark scheme: 10(a) flow of energy ; from one organism to the next ; 2 10(b)(i) grass → rabbit → fox / grass → rabbit → hawk ;; 2 10(b)(ii) producer grass / blackberries ; carnivore hawk / fox ; herbivore butterfly / grasshopper / mouse / rabbit ; 3 10(c) fewer, mice / rabbits eaten by hawks ; less competition ; more, food / mice / rabbits (for foxes) ; fox population increases ; max 3

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2017

3 (a) Five different types of power station are shown. A geothermal B hydroelectric C gas-fired D nuclear E oil-fired (i) State the letters of the two types of power station for which the Sun is not the source of energy. … and … [1] (ii) State the letter of one type of power station that uses a renewable energy source. … [1] (iii) State the letters of the two types of power station that produce carbon dioxide when generating power. … and … [1] (b) (i) Overhead power cables supply electrical energy to a town. It is suggested that less energy is lost during transmission if the resistance of the cables is reduced. Suggest one way in which the cables could be changed to lower their resistance. … [1] (ii) Overhead power cables are hung from pylons. Fig. 3.1 shows cables hanging between two pylons. Fig. 3.1 Explain why the cables are hung loosely between the two pylons when they are erected during hot weather. … … … [2] (c) In a nuclear power station, nuclear fission of uranium-235 atoms takes place. Describe what happens to the nuclei of atoms of uranium-235 during nuclear fission. … … [1] (d) In a nuclear power station, there are many radioactive isotopes. These sources emit α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays. (i) One of these radiations is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Write the name of this radiation in the correct position in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum on Fig. 3.2. visible X-rays infra-red light Fig. 3.2 [2] (ii) Place the three radiations, α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays, in order of their ionising effect. … … … [1] most ionising least ionising

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) A an 3(a)(ii) A or 3(a)(iii) C an 3(b)(i) incre 3(b)(ii) cont dam 3(c) nucl 3(d)(i) γ / ga writte 3(d)(ii) nd D ; B ; nd E ; ease CSA / diam tract in cold wea mage cables / pylo ei split ; amma ; en in left hand b α meter ; ather ; ons ; box ; β γ ; 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2017

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a student reading a book. electric lamp book Fig. 3.1 Light from an electric lamp is reflected by the book into the student’s eyes. (i) On Fig. 3.1, label the angle of incidence with the letter i . [1] (ii) The angle of reflection is 30°. State the angle of incidence. Explain your answer. angle of incidence … explanation … … [2] (iii) State the useful energy transfer that happens in the electric lamp. from … energy to … energy [1] (b) The student watches her teacher set up a radiation detector in the school science laboratory. A sealed radioactive source, strontium-90, is placed on the bench next to the radiation detector. Strontium-90 emits β-particles. A small count rate is measured. (i) Suggest a suitable radiation detector for this experiment. … [1] (ii) State the name of the particle, found in an atom, that is identical to a β-particle. … [1] (iii) When the teacher repeats the experiment a few minutes later, the count rate measured is slightly higher. Suggest one reason for this. … … [1] (iv) When not in use, the strontium-90 source is stored in a box lined with lead. Explain why this is done. … … [1] (c) The teacher asks the student to test one of the springs from a chair. Fig. 3.2 shows the chair. spring Fig. 3.2 The student measures the extension of the spring for different stretching forces. She plots the graph shown in Fig. 3.3. 10.0 8.0 6.0 extension / mm 4.0 2.0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 force / N Fig. 3.3 (i) Use the graph to state the force needed to give an extension of 4.0 mm. … N [1] (ii) The force changes the shape of the spring. State one other effect that a force can have on a body. … [1]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) angle of incidence correctly labelled ; 1 3(a)(ii) 30° ; angle of incidence = angle of reflection ; 2 3(a)(iii) electrical energy to light energy ; 1 3(b)(i) GM tube etc. ; 1 3(b)(ii) Electron ; 1 3(b)(iii) reference to background radiation / decay is a random process ; 1 3(b)(iv) (β–)radiation cannot penetrate lead ; 1 3(c)(i) 54 (N) ; 1 3(c)(ii) change in speed / direction of motion ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2017

4 (a) A radioactive isotope of iodine is used by a doctor to examine the thyroid gland of a patient. The patient takes a tablet containing the iodine, which is absorbed by the thyroid gland. The iodine emits γ-rays, that are detected outside the body. (i) Name a suitable detector for γ-rays. … [1] (ii) State the meaning of the term isotope. … … [1] (b) α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are ionising. (i) Place these three radiations in order of their ionising ability. … … … [1] most ionising least ionising (ii) State one effect of ionising radiation on the human body. … … [1] (c) Fig. 4.1 shows a special thermometer used in hospitals to take the temperature of babies. The temperature reading is produced using thermal radiation from the human body. Thermal radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. SCAN Fig. 4.1 (i) Suggest the part of the electromagnetic spectrum used by this thermometer. … [1] (ii) Fig. 4.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Add the part of the electromagnetic spectrum you have suggested in (c)(i) in the correct place in Fig. 4.2. γ -rays ultraviolet microwaves Fig. 4.2 [1] (d) Endoscopes are used by doctors to observe inside a patient. An endoscope uses optical fibres. Complete Fig. 4.3 to show how a ray of light travels down an optical fibre by total internal reflection. Fig. 4.3 [1]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 4 4( 4 4( 4 4( 4 Que (a)(i) solid s (a)(ii) existen (b)(i) (b)(ii) mutatio (c)(i) infra-re (c)(ii) infra-re 4(d) total in estion 14.5 (° state detector / S nce of an eleme α on of cells / canc ed ; ed in correct box nternal reflection ° C) ; SSD / GM tube / p nt that has atom β cer etc. ; x ; n at the wall of th photographic film ms with same pro γ ; he fibre througho m ; oton number but out the fibre ; Answer Infra-red t different neutro on number / mas ss number ; Ma 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 arks

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9 A list of materials is shown. copper iron lead steel uranium (a) (i) State the names of the two materials from the list that are magnetic. 1 … 2 … [1] (ii) State one difference in the magnetic properties of the two materials named in (a)(i). … … [1] (b) (i) State the name of the material from the list used to enclose radioactive samples and prevent the escape of ionising radiation. … [1] (ii) State which radioactive emission, α, β or γ, is the most ionising. … [1] (iii) Describe the effects of ionising radiation on the human body. … … … [2] (c) A sheet of copper has a mass of 134.4 g and a volume of 15.0 cm3. (i) Calculate the density of the sheet of copper. State the formula you use and show your working. State the units of your answer. formula working density = … units … [3] (ii) The copper sheet is polished to form a mirror. Fig. 9.1 shows an object reflected in the copper mirror. Fig. 9.1 The image in the mirror is the same size as the object. Describe two more characteristics of an optical image seen in a plane mirror. 1 … 2 … [2]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) iron and steel ; 1 9(a)(ii) iron magnetises quicker / iron loses magnetism quicker ; 1 9(b)(i) lead ; 1 9(b)(ii) alpha ; 1 9(b)(ii) damages / mutates cells ; cancer ; radiation burns ; max 2 9(c)(i) density = mass / volume or 134.4 / 15.0 ; = 8.96 ; g / cm3 ; 3 9(c)(ii) upright ; laterally inverted ; 2

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2018

9 (a) Aluminium can be easily shaped into containers to store food. Describe one other property that makes aluminium suitable for making food containers. … … [1] (b) The frames of bicycles are also made from aluminium. The air in the tyres of a bicycle warms up during a journey. (i) Describe what happens to the air molecules in the tyres as the air warms up. … … [1] (ii) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure exerted on the walls of the tyre increases as the tyre warms up. … … … [2] (c) A cyclist has a mirror on his bicycle so that he can see behind him. He sees a bus in his mirror. This is shown in Fig. 9.1. BUS Fig. 9.1 The mirror in Fig. 9.1 is a plane mirror. Select three words or phrases from the list to describe the image that he sees. inverted laterally inverted magnified same size smaller upright 1 … 2 … 3 … [2] (d) The bicycle is left outside on a sunny day. Energy from the Sun heats the black saddle on the bicycle. (i) State the method of energy transfer between the Sun and the Earth. … [1] (ii) Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum involved in thermal energy transfer from the Sun to the Earth. … [1] (iii) Fig. 9.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 9.2, write your answer to (d)(ii) in the correct place. visibleγ-rays microwaves light Fig. 9.2 [1] (iv) γ-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but beta particles are not. State two other differences between beta particles and γ-rays. 1 … 2 … [2]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) does not corrode / does not react with food / low density ; 1 9(b)(i) move faster ; 1 9(b)(ii) ref. to collision with wall more frequent / collisions exert greater force ; max 2 9(c) laterally inverted same size upright 1 or 2 correct ; 3 correct ; 2 9(d)(i) radiation ; 1 9(d)(ii) infrared ; 1 9(d)(iii) between visible and microwaves ; 1 9(d)(iv) beta more ionising ; beta less penetrating ; gamma no charge but beta negative ; max 2

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2018

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows a bridge between two supports. reaction reaction force 1 force 2 Fig. 12.1 (i) Name the force that is represented by the vertical downwards arrow from the bridge. … [1] (ii) The bridge has a mass of 625 000 kg. Calculate the downwards force of the bridge. gravitational field strength = 10 N / kg. downwards force = … N [2] (iii) The bridge is supported by reaction force 1 and reaction force 2. Using your answer to (a)(ii) state the total size of the reaction forces (reaction force 1 + reaction force 2). Explain your answer. total reaction forces = … N explanation … … [2] (b) The bridge is supported on granite rocks. Radioactive radon gas seeps out of the rocks in small quantities. (i) State one danger of ionising radiation to living things. … [1] (ii) A radiation counter produces a clicking sound for each ionising particle detected. A piece of paper is placed between the rock and the counter and the clicking sounds stop. State the type of radiation that is being emitted by the rock. … [1] (iii) Radon gas from rocks contributes to background radiation. Suggest one other source of background radiation. … [1] (iv) A sample of granite contains 1 000 000 atoms of radon-222. Radon-222 has a half life of 3.8 days. Calculate the number of radon-222 atoms remaining after 7.6 days. Show your working. number of atoms remaining … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) weight (of the bridge) ; 1 12(a)(ii) 625 000 × 10 ; 625 0000 (N) ; 2 12(a)(iii) 625 0000 (N) ; upwards force = downwards force ; 2 12(b)(i) causes cancer / cell mutation / damages living cells ; 1 12(b)(ii) α / alpha ; 1 12(b)(iii) cosmic rays / soil / living things ; 1 12(b)(iv) division by 2 seen e.g. 100 0000 / 2 or 2 half-lives ; 500 000 / 2 = 250 000 ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2019

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows a bridge between two supports. reaction reaction force 1 force 2 Fig. 12.1 (i) Name the force that is represented by the vertical downwards arrow from the bridge. … [1] (ii) The bridge has a mass of 625 000 kg. Calculate the downwards force of the bridge. gravitational field strength = 10 N / kg. downwards force = … N [2] (iii) The bridge is supported by reaction force 1 and reaction force 2. Using your answer to (a)(ii) state the total size of the reaction forces (reaction force 1 + reaction force 2). Explain your answer. total reaction forces = … N explanation … … [2] (b) The bridge is supported on granite rocks. Radioactive radon gas seeps out of the rocks in small quantities. (i) State one danger of ionising radiation to living things. … [1] (ii) A radiation counter produces a clicking sound for each ionising particle detected. A piece of paper is placed between the rock and the counter and the clicking sounds stop. State the type of radiation that is being emitted by the rock. … [1] (iii) Radon gas from rocks contributes to background radiation. Suggest one other source of background radiation. … [1] (iv) A sample of granite contains 1 000 000 atoms of radon-222. Radon-222 has a half life of 3.8 days. Calculate the number of radon-222 atoms remaining after 7.6 days. Show your working. number of atoms remaining … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) weight (of the bridge) ; 1 12(a)(ii) 625 000 × 10 ; 625 0000 (N) ; 2 12(a)(iii) 625 0000 (N) ; upwards force = downwards force ; 2 12(b)(i) causes cancer / cell mutation / damages living cells ; 1 12(b)(ii) α / alpha ; 1 12(b)(iii) cosmic rays / soil / living things ; 1 12(b)(iv) division by 2 seen e.g. 100 0000 / 2 or 2 half-lives ; 500 000 / 2 = 250 000 ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2019

12 (a) Between the Sun and the Earth there is the vacuum of space. (i) State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum mostly involved in the transfer of thermal energy by radiation. … [1] (ii) It takes 8 minutes for visible light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. State how long it takes for other electromagnetic waves to travel from the Sun to the Earth. … [1] (iii) The magnetic field around the Earth protects living things from the Sun’s harmful ionising radiation. State one effect of ionising radiation on living things. … [1] (iv) Explain why the sound produced by the Sun cannot be heard on Earth. … … [1] (b) A boy uses a thin converging lens to focus the Sun’s light rays onto a sheet of paper. (i) Complete the ray diagram in Fig. 12.1 to show what happens to the rays of light after they pass through the lens. rays of light L from the Sun lens paper Fig. 12.1 [1] (ii) Name the distance labelled L in Fig. 12.1. … [1] (c) The boy builds a torch (flashlight) to shine light through the lens. The circuit contains a cell, a switch and a lamp all connected in series. (i) Draw a circuit diagram for the torch. [2] (ii) The potential difference across the lamp is 9 V. The current flowing in the circuit is 4.5 A. Calculate the resistance of the lamp. resistance = … Ω [2]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) infrared ; 1 12(a)(ii) 8 minutes ; 1 12(a)(iii) can cause cancer / cell mutations/damage to cells ; 1 12(a)(iv) mention of sound waves and needing a medium to travel through / cannot travel through a vacuum ; 1 12(b)(i) two rays meet at single point in middle of paper ; 1 12(b)(ii) focal length ; 1 12(c)(i) symbols correct ; cell, switch and lamp in series ; 2 12(c)(ii) R = V/I or 9/4.5 ; 2 ; 2

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2019

9 (a) A technician is checking for sources of radioactive emissions around a building. (i) A radiation detector is placed in front of a source of ionising radiation. A piece of paper is placed in front of the source and the radiation is no longer detected from the source. Identify the type of radiation being emitted by the source. … [1] (ii) The radioactive source is removed. State why the radiation detector continues to detect a small amount of radiation. … [1] (b) The graph in Fig. 9.1 shows the decay curve for a radioactive source. 800 700 600 500 activity of source / counts 400 per second 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 time / hour Fig. 9.1 Determine the half-life of the source. Show on the graph how you determined your answer. … [2] (c) The radiation detector is powered by a battery. Fig. 9.2 shows the part of the electrical circuit which lights a lamp when the detector is switched on. radiation detector Fig. 9.2 (i) The technician checks the potential difference across the lamp. On Fig. 9.2 add the circuit symbol for a meter to measure the potential difference across the lamp. [2] (ii) The current supplied by the battery is 0.1 A. The technician adds another cell to the battery. Describe how the current changes. … [1] (iii) Complete the sentence to describe current in metals. Current in metals is due to the flow of … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 1 9(a)(ii) background radiation ; 1 9(b) working seen on graph, evidence of halving the activity ; 1 hour ; 2 9(c)(i) symbol for voltmeter ; in parallel with lamp ; 2 9(c)(ii) current is increased ; 1 9(c)(iii) electrons ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2019

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows a circuit containing a battery of 4 cells. A2 A1 P V Q Fig. 12.1 (i) Name the components P and Q. component P … component Q … [2] (ii) The battery is a source of electromotive force (e.m.f.). State the unit of e.m.f. unit = … [1] (iii) The switch is closed and both lamps light up. Readings are recorded on ammeters A1 and A2. Describe the difference, if any, in the readings of A1 and A2. Explain your answer. difference … explanation … … [2] (b) Fig. 12.2 shows a mains operated d.c. power source. + AC-DC – transformer Fig. 12.2 Identify one electrical hazard on Fig. 12.2. … [1] (c) Argon gas is used in some types of lamp. An argon atom has the chemical symbol 41 8Ar.0 State the composition of the nucleus of an atom of Argon. … … … [2] (d) A sample of radioactive rock was tested to see if it emitted α-particles. (i) Describe how a radiation detector could be used to show that α-particles were being emitted. … … … … [2] (ii) When the sample of radioactive rock is removed from the detector, the detector continues to record some radiation. Explain this observation. … … [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) P – variable resistor; Q – voltmeter; 2 Question Answer Marks 12(a)(ii) volt; 1 12(a)(iii) ammeter 1 will be lower than ammeter 2; current from the source is larger than the current in each branch; 2 12(b) damaged cable, insulation damaged; 1 12(c) 18 protons ; 22 neutrons; 2 12(d)(i) counts recorded (without paper); put paper in front of sample to see if counts reduce ; 2 12(d)(ii) background radiation; 1

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2020

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows visible light rays passing through a thin converging lens onto a screen. screen Fig. 9.1 (i) On Fig. 9.1, show the focal length of the thin converging lens using a doubled-headed arrow ( ). [1] (ii) On Fig. 9.1 label the position of the principal focus of the lens with the letter F. [1] (iii) Write visible light in the correct position in the electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 9.2. X-rays ultraviolet radio waves [1] Fig. 9.2 (iv) X-rays are used to look at bones in the human body. Describe a safety precaution that is taken when using X-rays. … … [1] (b) (i) X-rays are an example of ionising radiation. State two other examples of ionising radiation. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) State one effect of ionising radiation on living things. … [1] (c) A sample of radioactive material is tested in a hospital laboratory. A detector records the radioactive emissions from the sample. The sample is moved away from the detector. Explain why there is still some radiation detected by the radiation detector. Suggest a source of this radiation. explanation … … source … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) focal length shown from lens to focal point; 1 9(a)(ii) F pointing to focus of rays; 1 9(a)(iii) visible light in centre box; 1 9(a)(iv) standing behind a lead screen or doctor leaves the room or operates the X-ray machine from behind a screen; 1 9(b)(i) two from α, β, γ ;; 2 9(b)(ii) damages cells / cancer / mutations ; 1 9(c) background radiation; the ground / rocks, plants, cosmic rays; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2020

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows visible light rays passing through a thin converging lens onto a screen. screen Fig. 9.1 (i) On Fig. 9.1, show the focal length of the thin converging lens using a doubled-headed arrow ( ). [1] (ii) On Fig. 9.1 label the position of the principal focus of the lens with the letter F. [1] (iii) Write visible light in the correct position in the electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 9.2. X-rays ultraviolet radio waves [1] Fig. 9.2 (iv) X-rays are used to look at bones in the human body. Describe a safety precaution that is taken when using X-rays. … … [1] (b) (i) X-rays are an example of ionising radiation. State two other examples of ionising radiation. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) State one effect of ionising radiation on living things. … [1] (c) A sample of radioactive material is tested in a hospital laboratory. A detector records the radioactive emissions from the sample. The sample is moved away from the detector. Explain why there is still some radiation detected by the radiation detector. Suggest a source of this radiation. explanation … … source … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) focal length shown from lens to focal point; 1 9(a)(ii) F pointing to focus of rays; 1 9(a)(iii) visible light in centre box; 1 9(a)(iv) standing behind a lead screen or doctor leaves the room or operates the X-ray machine from behind a screen; 1 9(b)(i) two from α, β, γ ;; 2 9(b)(ii) damages cells / cancer / mutations ; 1 9(c) background radiation; the ground / rocks, plants, cosmic rays; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2020

9 Beneath the surface of the Earth, solid rocks are heated and form liquid rock (magma) and gases. (a) (i) On Fig. 9.1, draw lines to link each state of matter with the correct arrangement of particles. state of matter arrangement of particles gas liquid solid Fig. 9.1 [1] (ii) In some places, the hot magma comes to the surface as lava. Some hot lava flows into water in a lake. A liquid‑in‑glass thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the water in the lake. The liquid in the thermometer rises as the water in the lake is heated. Explain why the liquid in the thermometer is able to show the increase in temperature. (iii) A different thermometer has no scale on it. Describe how melting ice and boiling water can be used to identify fixed points on this thermometer. (b) People standing near the hot lava feel the thermal energy being emitted by infrared radiation. On Fig. 9.2, place infrared radiation in the correct place on the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. gamma microwaves rays Fig. 9.2 [1] (c) A cooled sample of lava is tested for radioactivity. Describe how a radiation detector is used to determine if α‑particles are being emitted. (d) The lava contains the isotope potassium‑40. 40 The nuclide notation is 19K. State the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of potassium‑40. number of protons … number of neutrons … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) gas to bottom box, liquid to top box, solid to middle box ; 1 9(a)(ii) (as a liquid is heated) it expands ; 1 9(a)(iii) ref to 0°C and 100°C; identify / mark temperatures on scale ; 2 9(b) infrared to box left on microwaves ; 1 Question Answer Marks 9(c) paper placed between sample and detector ; remove paper and if counts increase, α radiation detected ; 2 9(d) protons = 19 ; neutrons = 21 ; 2

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2020

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows a block of glass with a ray of light passing through it. The ray of light is passing from the air into the glass. air glass Fig. 12.1 (i) On Fig. 12.1, label the angle of incidence with the letter i and the angle of refraction with the letter r. [1] (ii) On Fig. 12.1, complete the diagram to show how the ray of light continues through the glass and out into the air. [2] (b) Fig. 12.2 shows rays of light from an object projected onto a screen through a thin converging lens. lens object M screen Fig. 12.2 (i) State the name of the distance M. … [1] (ii) Circle two words or phrases that correctly describe the image on the screen. diminished enlarged inverted same size upright [2] (c) A robot is used to collect samples of radioactive material from a nuclear storage facility. (i) Explain why the robotic vehicle is more suitable to collect the radioactive material than a human being. … … … [2] Fig. 12.3 is a graph of the radioactive decay curve for a sample of the radioactive material. (ii) Use the graph in Fig. 12.3 to determine the half-life of the sample. 1000 900 800 700 activity 600counts / s 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 time / years Fig. 12.3 half-life = … years [2] (d) The robot has a d.c. motor. State two ways in which the turning effect of the current-carrying coil in the magnetic field of a d.c. motor can be increased. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) correct angles labelled with i and r; 1 12(a)(ii) ray drawn in same direction to edge of glass and then out of glass; parallel to incident ray; 2 12(b)(i) focal length; 1 12(b)(ii) enlarged; inverted; 2 12(c)(i) radiation is ionising; human cells can be damaged / cancer; 2 12(c)(ii) evidence of working (on graph) / count divided by two; 2 ; 2 12(d) any 2 of: increasing the current, increase the number of turns on the coil, increase the strength of the magnet;; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2020

9 Beneath the surface of the Earth, solid rocks are heated and form liquid rock (magma) and gases. (a) (i) On Fig. 9.1, draw lines to link each state of matter with the correct arrangement of particles. state of matter arrangement of particles gas liquid solid Fig. 9.1 [1] (ii) In some places, the hot magma comes to the surface as lava. Some hot lava flows into water in a lake. A liquid‑in‑glass thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the water in the lake. The liquid in the thermometer rises as the water in the lake is heated. Explain why the liquid in the thermometer is able to show the increase in temperature. … … [1] (iii) A different thermometer has no scale on it. Describe how melting ice and boiling water can be used to identify fixed points on this thermometer. … … … [2] (b) People standing near the hot lava feel the thermal energy being emitted by infrared radiation. On Fig. 9.2, place infrared radiation in the correct place on the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. gamma microwaves rays Fig. 9.2 [1] (c) A cooled sample of lava is tested for radioactivity. Describe how a radiation detector is used to determine if α‑particles are being emitted. … … … [2] (d) The lava contains the isotope potassium‑40. 40 The nuclide notation is 19K. State the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of potassium‑40. number of protons … number of neutrons … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) gas to bottom box, liquid to top box, solid to middle box ; 1 9(a)(ii) (as a liquid is heated) it expands ; 1 9(a)(iii) ref to 0°C and 100°C; identify / mark temperatures on scale ; 2 9(b) infrared to box left on microwaves ; 1 Question Answer Marks 9(c) paper placed between sample and detector ; remove paper and if counts increase, α radiation detected ; 2 9(d) protons = 19 ; neutrons = 21 ; 2

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2020

3 (a) X-rays and γ-radiation are both forms of ionising radiation used in hospitals. (i) State one adverse effect of ionising radiation on the human body. … … [1] (ii) State one use of X-rays in a hospital. … [1] (iii) Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write γ-radiation and X-rays in their correct positions in Fig. 3.1. ultraviolet infrared radio waves Fig. 3.1 [2] (iv) State one property that is the same for all electromagnetic waves. … … [1] (b) A radioactive isotope is used in medical tests as a radioactive tracer. Fig. 3.2 shows the results of an experiment to measure how the radioactivity of the isotope changes with time. 1000 800 600activity of isotope / counts per second 400 200 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 time / hours Fig. 3.2 Use Fig. 3.2 to determine the half-life of the isotope in hours. Show your working. half-life = … hours [2] (c) Ultrasound waves are also used in hospitals. Ultrasound waves are sound waves with a frequency greater than the highest audible frequency of a human. (i) State the meaning of the term frequency. … … [1] (ii) Suggest a frequency for ultrasound waves. State the unit of your answer. frequency = … unit … [2] (iii) An ultrasound wave travels 21 cm in 0.00025 s. Calculate the speed of the ultrasound wave in m / s. speed = … m / s [3] [Total: 13]

13 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) cancer / mutation; 1 3(a)(ii) detecting broken bones / CT scanning; 1 3(a)(iii) gamma X-rays UV infrared radio γ – radiation in 1st box from left; X – rays in 2nd box from left; 2 3(a)(iv) travel at same speed (in vacuo); 1 3(b) evidence of using data; 6 (hours) ; 2 3(c)(i) number of waves passing a fixed point per second; 1 3(c)(ii) above 20 000 ; Hz; 2 Question Answer Marks 3(c)(iii) 0.21m seen; speed = distance / time or 0.21 / 0.00025; = 840 m / s ; 3

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2021

12 (a) Describe how to show that a radioactive isotope is releasing γ‑rays but not α‑particles or β‑particles. … … … … … [2] (b) In a nuclear reactor the fission of uranium‑235 takes place. (i) Describe what happens to the nucleus of a uranium‑235 atom during nuclear fission. … [1] (ii) The half‑life of uranium‑235 is 704 million years. A sample of uranium‑235 has a mass of 0.1 g. Calculate how many grams of uranium‑235 will remain in the sample after 704 million years. mass of uranium‑235 remaining = … g [1] (iii) Uranium‑235 and uranium‑238 are two isotopes of uranium. Explain what is meant by isotope. … … … [1] (c) A nuclear power station generates electricity. One use of electricity is to power an electric motor. In a d.c. electric motor, a current‑carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect. State two factors that can be changed to increase the turning effect in a d.c. motor. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a) ref to penetration ; γ-rays will penetrate lead (α and β will not) ; 2 12(b)(i) splits ; 1 12(b)(ii) 0.05 (g) ; 1 12(b)(iii) two atoms that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons ; 1 12(c) (increase) (strength of) magnetic field ; (increase) current ; (increase) no of turns / coils ; max 2 2

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2021

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a copper wire connected to a battery and placed between the poles of a strong magnet. N S Fig. 6.1 When the switch is closed the wire moves upwards. (i) Describe two ways to change the apparatus so that the wire moves downwards when the switch is closed. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) State the term that describes a flow of electrons in a metal conductor. … [1] (b) A β-particle is an electron. α-particles and β-particles are radioactive emissions released during the radioactive decay of isotopes. (i) State the meaning of the terms: radioactive decay … … isotopes … … [3] (ii) Complete the sentences below using the symbols α and β. … particles are less ionising than … particles. … particles are less penetrating than … particles. [1] (c) A plastic ruler and a piece of cloth are both uncharged. A student rubs the plastic ruler with the cloth. The plastic ruler becomes positively charged. (i) Describe in terms of electrons how the plastic ruler becomes positively charged. … … [1] (ii) State which row from Table 6.1 shows the charge on the cloth compared to the charge on the plastic ruler. Table 6.1 row sign of charge magnitude of charge 1 positive equal 2 positive bigger 3 positive smaller 4 negative equal 5 negative bigger 6 negative smaller row no … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) reverse battery polarity / current ; reverse magnet polarity ; 2 6(a)(ii) current ; 1 6(b)(i) (radioactive decay is the process by which) an unstable (atomic ) nucleus ; loses energy / emits radiation ; (isotopes are) – atoms of the same element that have same proton number and different nucleon number ; 3 6(b)(ii) β particles are less ionising than α particles and α particles are less penetrating than β particles ; 1 6(c)(i) loses electrons ; 1 6(c)(ii) row 4 ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2021

3 (a) An astronomer on Earth is able to see the Moon even though the Moon does not emit visible light. State one property of visible light that enables observation of the Moon. … … [1] (b) Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Place visible light in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 3.1. X-rays ultraviolet microwaves Fig. 3.1 [1] (c) (i) Light rays from the Moon travel at 3 × 105 km / s to reach the astronomer on Earth. The distance travelled is 400 000 km. Calculate the time taken for the light rays to travel from the Moon to the Earth. time = … s [2] (ii) Explain why sound waves are unable to travel from the Moon to the Earth. … … [1] (d) The astronomer uses lenses in a telescope to look at the Moon. Fig. 3.2 shows rays of light passing through a lens. object image Fig. 3.2 (i) On Fig. 3.2 label the focal length of the lens with a double headed arrow (↔). [1] (ii) On Fig. 3.2 label the principal focus of the lens with the letter F. [1] (e) An astronaut on the Moon is exposed to ionising background radiation. (i) State one effect of ionising radiation on the human body. … … [1] (ii) Suggest one source of background radiation on the Moon. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) reflection ; 1 3(b) (visible) light in middle box ; 1 3(c)(i) time = distance ÷ speed or 400 000 ÷ 3 × 105 ; = 1.33 (s) ; 2 3(c)(ii) sound (waves) cannot travel through a vacuum / need a medium to travel through ; 1 3(d)(i) arrow showing distance from centre of lens to point labelled F ; 1 3(d)(ii) F labelled as either point marked with a dot on the axis of the lens; 1 3(e)(i) cancer / mutation etc. ; 1 3(e)(ii) cosmic radiation ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2021

9 (a) Describe two advantages of generating electricity using nuclear fission compared to generating electricity using fossil fuels. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) One disadvantage of nuclear power is that nuclear waste is made. A sample of nuclear waste contains 2.00 g of nickel-63. (i) The half-life of nickel-63 is 100 years. Calculate the mass of nickel-63 remaining in the sample after 300 years. mass = … g [2] (ii) Suggest a safe way of storing this sample of nuclear waste at a nuclear power station. … … [1] (iii) Nuclear waste emits ionising radiation. Fig. 9.1 shows three types of ionising radiation and their descriptions. Draw lines to link each type of ionising radiation to its correct description. type of radiation description α-particle electromagnetic wave β-particle electron γ-ray helium nucleus Fig. 9.1 [2] (c) In most power stations thermal energy is released and used to heat water. The water is turned into steam. Fig. 9.2 shows the arrangement of particles in a gas, a liquid and a solid. X Y Z Fig. 9.2 State and explain why diagram Y represents a liquid and diagram Z represents a gas. Diagram Y represents a liquid because … … … Diagram Z represents a gas because … … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) no CO2 emissions ; etc. fossil fuels conserved for other purposes ; 2 9(b)(i) 3 half lives ; 0.25 g remain ; 2 9(b)(ii) underground / in lead lined container ; 1 9(b)(iii) α – helium nucleus β – electron γ – electromagnetic wave ; ; 2 9(c) Y represents a liquid because particles are randomly arranged and (most are) touching ; Z represents a gas because particles are widely spaced (and randomly arranged) ; 2

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2021

3 Some examples of waves are listed. γ-ray infrared microwave radio sound visible light X-ray (a) Use words from the list to answer the following questions. (i) State which wave in the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest frequency. … [1] (ii) State which wave is emitted by a remote control for a television. … [1] (b) Fig. 3.1 shows a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass block. P 45° glass block B 26° Q x Fig. 3.1 (not to scale) (i) State the effect shown by the ray of light at B. … [1] (ii) State the name of the line labelled PQ. … [1] (iii) State the value of angle x. angle = … ° [1] (iv) The glass block in Fig. 3.1 is resting on a bench. The glass block exerts a pressure on the bench. State the two variables that must be measured to determine the pressure exerted. 1 … 2 … [2] (v) The mass of the glass block is 156 g. The volume of the glass block is 60.0 cm3. Calculate the density of the glass block. density = … g / cm3 [2] (c) α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are all types of ionising radiation. (i) Place these three radiations in order of their ionising ability. most ionising … … least ionising … [1] (ii) State which one of these radiations is negatively charged. … [1] (iii) State which one of these radiations is the most penetrating. … [1] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) γ – ray; 1 3(a)(ii) infrared ; 1 3(b)(i) refraction; 1 3(b)(ii) normal; 1 3(b)(iii) 45(o); 1 3(b)(iv) force / mass / weight; area; 2 3(b)(v) density = mass / volume or 156 / 60 ; 2.60 (g / cm3) ; 2 3(c)(i) α β γ; 1 3(c)(ii) β; 1 3(c)(iii) γ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2022

6 Many types of radiation are used in hospitals. (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an infrared thermometer used to measure body temperature. 36.6 Fig. 6.1 (i) Place infrared radiation in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum shown in Fig. 6.2. increasing frequency X-rays ultraviolet radio waves Fig. 6.2 [1] (ii) Electromagnetic radiation is used in hospitals. On Fig. 6.3, draw one straight line from each radiation to its correct medical use. One line has been drawn for you. radiation use γ-radiation treating cancer infrared radiation diagnosing broken bones X-rays measuring body temperatures Fig. 6.3 [1] (b) Ionising radiation from radioactive sources is used in hospitals. (i) Place α-radiation, β-radiation and γ-radiation in order of their relative ionising effect. greatest ionising effect … … least ionising effect … [1] (ii) State one harmful effect of ionising radiation on the human body. … … [1] (c) The isotope iodine-131 is used in hospitals. (i) State the meaning of the term isotope. … … [1] (ii) The half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days. A sample of iodine-131 is left for 16 days. The mass of iodine-131 remaining is 0.05 g. Calculate the mass of iodine-131 in the sample at the start. mass = … g [2] (d) In the hospital, the audible frequency range of a patient’s hearing is measured. The result is a range from 100 Hz to 15 000 Hz. State how this compares to the average range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. … … … [2] (e) A power station supplies electricity to the hospital. The power station uses petroleum as a fuel. Complete Fig. 6.4 to show the energy transformations that occur in the power station. … potential thermal … electrical energy energy energy energy Fig. 6.4 [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) infrared placed in third box from the right; 1 6(a)(ii) -radiation linked to treating cancer and X-rays linked to diagnosing broken bones; 1 6(b)(i)   ; 1 Question Answer Marks 6(b)(ii) cancer / mutation; 1 6(c)(i) (atoms of an element that have the) same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; 1 6(c)(ii) 2 half-lives (or evidence of 2  2); mass at start = 0.2 g; 2 6(d) statement of average range; 100 Hz is higher than average low value; 15 000 Hz is lower than average high value; Max 2 marks 2 6(e) chemical; kinetic; 2

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2022

3 (a) The list below shows energy sources used by power stations, to generate electricity. coal gas hydroelectric (HEP) nuclear petroleum (i) State the three energy sources from the list that produce carbon dioxide when generating electricity. 1 … 2 … 3 … [2] (ii) Coal is described as a non-renewable energy source. Explain what is meant by non-renewable when describing an energy source. … … [1] (iii) State one disadvantage of using nuclear fuel to generate electricity. … … [1] (b) (i) In a nuclear power station, fission of plutonium-239 nuclei takes place. Describe what happens to the nucleus of a plutonium-239 atom during nuclear fission. … [1] (ii) State a safe way of storing a small sample of radioactive material. … … [1] (c) Technetium-99 is a radioactive material. The half-life of technetium-99 is 6 hours. Calculate the percentage of technetium-99 remaining in a sample after 24 hours. percentage = … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) any two from: 2 coal gas petroleum ;; 3(a)(ii) only existing as a finite quantity / being used up at a faster rate than it can be replaced ; 1 3(a)(iii) nuclear accidents / nuclear / dangerous / harmful waste produced ; 1 3(b)(i) (nucleus) splits ; 1 3(b)(ii) in a lead lined container ; 1 3(c) 4 half-lives / division by 16 ; 2 6.25% ;

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2022

3 (a) Thermal energy is released, by combustion, in a gas-fired power station. Describe how the thermal energy released is transferred into electrical energy in the power station. … … … … … [3] (b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of a nuclear power station compared with a gas-fired power station. advantage … … disadvantage … … [2] (c) Cobalt-60 is produced in a nuclear power station. (i) A sample of cobalt-60 has a mass of 2 g. The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5.25 years. Calculate the mass of cobalt-60 remaining after 21 years. mass = … g [2] (ii) Cobalt-60 decays by emitting β-particles and γ-rays. State the charge on a β-particle. charge = … [1] (iii) Place α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays in order of their penetrating abilities. most penetrating … … least penetrating … [1] (iv) Suggest a safe way of storing a small sample of cobalt-60. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) thermal energy turns water to steam ; 3 steam drives turbine ; turbine drives generator ; 3(b) advantage – nuclear not reliant on fossil fuels / no CO2 produced ; 2 disadvantage – nuclear accidents / disposal of nuclear waste ; 3(c)(i) 4 half-lives ; 2 0.125 (g) ; 3(c)(ii) –1 ; 1 3(c)(iii) most penetrating 1    least penetrating ; 3(c)(iv) in a lead lined container ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2022

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows four forces acting on a submarine. The submarine is moving underwater at a constant speed. A D B C direction of motion Fig. 3.1 State which force A, B, C or D is the weight of the submarine. … [1] (b) The submarine travels 36 km in 2 hours. Calculate the speed of the submarine in m / s. speed = … m / s [3] (c) The submarine is powered by a small nuclear reactor. Ionising radiation is released in the reactor. The reactor must be shielded to protect the crew from this radiation. (i) State how exposure to ionising radiation can affect the human body. … … [1] (ii) Suggest a material which can be used to shield a nuclear reactor and stop α-radiation and β-radiation escaping. … [1] (d) Plutonium-239 (Pu-239) is the nuclear fuel used by the submarine. Pu-239 has a half life of 24 000 years. A small sample of Pu-239 has a mass of 1.0 g. Calculate the mass of Pu-239 remaining after 96 000 years. mass = … g [2] (e) When it is under the water, the submarine uses a periscope to view a ship on the surface of the sea. Fig. 3.2 shows a simple periscope. ship on surface mirror periscope observer looking at mirror object Fig. 3.2 On Fig. 3.2, draw a ray of light from the ship to the observer’s eye to show what happens to the light ray as it passes through the periscope. [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) C ; 1 3(b) 36 km = 36 000 m and 2 hours = 7200 s ; 3 distance ÷ time (symbols or words) or substitution ; 5 (m / s) ; 3(c)(i) cancer / cell mutation ; 1 3(c)(ii) lead ; 1 3(d) 4 half-lives / division by 16 ; 2 0.0625 (g) ; 3(e) correct reflection at top mirror ; 2 correct reflection at bottom mirror ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2022

3 (a) High frequency sound waves are called ultrasound. An ultrasound wave travels 13.5 cm in 0.000 090 s through water. Calculate the speed of the ultrasound wave in m / s. speed = … m / s [3] (b) Ultrasound waves are used in hospitals to scan unborn babies. (i) Suggest a reason why it is not safe to scan unborn babies with X-rays. … [1] (ii) State one use for X-rays in a hospital. … [1] (c) (i) γ-radiation is used in hospitals to kill cancerous cells. Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write γ-radiation in its correct place. increasing frequency X-rays ultraviolet infrared Fig. 3.1 [1] (ii) A source of γ-radiation in a hospital is technetium-99. Technetium-99 has a half-life of 6 hours. The source contains 1280 undecayed atoms. Calculate how many atoms will have decayed after 12 hours. number of decayed atoms = … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) evidence of 13.5 cm = 0.135 m ; 3 evidence of speed = distance / time (in any form) or 0.135 / 0.000090; = 1500 (m / s) ; 3(b)(i) ionising radiation damages / kills human cells or damages DNA ; 1 3(b)(ii) observing broken bones etc ; 1 3(c)(i) - radiation on left hand side ; 1 3(c)(ii) 2 half lives ; 2 (320 remain so ) 960 atoms decayed ;

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2023

3 (a) A spacecraft carrying an astronaut travels 384 000 km from the Earth to the Moon in 78 hours. Calculate the average speed of the spacecraft in km / s. average speed = … km / s [3] (b) The mass of the astronaut on the Earth is 90 kg. (i) Calculate the weight of the astronaut on the Earth. The gravitational force on unit mass, g, is 10 N / kg. weight = … N [2] (ii) State the mass of the astronaut on the Moon. mass = … kg [1] (c) (i) The astronaut communicates with Earth using radio waves. Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write radio waves in the correct position in Fig. 3.1. increasing frequency visible X-rays light Fig. 3.1 [1] (ii) Explain why it is not possible for the astronaut to communicate with Earth using sound waves. … … [1] (d) The astronaut collects a lump of moon rock. The rock contains iron-60, a radioactive isotope. (i) State the meaning of the term isotope. … … [1] (ii) Iron-60 decays by the emission of β-particles. Complete the sentences to describe the nature of β-particles. β-particles are identical in nature to … . β-particles have a single … charge. [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) speed = distance / time (in any form) or 384 000 / 280 800 ; = 1.37 (km / s) ; 3 3(b)(i) weight = mass  g (in any form) or 90  10 ; = 900 (N) ; 2 3(b)(ii) 90 (kg) ; 1 3(c)(i) radio (waves) in right hand box ; 1 3(c)(ii) sound waves need a medium / sound waves do not travel through a vacuum ; 1 3(d)(i) atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons ; OR atoms which have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons ; OR atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass number ; 1 Question Answer Marks 3(d)(ii) electrons ; negative ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2023

12 Fig. 12.1 shows a refrigerator. freezing compartment Fig. 12.1 (a) (i) The refrigerator uses electrical energy to: • power the electric motor which operates the cooler • light the lamp inside the refrigerator. The electric motor and the lamp are connected in parallel. The circuit symbol for a motor is M Complete the circuit diagram for the refrigerator shown in Fig. 12.2. X 240 V a.c. Fig. 12.2 [2] (ii) State the name of component X. … [1] (iii) State the purpose of component X in this circuit. … … [1] (b) Food is kept in a refrigerator so that it stays fresh for longer. Another way to preserve food is to treat it with γ-radiation. γ-radiation is a form of ionising radiation. State the name of one other form of ionising radiation. … [1] (c) The volume of air in the refrigerator is 0.25 m3. The density of the air is 1.28 kg / m3. Calculate the mass of the air in the refrigerator in grams. mass = … g [3] (d) Fig. 12.3 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer. liquid Fig. 12.3 The thermometer is used to measure the temperature inside the freezing compartment of the refrigerator. This temperature is –18 °C. Table 12.1 gives some information about four liquids. Table 12.1 liquid melting point / °C boiling point / °C ethanol –114 +78 mercury –39 +367 methanol –98 +65 water 0 +100 (i) Identify all the liquids from Table 12.1 that are suitable for use in this thermometer. … [1] (ii) State the physical property of the liquid in the thermometer that varies with temperature. … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) correct symbol for lamp ; 2 lamp and motor in parallel ; 12(a)(ii) fuse ; 1 12(a)(iii) protect circuit ; 1 12(b) alpha / beta / X-rays ; 1 12(c) mass = density  volume (in any form) / 1.28  0.25 ; 3 evidence of conversion of mass to grams ; = 320 (g) ; 12(d)(i) ethanol, mercury and methanol ; 1 12(d)(ii) density / volume ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2023

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows four energy sources and four descriptions of energy sources. Draw one straight line from each energy source to the correct description of the energy source. energy source description geothermal produces dangerous waste hydroelectric (HEP) unreliable nuclear uses energy from falling water wind uses energy from inside the Earth Fig. 9.1 [3] (b) Nuclear fuels are used to generate electricity in a nuclear power station. State the name of the process by which a nuclear fuel produces heat. … [1] (c) Plutonium-239 is an example of a nuclear fuel. Plutonium-239 has the nuclide notation 23994Pu. Determine the number of neutrons in one atom of plutonium-239. … [1] (d) (i) Plutonium-239 decays by alpha emission. The decay product is uranium-235. Write the word equation for this decay process. … [1] (ii) Describe an alpha particle. … [1] (e) α-particles, β-particles, and γ-radiation are three radioactive emissions. Place the three emissions in order of their ionising ability. … … … most ionising least ionising [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) 3 energy source description geothermal produces dangerous waste hydroelectric (HEP) unreliable nuclear uses energy from falling water wind uses energy from inside the Earth 1 correct ; 2 or 3 correct ; 4 correct ; 9(b) (nuclear) fission ; 1 9(c) 145 ; 1 9(d)(i) plutonium-239 → uranium-235 + alpha particle ; 1 9(d)(ii) helium nucleus / 2 protons and 2 neutrons 1 9(e) most ionising – alpha beta gamma – least ionising ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2023

6 (a) Five different energy sources are shown in the list. coal geothermal hydroelectric nuclear solar (i) Circle the energy source in the list that produces carbon dioxide when it is used to generate electricity in a power station. [1] (ii) State the name of one renewable energy source not shown in the list. … [1] (iii) State the form of energy stored in coal. … [1] (iv) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of solar power compared to nuclear power. advantage … … disadvantage … … [2] (b) In a nuclear power station, there are radioactive materials. Emissions from these materials include α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays. (i) State the emission which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. … [1] (ii) Write the name of this emission in the correct position in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 6.1. increasing frequency X-rays visible light infrared Fig. 6.1 [1] (iii) Place α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays in order of their penetrating abilities. greatest penetration … … least penetration … [1] (iv) Describe the nature of an α-particle. … … [1] (c) The nuclear fuel used in some power stations is plutonium-239. Plutonium-239 decays by α-particle emission to produce uranium-235. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24 000 years. (i) 100 g of plutonium-239 is sealed in a lead container and left for 96 000 years. Calculate the mass of plutonium-239 remaining after 96 000 years. mass = … g [2] (ii) Complete the word equation to show the decay of a nucleus of plutonium-239. plutonium-239 … + … [1] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) coal ; 1 6(a)(ii) tides / wind / waves ; 1 6(a)(iii) chemical (potential) ; 1 6(a)(iv) advantage – no nuclear waste / no nuclear accidents; 2 disadvantage – only available during the day; 6(b)(i) - rays ; 1 6(b)(ii) left hand box ; 1 6(b)(iii) - rays 1 - particles - particles ; 6(b)(iv) helium nucleus / 2 protons and 2 neutrons ; 1 6(c)(i) four half lives ; 2 6.25 (g) ; 6(c)(ii) plutonium – 239 → uranium – 235 +  (particle) ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2024

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows four forces acting on a submarine. The submarine is moving underwater from right to left. A D B C direction of motion Fig. 9.1 (i) State which force A, B, C or D is the weight of the submarine. … [1] (ii) Force B has the same magnitude as force D. Describe the motion of the submarine. … … [1] (b) The submarine is powered by a small nuclear reactor. In the nuclear reactor, energy is released by the nuclear fission of an isotope of uranium. (i) Describe what happens to an atom during nuclear fission. … … … [2] (ii) Ionising radiation is released in the reactor during nuclear fission. Suggest why the nuclear reactor is surrounded by a thick layer made of lead. … … [1] (c) Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher than the maximum audible frequency for a human. (i) The submarine uses ultrasound waves to calculate the depth of the water below the submarine. A pulse of ultrasound is sent through the water and reaches the sea floor after 0.8 s. Ultrasound waves travel through seawater at a speed of 1550 m / s. Calculate the distance of the sea floor below the submarine. distance = … m [2] (ii) Ultrasound waves are not part of the electromagnetic spectrum. State the name of one region of the electromagnetic spectrum and give one use for waves in this region. name … use … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) C ; 1 9(a)(ii) (moving at) constant speed ; 1 9(b)(i) nucleus ; splits ; 2 9(b)(ii) Stop the escape of / provide better shielding from ionising radiation OWTTE ; 1 9(c)(i) distance = speed  time (in any form) or 1550  0.8 ; = 1240 (m) ; 2 9(c)(ii) region ; correct use ; 2

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2024

3 (a) Doctors use ionising and non‑ionising radiations in hospitals. (i) Table 3.1 lists some radiations. Table 3.1 radiation ionising alpha (α) beta (β) gamma (γ) ✓ ultrasound ✗ X‑rays Put a tick (✓) in each row of Table 3.1 to show which radiations are ionising and a cross (✗) to show which radiations are not ionising. Two have been done for you. [2] (ii) Describe one adverse effect of ionising radiations on living things. … … [1] (iii) Place alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) radiations in order of their relative penetrating ability. most penetrating … … least penetrating … [1] (iv) State one use of X‑rays in a hospital. … … [1] (v) Ultrasound waves are used to scan unborn babies. Ultrasound waves have a frequency above the maximum audible frequency for a human. Suggest a frequency for ultrasound waves. State the unit of your answer. frequency = … unit … [2] (b) (i) Gamma (γ) radiation is used in hospitals to destroy cancer cells. Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write gamma (γ) radiation in its correct place. X‑rays microwaves radio waves Fig. 3.1 [1] (ii) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum where the waves have the lowest frequency. … [1] (c) A radioactive isotope of iodine, iodine‑123, is used by a doctor to examine the thyroid gland of a patient. The nuclide notation for the isotope is 12353I. State what the numbers 123 and 53 represent. 123 … 53 … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) radiation ionising alpha ()  beta ()  gamma () () ultrasound (X) X-rays  2 correct ; 3 correct ; 2 3(a)(ii) cancer / mutation ; 1 Question Answer Marks 3(a)(iii) gamma beta alpha ; 1 3(a)(iv) to view internal body structures ; 1 3(a)(v) any value higher than 20 000 ; Hz ; 2 3(b)(i) –radiation in left hand box ; 1 3(b)(ii) radio waves ; 1 3(c) 123 is nucleon number ; 53 is proton number ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2024

3 (a) Doctors use ionising and non‑ionising radiations in hospitals. (i) Table 3.1 lists some radiations. Table 3.1 radiation ionising alpha (α) beta (β) gamma (γ) ✓ ultrasound ✗ X‑rays Put a tick (✓) in each row of Table 3.1 to show which radiations are ionising and a cross (✗) to show which radiations are not ionising. Two have been done for you. [2] (ii) Describe one adverse effect of ionising radiations on living things. … … [1] (iii) Place alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) radiations in order of their relative penetrating ability. most penetrating … … least penetrating … [1] (iv) State one use of X‑rays in a hospital. … … [1] (v) Ultrasound waves are used to scan unborn babies. Ultrasound waves have a frequency above the maximum audible frequency for a human. Suggest a frequency for ultrasound waves. State the unit of your answer. frequency = … unit … [2] (b) (i) Gamma (γ) radiation is used in hospitals to destroy cancer cells. Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write gamma (γ) radiation in its correct place. X‑rays microwaves radio waves Fig. 3.1 [1] (ii) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum where the waves have the lowest frequency. … [1] (c) A radioactive isotope of iodine, iodine‑123, is used by a doctor to examine the thyroid gland of a patient. The nuclide notation for the isotope is 12353I. State what the numbers 123 and 53 represent. 123 … 53 … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) radiation ionising alpha ()  beta ()  gamma () () ultrasound (X) X-rays  2 correct ; 3 correct ; 2 3(a)(ii) cancer / mutation ; 1 Question Answer Marks 3(a)(iii) gamma beta alpha ; 1 3(a)(iv) to view internal body structures ; 1 3(a)(v) any value higher than 20 000 ; Hz ; 2 3(b)(i) –radiation in left hand box ; 1 3(b)(ii) radio waves ; 1 3(c) 123 is nucleon number ; 53 is proton number ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2024

6 (a) α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are all used in hospitals to treat cancer. Table 6.1 gives information about the nature and charge of these three radiations. Table 6.1 radiation nature charge α-particles positive … β-particles electron … electromagnetic γ-rays wave … (i) Complete Table 6.1. [3] (ii) Place the three radiations in order of their ionising ability, from most ionising to least ionising. most ionising … … least ionising … [1] (iii) State which radiation is the most penetrating. … [1] (b) X-rays and ultrasound waves are also used in hospitals. (i) State one use of X-rays in hospitals. … … [1] (ii) Ultrasound waves have a frequency that is too high for a human to hear. Use your knowledge of the range of audible frequencies for a human to suggest the frequency of ultrasound waves. frequency = … Hz [1] (c) A doctor in the hospital uses some sanitising hand liquid. The liquid contains ethanol, which evaporates from the skin of the doctor and cools the doctor’s hands. Explain why the evaporation of the ethanol causes the doctor’s skin to cool. Use ideas about molecules in your answer. … … … … … [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 3 radiation nature charge α-particles helium nucleus positive β-particles electron negative γ-rays electromagnetic no charge / zero wave ;;; one mark for each correct row 6(a)(ii) (in order) 1  (-particles)  (-particles)  (-rays) ; 6(a)(iii) -rays ; 1 6(b)(i) scanning / imaging (tissues) inside the body ; 1 6(b)(ii) any value above 20 000 (Hz) ; 1 6(c) most energetic molecules escape ; 3 from surface of liquid ; lowering the temperature of the remaining ethanol molecules ;

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2024

6 (a) α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are all used in hospitals to treat cancer. Table 6.1 gives information about the nature and charge of these three radiations. Table 6.1 radiation nature charge α-particles positive … β-particles electron … electromagnetic γ-rays wave … (i) Complete Table 6.1. [3] (ii) Place the three radiations in order of their ionising ability, from most ionising to least ionising. most ionising … … least ionising … [1] (iii) State which radiation is the most penetrating. … [1] (b) X-rays and ultrasound waves are also used in hospitals. (i) State one use of X-rays in hospitals. … … [1] (ii) Ultrasound waves have a frequency that is too high for a human to hear. Use your knowledge of the range of audible frequencies for a human to suggest the frequency of ultrasound waves. frequency = … Hz [1] (c) A doctor in the hospital uses some sanitising hand liquid. The liquid contains ethanol, which evaporates from the skin of the doctor and cools the doctor’s hands. Explain why the evaporation of the ethanol causes the doctor’s skin to cool. Use ideas about molecules in your answer. … … … … … [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 3 radiation nature charge α-particles helium nucleus positive β-particles electron negative γ-rays electromagnetic no charge / zero wave ;;; one mark for each correct row 6(a)(ii) (in order) 1  (-particles)  (-particles)  (-rays) ; 6(a)(iii) -rays ; 1 6(b)(i) scanning / imaging (tissues) inside the body ; 1 6(b)(ii) any value above 20 000 (Hz) ; 1 6(c) most energetic molecules escape ; 3 from surface of liquid ; lowering the temperature of the remaining ethanol molecules ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2024

9 (a) A student walks to school. Fig. 9.1 shows a speed–time graph for part of the journey. 0.5 0.4 0.3 speed m / s 0.2 0.1 0 0 200 400 600 800 time / s Fig. 9.1 (i) Write the letter C on a part of the graph where the student is walking at constant speed. [1] (ii) State a time when the student accelerates. time = … s [1] (iii) State the maximum speed of the student. maximum speed = … m / s [1] (b) In the classroom, the student uses a laptop computer. Fig. 9.2 shows the power cable from the mains supply to the laptop. The power cable insulation is damaged. Fig. 9.2 State one danger of using this laptop with damaged insulation. … … [1] (c) Fig. 9.3 shows a ray of light reflecting off the laptop screen. laptop screen ray of light Fig. 9.3 (i) On Fig. 9.3, label the angle of incidence with the letter i and the angle of reflection with the letter r. [2] (ii) State the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. … … [1] (d) The student watches the teacher demonstrate an experiment using the isotope strontium-90. Strontium-90 is radioactive and emits β-particles. (i) State the charge on a β-particle. … [1] (ii) State one method of storing safely a small quantity of strontium-90 in a school. … … [1] (e) Fig. 9.4 shows the student sitting on a chair. Fig. 9.4 Fig. 9.5 shows the student balancing on the chair which is tilted backwards. Fig. 9.5 Explain why the student and chair fall over when the chair is tilted further backwards. Use ideas about centre of gravity and moments in your answer. … … … … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) C anywhere between t = 0 and t = 400 or between t = 440 and t = 800 ; 1 9(a)(ii) anywhere from t = 400(s) to t = 440(s) ; 1 9(a)(iii) 0.4 (m / s) ; 1 9(b) electrocution/electric shock; 1 9(c)(i) i indicated correctly on the figure ; 2 r indicated correctly on the figure ; 9(c)(ii) angle of incidence = angle of reflection ; 1 9(d)(i) negative/minus 1 / – ; 1 9(d)(ii) in lead container ; 1 9(e) centre of gravity is not over the base ; 2 moment produced (by weight) ;

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2025

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a horse and cart. Fig. 9.1 (i) The horse and cart travel for a distance of 400 m in 300 s. Calculate the average speed of the horse and cart. average speed = … m / s [2] (ii) The horse pulls the cart with a constant force of 1200 N. Show that the work done by the horse on the cart over a distance of 400 m is 480 000 J. [1] (iii) Calculate the power output of the horse over the time of 300 s. power output = … W [2] (b) The audible frequency range for a horse is from 55 Hz to 33 kHz. Compare this range to that of a human. … … … [2] (c) The horse is treated by a vet (a doctor who treats animals). The vet uses the isotope iridium-192 which decays by β-emission. The nuclide notation for iridium-192 is 19 2 7 7Ir. (i) State the number of protons in an atom of iridium-192. number of protons = … [1] (ii) Deduce the number of neutrons in an atom of iridium-192. number of neutrons = … [1] (iii) The half-life of iridium-192 is 74 days. Calculate the time taken for the mass of iridium-192 to decay to 25% of its original mass. time taken = … days [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) speed = distance / time (in any form) or 400 / 300; 2 1.3 (m / s) ; 9(a)(ii) work done = force × distance (in any form) = 1200 × 400 ; 1 (= 480 000 J) 9(a)(iii) power = work done / time (in any form) or 480 000 / 300 ; 2 = 1600 (W) ; 9(b) any two from: 2 range for human is from 20 Hz / up to 20 000 Hz ; humans can hear lower frequencies than horses / ora ; horses can hear higher frequencies than humans / ora ; horses can hear a wider / higher range of frequencies than humans / ora ; 9(c)(i) 77 (protons) ; 1 9(c)(ii) 115 (neutrons) ; 1 9(c)(iii) 2 half-lives ; 2 148 (days) ;

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2025

11 (a) X-rays and γ-radiation are both used in hospitals. Write X-rays in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 11.1. increasing frequency radio γ-radiation infrared waves Fig. 11.1 [1] (b) (i) State one use for X-rays in a hospital. … [1] (ii) Ultrasound waves are used in a hospital to scan unborn babies. Explain why ultrasound is used in preference to X-rays. … … … [1] (iii) Suggest the frequency of ultrasound waves in kHz. Use your knowledge of the range of frequencies audible to humans to explain your answer. frequency = … kHz explanation … … [2] (c) γ-radiation with a frequency of 6 × 1019 Hz travels at a speed of 3 × 108 m / s. Calculate the wavelength of γ-radiation. State the unit of your answer. wavelength = … unit … [3] (d) γ-radiation is used in the treatment of cancer. The source of γ-radiation is the isotope cobalt-60 which has a half-life of 5.3 years. (i) Complete the sentence to define the half-life of a radioactive isotope. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for … … … [2] (ii) A sample of cobalt-60 contains 1600 cobalt-60 atoms. Calculate how many cobalt-60 atoms will remain after 31.8 years. number of atoms remaining = … [2] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 11(b)(i) scanning (bones) ; 1 11(b)(ii) (ultrasound) is less harmful / (ultrasound) causes less mutation / (ultrasound) causes less damage to cells / ORA ; 1 11(b)(iii) any figure above 20 (kHz) ; 2 explanation – highest audible frequency for a human is 20 (kHz) ; 11(c) v = f  (in any form) 3 OR (wavelength =) 3  108 / 6  1019 ; 5  10–12 ; m ; 11(d)(i) (The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for) half the nuclei of (that isotope in any sample) to decay ; 2 two of the underlined words used correctly – 1 mark all three underlined words used correctly – 2 marks 11(d)(ii) 6 half-lives seen ; 2 so 25 atoms remain ;

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2025

9 A house has an electric doorbell. (a) (i) Draw a circuit diagram to show a doorbell connected in series with a switch and a battery. Use the circuit symbol , , for the doorbell. [2] (ii) The battery has four 1.5 V cells in series. When the bell rings the current in the bell is 3.0 A. Calculate the resistance of the bell. resistance = … Ω [3] (b) The house is fitted with a household fire (smoke) alarm. The smoke detector in the alarm contains a radioactive isotope of americium‑241 which emits α‑particles. (i) State the composition of an α‑particle. … … [1] (ii) Americium‑241 has a half‑life of 430 years. Suggest why the long half‑life of americium‑241 is important for use in a smoke detector. … [1] (iii) Americium‑241 has the nuclide notation 24 1 9 5Am. State the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of americium‑241. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) correct symbol for battery and switch ; 2 series connections ; 9(a)(ii) V = 4  1.5 3 OR 6.0 (seen) ; R = V / I (in any form) OR 6(.0) / 3(.0) ; 2.0 () ; 9(b)(i) helium nucleus / 2 protons and 2 neutrons ; 1 9(b)(ii) decay rate needs to remain constant / AW ; 1 9(b)(iii) 146 ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2025

9 A house has an electric doorbell. (a) (i) Draw a circuit diagram to show a doorbell connected in series with a switch and a battery. Use the circuit symbol , , for the doorbell. [2] (ii) The battery has four 1.5 V cells in series. When the bell rings the current in the bell is 3.0 A. Calculate the resistance of the bell. resistance = … Ω [3] (b) The house is fitted with a household fire (smoke) alarm. The smoke detector in the alarm contains a radioactive isotope of americium‑241 which emits α‑particles. (i) State the composition of an α‑particle. … … [1] (ii) Americium‑241 has a half‑life of 430 years. Suggest why the long half‑life of americium‑241 is important for use in a smoke detector. … [1] (iii) Americium‑241 has the nuclide notation 24 1 9 5Am. State the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of americium‑241. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) correct symbol for battery and switch ; 2 series connections ; 9(a)(ii) V = 4  1.5 3 OR 6.0 (seen) ; R = V / I (in any form) OR 6(.0) / 3(.0) ; 2.0 () ; 9(b)(i) helium nucleus / 2 protons and 2 neutrons ; 1 9(b)(ii) decay rate needs to remain constant / AW ; 1 9(b)(iii) 146 ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2025