Forces — Paper 3 · IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the speed-time graph for a truck. 10 8 6 speed m / s 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 time / s Fig. 7.1 (i) State the maximum speed of the truck. … m / s [1] (ii) On Fig. 7.1, mark with an X the point when the truck has stopped moving. [1] (b) Fig. 7.2 shows four forces, P, Q, R and S, acting on the truck. P S Q road R Fig. 7.2 Compare the size and direction of forces Q and S when the truck is slowing down. size … direction … [2] (c) The air in the tyres of the truck is warmed during its journey. (i) Describe what happens to the motion of the air particles as the air warms up. … … [1] (ii) When the temperature of the air in the tyres increases, the pressure in the tyres increases. Explain, in terms of the motion of the air particles, why the pressure increases. … … … [2] (d) A reflector on the rear of the truck is made from many small red plastic prisms. One prism is shown in Fig. 7.3. Light from the headlight of a following car enters the prism. ray of light from car red plastic prism Fig. 7.3 Total internal reflection occurs within the prism. On Fig. 7.3, complete the path taken by the ray of light. [2] (e) The truck has two headlights. The lamp inside one headlight is connected in parallel with the lamp in the other headlight across a 24 V battery. (i) The resistance of each lamp is 5.6 Ω. Calculate the current passing through each lamp. State the formula you use and show your working. formula working current = … A [2] (ii) Suggest one important reason why the lamps in the headlights are connected in parallel rather than in series. … … … [1]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) 8 (m / s) ; 1 7(a)(ii) X at 100 s ; 1 7(b) S greater than Q ; S and Q in opposite directions ; 2 7(c)(i) move faster ; 1 7(c)(ii) more frequent collisions / collide at greater speed (with wall) ; more force exerted on tyre walls ; 2 7(d) ray enters undeviated and first reflection ; second reflection and exit from prism ; 2 7(e)(i) I = V / R ; = 24 / 5.6 = 4.29 A ; 2 7(e)(ii) if one lamp fails the other will still light up / work / have a complete circuit ; 1

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2017

12 Four swimmers are competing at a swimming pool. Fig. 12.1 shows the swimmers starting a race. Fig. 12.1 (a) The swimmers start their race when they hear the starting sound from a loudspeaker. State whether each of the following is an example of a transverse wave or a longitudinal wave. the sound wave produced by the loudspeaker, … the water waves produced by the swimmers in the swimming pool. … [1] (b) One of the water waves on the surface of the swimming pool is shown in Fig. 12.2. Fig. 12.2 On Fig. 12.2, mark with a double headed arrow ( ) one wavelength. [1] (c) The swimmers dive downwards into the water at the start of the race. State the type of energy (i) gained by the swimmers as they start to dive, … [1] (ii) lost by the swimmers as they move downwards. … [1] (d) Fig. 12.3 shows two forces acting on a swimmer as he swims. frictional force driving force 80 N 100 N Fig. 12.3 (i) State the size and direction of the resultant force. size … direction … [2] (ii) State how the speed of the swimmer is changing. Explain your answer. … … … [2] (e) The swimmer gets out of the water and stands by the side of the pool. As he stands there he begins to feel colder. Explain, in terms of the evaporation of water, why he feels colder. … … … … [2] (f) The swimming pool is filled with 480 m3 of water. The density of water is 996 kg / m3. Calculate the mass of water in the swimming pool. State the formula you use and show your working. formula working mass = … kg [2] (g) There are submerged lamps in the pool. Fig. 12.4 shows two light rays from one of these lamps. X Y air water 60° 20° lamp Fig. 12.4 The critical angle for the boundary between water and air is 48°. On Fig. 12.4, complete the paths of the two rays after they reach the surface at X and Y. Explain your answer. … … … [3]

15 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a) sound wave – longitudinal water wave – transverse ; 1 12(b) double headed arrow showing distance between two identical points on two consecutive waves ; 1 12(c)(i) kinetic (energy) ; 1 12(c)(ii) (gravitational) potential (energy) ; 1 12(d)(i) 20 (N) ; forwards / to the right ; 2 Question Answer Marks 12(d)(ii) the swimmers speed increases / acceleration ; resultant force / unbalanced force in direction of motion / to right ; 2 12(e) energy transferred to particles from surroundings (body) ; fastest molecules escape ; average energy of the rest of particles reduced / thermal energy removed from liquid ; max 2 12(f) mass = density × volume or 996 × 480 ; 478 080 (kg) ; 2 12(g) at Y reflection only is shown ; at X refraction (and reflection is shown) ; total internal reflection occurs when angle of incidence exceeds critical angle / angle of incidence = angle of reflection for reflection / refraction away from normal going from denser to less dense medium ; 3

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2017

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a student reading a book. electric lamp book Fig. 3.1 Light from an electric lamp is reflected by the book into the student’s eyes. (i) On Fig. 3.1, label the angle of incidence with the letter i . [1] (ii) The angle of reflection is 30°. State the angle of incidence. Explain your answer. angle of incidence … explanation … … [2] (iii) State the useful energy transfer that happens in the electric lamp. from … energy to … energy [1] (b) The student watches her teacher set up a radiation detector in the school science laboratory. A sealed radioactive source, strontium-90, is placed on the bench next to the radiation detector. Strontium-90 emits β-particles. A small count rate is measured. (i) Suggest a suitable radiation detector for this experiment. … [1] (ii) State the name of the particle, found in an atom, that is identical to a β-particle. … [1] (iii) When the teacher repeats the experiment a few minutes later, the count rate measured is slightly higher. Suggest one reason for this. … … [1] (iv) When not in use, the strontium-90 source is stored in a box lined with lead. Explain why this is done. … … [1] (c) The teacher asks the student to test one of the springs from a chair. Fig. 3.2 shows the chair. spring Fig. 3.2 The student measures the extension of the spring for different stretching forces. She plots the graph shown in Fig. 3.3. 10.0 8.0 6.0 extension / mm 4.0 2.0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 force / N Fig. 3.3 (i) Use the graph to state the force needed to give an extension of 4.0 mm. … N [1] (ii) The force changes the shape of the spring. State one other effect that a force can have on a body. … [1]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) angle of incidence correctly labelled ; 1 3(a)(ii) 30° ; angle of incidence = angle of reflection ; 2 3(a)(iii) electrical energy to light energy ; 1 3(b)(i) GM tube etc. ; 1 3(b)(ii) Electron ; 1 3(b)(iii) reference to background radiation / decay is a random process ; 1 3(b)(iv) (β–)radiation cannot penetrate lead ; 1 3(c)(i) 54 (N) ; 1 3(c)(ii) change in speed / direction of motion ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2017

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows the distance-time graph for a bus travelling through part of a town. 2000 FF 1500 distance DD EE 1000 / m BB CC 500 AA 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 time / s Fig. 9.1 (i) Find the total distance travelled by the bus over 250 seconds. … m [1] (ii) Use the graph to calculate the maximum speed of the bus. Show your working. maximum speed = … m / s [3] (b) Fig. 9.2 shows the forces acting on the bus when the bus is travelling at constant speed. P S Q road R Fig. 9.2 Four forces, P, Q, R and S, are shown. (i) State which force from P, Q, R and S is the driving force. … [1] (ii) State which force from P, Q, R and S is the weight of the bus. … [1] (iii) Compare the magnitude and direction of forces Q and S when the bus is travelling at constant speed. … … … [2] (c) The bus has four wheels. Each wheel has a tyre inflated with air. (i) Describe how the air molecules in a tyre exert a pressure on the wall of the tyre. … … … … [2] (ii) After the journey, the tyres are hot. This means that the force of the air on the tyre wall has increased. Explain, in terms of moving molecules, why the force of the air on the tyre wall increases when the temperature increases. … … … … … [2] (d) The bus has two headlights, L1 and L2. The lamp inside headlight L1 is connected in parallel with the lamp inside headlight L2 across a 12 V battery. The resistance of each lamp is 4.0 Ω. Fig. 9.3 shows the circuit diagram for this arrangement. 12 V L1 L2 Fig. 9.3 (i) Calculate the current passing through each lamp when the switch is closed. State the formula you use and show your working. formula working current = … A [2] (ii) The combined resistance of the two lamps connected in parallel is one of the following values. 2.0 Ω 4.0 Ω 8.0 Ω 16.0 Ω State the correct value for the combined resistance. Explain your answer. combined resistance = … Ω because … … [2] (e) Some of the bodywork on the bus is made from iron. Other parts are made from steel. Both iron and steel are magnetic. Describe one difference between the magnetic properties of iron and the magnetic properties of steel. … … [1]

17 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 1500 (m) ; 1 9(a)(ii) evidence that correct section has been identified / steepest gradient selected ; speed = distance / time or = 500 / 50 ; = 500 / 50 = 10 m / s ; 3 9(b)(i) Q ; 1 9(b)(ii) R ; 1 9(b)(iii) equal magnitude ; opposite directions ; 2 9(c)(i) particles collide with tyre walls ; particles exert a force (on the tyre wall) ; 2 9(c)(ii) particles are moving faster ; more collisions on tyre walls / collisions are more energetic ; 2 9(d)(i) I = V / R or 12 / 4.0 ; = 3.0 (A) ; 2 9(d)(ii) 2.0 Ω ; combined resistance of two resistances in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself ; 2 9(e) iron magnetises quickly / steel magnetises slowly / iron loses magnetism quickly / steel loses magnetism slowly ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2017

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows a car on a horizontal road. Two forces acting on the car are shown. 1500 N 2000 N Fig. 12.1 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the car. magnitude … N direction … [2] (b) The fuel used in the car is a liquid. Exhaust gases from the car engine leave the car engine through an exhaust pipe made from solid steel. Complete the sentences about solids, liquids and gases. Use only the words solid, liquid or gas. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. In a … the particles are closest together. The forces of attraction are weakest in a … . In a … the particles can only vibrate but not move around. [2] (c) A car engine transforms the chemical energy in gasoline (petrol) into thermal energy and sound energy. State two other forms of energy gained by a car when it accelerates up a hill. 1 … energy 2 … energy [2] (d) The red reflectors found on cars use total internal reflection to allow car drivers to see the back of another vehicle. They reflect the light from car headlamps. The reflectors are made of many tiny prisms. Fig. 12.2 shows part of the path of a ray of light in a prism in the reflector. ray of light 45° prism Fig. 12.2 On Fig. 12.2, complete the path of the ray of light to show how the ray emerges from the prism. [2]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a) magnitude = 500 (N) ; direction to right ; 2 12(b) solid gas solid 1 or 2 correct ; 3 correct ; 2 12(c) kinetic energy ; gravitational (potential) energy ; 2 12(d) ray reflects from other surface ; emerges parallel to incident ray ; 2

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2018

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows the speed‑time graph for a journey made by a train. 30 speed 25 m /s 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 time / s Fig. 9.1 (i) State the time taken by the train for this journey. … s [1] (ii) The train travels a total distance of 11 250 metres in this journey. Using your answer to (i), calculate the average speed of the train for this journey. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula working … m/s [2] (b) The engine of the train is powered by diesel fuel. The combustion of diesel fuel produces thermal energy, which is transformed into kinetic energy. State the form of energy stored in diesel fuel. … [1] (c) Diesel fuel is made from petroleum (crude oil). Petroleum is a non‑renewable energy source. (i) State one other non‑renewable energy source. … [1] (ii) State one renewable energy source. … [1] (d) Fig. 9.2 shows the forces acting on the train engine when it accelerates. P direction of travel S Q R Fig. 9.2 Four forces P, Q, R and S are shown. The force arrows do not indicate the size of the forces. (i) State which force, P, Q, R or S, is the driving force of the train engine. … [1] (ii) State which force, P, Q, R or S, is the weight of the train engine. … [1] (iii) Compare the size and direction of forces Q and S when the train is accelerating. … … … [2]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 600 (s); 1 9(a)(ii) speed = distance / time; 11250 / 600 = 18.8 (m / s) 2 9(b) chemical; 1 9(c)(i) coal, natural gas, peat; 1 9(c)(ii) solar/wind/waves/HEP/geothermal/tides; 1 9(d)(i) Q; 1 9(d)(ii) R; 1 9(d)(iii) opposite directions; Q greater than S; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2018

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a worker changing a lamp on a lamp post. Fig. 3.1 (i) The worker is lifted up to the top of the lamp post. State the type of energy that has been gained by the worker when he has reached the top of the lamp post. … [1] (ii) As the worker changes the lamp, he drops his screwdriver. State the type of energy that is gained by the screwdriver as it is falling to the ground. … [1] (iii) The worker applies a horizontal force of 10 N to the top of the lamp post. The total height of the post is 10 m. Calculate the moment of the force at the base of the post and state its units. moment = … units … [3] (b) The worker switches on the lamp. The lamp emits visible light. (i) Fig. 3.2 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 3.2 write visible light in its correct position. gamma ultraviolet radio waves rays Fig. 3.2 [1] (ii) Draw a line from each type of electromagnetic radiation to its use. One of the lines has been drawn for you. type of electromagnetic radiation use of electromagnetic radiation infrared heat sensing camera television signal microwaves transmission airport security bag radio waves checking X-rays telephone transmission [2] (iii) Four types of electromagnetic radiation are listed in (b)(ii). State which of these has the lowest frequency. … [1] (c) The worker drives a van for 15 minutes and travels 8 km. Calculate the average speed of the van in m / s. average speed = … m / s [3] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) gravitational potential ; 1 3(a)(ii) kinetic ; 1 3(a)(iii) force x distance or 10 × 10 ; 100 ; Nm ; 3 3(b)(i) visible in centre ; 1 3(b)(ii) IR to heat sensing camera radio waves to TV transmission X-rays to airport security 1 correct for 1 mark ; all 3 correct for 2 marks ; max 2 2 3(b)(iii) radio waves ; 1 3(c) speed = distance/time or s = d/t or 8000/900; 8000 / 900 (conversions to m/s) ; 9 (m/s) ; 3

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2019

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a ray of light from a lamp striking the surface of an ice rink. The ice acts like a plane mirror. ray of light spectator seating ice Fig. 9.1 (i) On Fig. 9.1 draw the normal at the point where the ray strikes the ice rink and label with the word normal. [1] (ii) On Fig. 9.1 draw the reflected ray to show where a spectator will see the ray and label with the words reflected ray. [1] (iii) On Fig. 9.1 mark the angle of incidence and label with the letter i. [1] (b) The ice rink is prepared by melting the surface and freezing it again to create a smooth surface. (i) State the temperature at which the water on the surface freezes. … [1] (ii) A piece of ice is left to melt in a container. Complete Fig. 9.2 to show the arrangement of particles in liquid water. The diagram for ice has been done for you. solid water (ice) liquid water Fig. 9.2 [2] (c) Fig. 9.3 shows how the blade of an ice skate cuts a groove into the ice. Fig. 9.4 shows a very heavy machine used to make the ice smooth again. groove Fig. 9.3 Fig. 9.4 The machine does not cut grooves into the ice. Explain this observation. … … … [2] (d) A sample of the ice was taken for analysis. The mass of the sample was 4600 g. The volume was 5000 cm3. Calculate the density of the ice. density = … g / cm3 [2] (e) The floor that surrounds the rink is made from rubber. Suggest why a floor made from rubber can prevent sliding. … [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) normal drawn from ice and ray intercept, 90° to the ice ; 1 9(a)(ii) reflected ray to correct point in spectator area (symmetrical about the normal to the incident ray) and labelled ‘reflected ray’ ; 1 9(a)(iii) angle drawn between the normal and the incident ray and labelled ‘i’ ; 1 9(b)(i) 0 °C ; 1 9(b)(ii) in liquid water : molecules drawn touching in random arrangement ; in liquid water: random arrangement ; 2 9(c) larger area; so smaller pressure; 2 9(d) ρ = m/v or 4600 / 5000 or 4.6 / 5000 seen ; 0.92 g/cm3 ; 2 9(e) friction ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2019

12 A boy swims in a heated swimming pool. (a) Water molecules with enough energy escape from the surface of the swimming pool. Name the process in which more-energetic molecules escape from the surface of a liquid. … [1] (b) Fig. 12.1 shows a boy looking at an object at the bottom of the pool. A ray of light is shown from the object to the boy’s eye. The ray of light is refracted as it leaves the water. normal water object Fig. 12.1 (i) Describe why the light is refracted. … … [1] (ii) On Fig. 12.1, mark the angle of incidence and label with the letter i. [1] (c) The boy stands in the swimming pool and repeatedly splashes his hand on the surface of the water to create a regular set of waves. Place the terms relating to wave properties into the correct sentence. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. amplitude frequency speed wavefront wavelength By splashing his hand more times per second, he will increase the … of the waves. By splashing his hand harder, the height of the waves increases, which means the … has increased. By splashing his hand more slowly, he notices that the distance between each crest of the wave has increased, which means the … has increased. [3] (d) Fig. 12.2 shows the boy swimming. frictional force driving force Fig. 12.2 (i) State what happens to the swimming speed of the boy if his driving force becomes less than the frictional force. … [1] (ii) State what happens to the swimming speed of the boy if his driving force is equal to the frictional force. … [1] (e) The temperature of the water in the swimming pool is measured using a liquid-in-glass thermometer. Before the water temperature is measured, the thermometer has a reading of 20 °C. When used to measure the temperature of the water, the thermometer reading rises to 28 °C. Explain why the liquid inside the thermometer rises when the thermometer is put into the water. … … … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a) evaporation ; 1 12(b)(i) due to a change of speed ; 1 12(b)(ii) angle drawn between the normal and the ray from the object and labelled with the letter ‘i’ ; 1 12(c) frequency ; amplitude ; wavelength ; 3 12(d)(i) slows down ; 1 12(d)(ii) constant ; 1 12(e) molecules gain KE / move apart ; liquid expands ; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2019

3 (a) A girl is on a bridge over a river. (i) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words or phrases from the list. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all. chemical constant decreasing friction gravitational potential increasing joules kinetic newtons weight The girl picks up a stone and drops it over the side of the bridge. The stone loses … energy and gains … energy. The stone falls with … acceleration due to gravity. The vertical force acting upwards on the stone as it falls is called … and is due to air resistance. [3] (ii) The river is 30 m below the bridge. After 1.7 s the stone hits the surface of the water. Calculate the average speed of the falling stone. speed = … m / s [2] (iii) State the source of the gravitational field that is accelerating the stone vertically downwards. … [1] (b) The stone enters the water. (i) Describe how the force of water acting on the stone affects the downwards motion of the stone. … [1] (ii) The stone enters the water with 450 J of kinetic energy. 200 J is transferred to kinetic energy of the water. 100 J is transferred to thermal energy of the water. 2 J is transferred to sound energy. Determine the remaining kinetic energy of the stone. remaining kinetic energy = … J [1] (c) A hydroelectric power station is being built in the river valley. (i) Describe how electrical energy is obtained from the water behind a hydroelectric dam. … … … [2] (ii) The power cables from the power station are supported by pylons. Fig. 3.1 shows the arrangement of the cables between the pylons. Fig. 3.1 Describe the effect of cold weather on the length of the cables between the pylons. … [1] (iii) The pylons are spaced equally so that the weight of the cables on each side of the pylon balance. This means the pylons are in equilibrium. State the resultant turning effect on the pylons. … [1] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) gravitational potential and kinetic ; constant ; friction ; 3 3(a)(ii) s = d / t or 30 / 1.7 ; 18 (m / s) ; 2 3(a)(iii) Earth ; 1 3(b)(i) it slows it down / causes it to decelerate ; 1 3(b)(ii) 148 (J) ; 1 3(c)(i) water stored behind the dam flows through turbines / water used to provide KE to turbines / GPE to kinetic energy ; turbines turn generators to produce electricity ; 2 3(c)(ii) they contract, get shorter ; 1 3(c)(iii) zero, none ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2019

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a distance-time graph of a girl’s journey to school. 400 350 distance / m 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 time / s Fig. 3.1 (i) Write the letter X on part of the graph where the girl is walking fastest. [1] (ii) Write the letter Y on part of the graph where the girl is not moving for a period of time. [1] (iii) The girl walks a total distance of 400 m in 800 s. Calculate her average speed. average speed = … m / s [2] (b) At school, the girl places a brick onto a board with a rough surface, and raises one end of the board until the brick moves. Fig. 3.2 shows the angle of the board when the brick starts to move. brick board rough surface 40° Fig. 3.2 (i) Name the force that prevents the brick from moving before the board is raised to 40°. … [1] (ii) Suggest how the motion of the brick would be different if a board with a smooth surface was used. … … [1] (iii) State the type of energy that decreases as the brick moves down the board. … [1] (c) The girl then clamps a ruler to the side of a table as shown in Fig. 3.3. 40.0 N ruler clamp 0.27 m table Fig. 3.3 She applies a force of 40.0 N to the end of the ruler which is 0.27 m from the edge of the table. Calculate the moment of the force about the edge of the table. moment = … N m [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) X - any point on the steepest gradient (between t = 500s and t = 800s); 1 3(a)(ii) Y – any point on the middle horizontal section (between t = 300s and t = 500s); 1 3(a)(iii) speed = distance/time or 400/800 ; = 0.5m/s ; 2 3(b)(i) friction; 1 3(b)(ii) moves faster / starts to move at a shallower slope, less than 40°; 1 3(b)(iii) gravitational potential; 1 3(c) moment = distance × force or 40 × 0.27 ; = 10.8 (Nm) ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2020

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a distance-time graph of a girl’s journey to school. 400 350 distance / m 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 time / s Fig. 3.1 (i) Write the letter X on part of the graph where the girl is walking fastest. [1] (ii) Write the letter Y on part of the graph where the girl is not moving for a period of time. [1] (iii) The girl walks a total distance of 400 m in 800 s. Calculate her average speed. average speed = … m / s [2] (b) At school, the girl places a brick onto a board with a rough surface, and raises one end of the board until the brick moves. Fig. 3.2 shows the angle of the board when the brick starts to move. brick board rough surface 40° Fig. 3.2 (i) Name the force that prevents the brick from moving before the board is raised to 40°. … [1] (ii) Suggest how the motion of the brick would be different if a board with a smooth surface was used. … … [1] (iii) State the type of energy that decreases as the brick moves down the board. … [1] (c) The girl then clamps a ruler to the side of a table as shown in Fig. 3.3. 40.0 N ruler clamp 0.27 m table Fig. 3.3 She applies a force of 40.0 N to the end of the ruler which is 0.27 m from the edge of the table. Calculate the moment of the force about the edge of the table. moment = … N m [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) X - any point on the steepest gradient (between t = 500s and t = 800s); 1 3(a)(ii) Y – any point on the middle horizontal section (between t = 300s and t = 500s); 1 3(a)(iii) speed = distance/time or 400/800 ; = 0.5m/s ; 2 3(b)(i) friction; 1 3(b)(ii) moves faster / starts to move at a shallower slope, less than 40°; 1 3(b)(iii) gravitational potential; 1 3(c) moment = distance × force or 40 × 0.27 ; = 10.8 (Nm) ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2020

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a speed–time graph for a bus journey. 30 20 speed m / s 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 time / s Fig. 3.1 (i) Draw an X on the graph where the bus is not moving. [1] (ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the bus in the first 60 s of the journey. ������������������������������������������������������� m [2] (b) The bus has a mass of 5000 kg. (i) Calculate the weight of the bus. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg. weight = ������������������������������������������������������ N [1] (ii) State the source of the gravitational field acting on the bus. (c) Fig. 3.2 shows the forces A, B, C and D as the bus moves forward at constant speed. A D B C Fig. 3.2 (i) Force B is increased. Describe how this affects the motion of the bus. (ii) Force B is 500 000 N. Force D is 100 000 N. Calculate the resultant force of these two forces. resultant force = ������������������������������������������������������ N [1] (d) The driver changes a wheel. Fig. 3.3 shows a wrench being used to loosen a wheel nut. 1000 N wheel nut wrench 45 cm Fig. 3.3 The driver applies a force of 1000 N on the wrench. Calculate the moment of this force on the wheel nut. moment = ��������������������������������������������������� N m [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) X at (0,0) or (160,0) ; 1 3(a)(ii) (distance travelled) = area under graph or (60 × 20) / 2 ; 600 (m) ; 2 3(b)(i) 50 000 (N) ; 1 3(b)(ii) Earth ; 1 3(c)(i) it accelerates / goes faster ; 1 3(c)(ii) 400 000 (N) ; 1 3(d) 45cm = 0.45 m ; force × distance or 1000 × 0.45 ; 450 (m) ; 3

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2020

3 (a) A skydiver jumps from an aircraft high above the ground. Fig. 3.1 shows the speed–time graph of his descent. 60 50 speed m / s 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 t / s Fig. 3.1 Use the graph in Fig. 3.1 to calculate how far the skydiver falls from time t = 0 s to t = 10 s. distance = … m [2] (b) When the skydiver opens the parachute at t = 10 s, his speed decreases. Name the force that causes this decrease in speed. … [1] (c) The skydiver has a mass of 85 kg. His weight is 850 N. (i) State the size of the upwards force on the skydiver at t = 80 s. Explain your answer. size of upwards force = … N explanation … … [2] (ii) State the value of the gravitational field strength g that is used to determine the weight of the skydiver in (c). Give the units of g. value of g = … units … [2] (d) The skydiver lands in a pit full of sand. The dimensions of the sand pit are shown in Fig. 3.2. 0.5 m 5.0 m 6.0 m Fig. 3.2 The density of sand is 1800 kg / m3. Calculate the mass of the sand in the pit. mass = … kg [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) area under graph or 50 × 10/2; 250 (m); 2 3(b) friction / air resistance; 1 3(c)(i) 850(N); forces balance / travelling at constant speed; 2 3(c)(ii) 10; N/kg; 2 3(d) volume calculation – volume = 15 (m3); mass = density × volume or 1800 × 15; 27 000 (kg); 3

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2020

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a speed–time graph for a bus journey. 30 20 speed m / s 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 time / s Fig. 3.1 (i) Draw an X on the graph where the bus is not moving. [1] (ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the bus in the first 60 s of the journey. … m [2] (b) The bus has a mass of 5000 kg. (i) Calculate the weight of the bus. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg. weight = … N [1] (ii) State the source of the gravitational field acting on the bus. … [1] (c) Fig. 3.2 shows the forces A, B, C and D as the bus moves forward at constant speed. A D B C Fig. 3.2 (i) Force B is increased. Describe how this affects the motion of the bus. … [1] (ii) Force B is 500 000 N. Force D is 100 000 N. Calculate the resultant force of these two forces. resultant force = … N [1] (d) The driver changes a wheel. Fig. 3.3 shows a wrench being used to loosen a wheel nut. 1000 N wheel nut wrench 45 cm Fig. 3.3 The driver applies a force of 1000 N on the wrench. Calculate the moment of this force on the wheel nut. moment = … N m [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) X at (0,0) or (160,0) ; 1 3(a)(ii) (distance travelled) = area under graph or (60 × 20) / 2 ; 600 (m) ; 2 3(b)(i) 50 000 (N) ; 1 3(b)(ii) Earth ; 1 3(c)(i) it accelerates / goes faster ; 1 3(c)(ii) 400 000 (N) ; 1 3(d) 45cm = 0.45 m ; force × distance or 1000 × 0.45 ; 450 (m) ; 3

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2020

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows an aircraft on a runway. A D B C Fig. 9.1 Use the letters A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all. When the aircraft is at rest on the runway, force A is equal to force … and also force B is equal to force … . When the aircraft starts to accelerate along the runway, forces … and … are unbalanced. [2] (b) Fig. 9.2 shows the speed-time graph for the aircraft during part of its flight when it is travelling at constant height. Q R P speed time Fig. 9.2 (i) Label with a cross (X) a part of the flight when the aircraft is accelerating. [1] (ii) State which section of the graph shows the aircraft travelling with no acceleration. Explain your answer. section … explanation … [1] (c) The aircraft fuel is a non-renewable energy source obtained from petroleum. (i) Identify the form of energy stored in aircraft fuel. … [1] (ii) Name two renewable energy sources. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) (A =) C and (B =) D; in that order B and D; in either order 2 9(b)(i) P or R; 1 9(b)(ii) Q (no mark) constant speed; 1 9(c)(i) chemical ; 1 9(c)(ii) Any two from solar tidal geothermal HEP wind;; 2

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2021

3 (a) A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates for 20 s. The cyclist then travels at a constant speed of 5 m / s for 90 s. Finally the cyclist slows down and stops after a further 5 s. (i) On the grid in Fig. 3.1 draw a speed‑time graph for the cyclist’s journey. 6 5 4 speed 3 m / s 2 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 time / s Fig. 3.1 [3] (ii) Calculate the distance travelled when the cyclist is travelling at constant speed. distance = … m [2] (b) Energy from the Sun heats the black saddle of the bicycle. (i) State the method of energy transfer between the Sun and the Earth. … [1] (ii) Name the part of the Sun’s electromagnetic spectrum that is responsible for heating the saddle. … [1] (iii) The Sun also heats up the air in the bicycle tyres. This causes the pressure of the air in the tyres to increase. Describe, in terms of the motion of the air molecules, why the pressure of the air in the tyres increases as the temperature of the air increases. … … … … [2] (c) Fig. 3.2 shows a metal nut on the bicycle which is difficult to unscrew. metal nut Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 shows two spanners A and B. A B Fig. 3.3 Explain why it is easier to use spanner B to unscrew the nut rather than spanner A. … … … [2] (d) The cyclist uses a plane mirror placed on his bicycle to see behind him. State two characteristics of an image seen in a plane mirror. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 13]

13 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) section from 0–20 s line rises from (0, 0) to (20, 5) ; section from 20–110 s horizontal line from (20 ,5) to (110, 5) ; section from 110–115 s line goes down from (110, 5) to (115, 0) ; 3 3(a)(ii) (constant speed = 5 m / s and time = 90 s) no mark distance = speed × time or 90 × 5 ; = 450 (m) ; 2 3(b)(i) radiation ; 1 3(b)(ii) infrared ; 1 3(b)(iii) increased kinetic energy / speed ; more (frequent) collisions (with tyre) ; 2 3(c) B is longer ; ref to moment = force × (perpendicular) distance ; greater moment ; max 2 2 3(d) upright ; laterally inverted ; same size (as object) ; max 2 2

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2021

12 (a) An astronaut travels to the Moon in a spacecraft. The weight of the spacecraft at take-off is 25 000 000 N. When the spacecraft blasts off from Earth, it is pushed upwards by a force of 32 000 000 N. Calculate the resultant upward force on the spacecraft. resultant force = … N [1] (b) The spacecraft has solar panels to gather energy from the Sun. This energy is stored in batteries on the spacecraft. (i) Complete the sentences to describe the energy conversion that takes place in this process. The Sun’s light energy is transformed into … energy by the solar panels. This energy is stored as … energy in the batteries. [2] (ii) Solar energy is a renewable energy source. State one other renewable energy source. … [1] (c) The spacecraft travels 386 000 km from Earth to the Moon in 72 hours. Calculate the average speed of the spacecraft in km / s. Show your working. average speed = … km / s [3] (d) On Earth, the astronaut has a mass of 80 kg and a weight of 800 N. On the Moon the astronaut has a mass of 80 kg and a weight of 135 N. Describe the difference between mass and weight. … … [1] (e) The astronaut communicates with Earth using radio waves. (i) Fig. 12.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays ultraviolet microwaves Fig. 12.1 Place radio waves in the correct place in Fig. 12.1. [1] (ii) Explain why it is not possible for the astronaut to communicate with Earth using sound waves. … … … [1] (iii) Fig. 12.2 shows a sound wave. On Fig. 12.2 label with a double headed arrow ( or ) one wavelength of the sound wave. Fig. 12.2 [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a) 7 000 000 N ; 1 12(b)(i) electrical ; chemical potential ; 2 12(b)(ii) waves / HEP / tides / geothermal / wind ; 1 12(c) 72 hours = 259 200 s ; speed = distance ÷ time or 386 000÷ 259 200 ; 1.49 km / s ; 3 12(d) mass is the actual amount of material contained in a body (measured in kg or g) ; OR weight is the force exerted by the gravity on that object; 1 12(e)(i) radio waves in right hand box ; 1 12(e)(ii) sound waves need a medium / cannot travel through a vacuum ; 1 12(e)(iii) (double headed arrow from) peak to peak OR from trough to trough OR equivalent ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2021

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows the horizontal forces acting on a motorcyclist and his motorcycle. 400 N 100 N Fig. 12.1 (i) Calculate the resultant horizontal force acting on the motorcyclist and motorcycle. force … N [1] (ii) Describe how this resultant force changes the speed of the motorcycle. … [1] (b) Fig. 12.2 shows a speed‑time graph for the motorcycle’s journey over 80 s. 30 25 20 speed 15 m / s 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time / s Fig. 12.2 (i) State a time when the motorcycle is not moving. … s [1] (ii) On Fig. 12.2 label with the letter C a point when the motorcycle is moving at a constant speed. [1] (iii) On Fig. 12.2 label with the letter S a point when the speed of the motorcycle is increasing. [1] (c) The motorcycle produces a loud sound with a high frequency when moving. Describe the pitch and amplitude of the sound waves produced. pitch … amplitude … [2] (d) As the motorcycle moves along the road, the temperature of the air in the tyres increases. Explain why the pressure of the air in the tyres increases. … … … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) 300 (N) ; 1 12(a)(ii) slows down ; 1 12(b)(i) 0 s, 40 s to 45 s or 80 s ; 1 12(b)(ii) anywhere between t = 15 s and t = 30 s or between t = 60 s and t =70 s ; 1 12(b)(iii) anywhere between t = 0 s and t = 15 s or between t = 45 s and t = 60 s ; 1 12(c) high pitch ; large amplitude ; 2 12(d) increased kinetic energy / speed (of molecules) ; more frequent collisions with tyre ; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2021

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 is a speed-time graph for an aircraft taking off. 80 70 60 50 speed 40 m / s 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 time / s Fig. 12.1 (i) Calculate the distance travelled between t = 0 s and t = 25 s. distance = … m [2] (ii) On Fig. 12.1, identify a time when the aircraft has the greatest acceleration. Explain your answer. time = … s explanation … … [2] (iii) State two types of energy gained by the aircraft as it accelerates and gains height after take-off. 1 … energy 2 … energy [2] (b) Fig. 12.2 shows the four forces, A, B, C and D, acting on the aircraft flying at a constant height and constant speed. A D B C Fig. 12.2 (i) Compare the forces B and D. Explain your answer. … … … … [2] (ii) State which force, A, B, C or D, shows the weight of the aircraft. force … [1] (iii) The weight of the aircraft is 1 × 106 N. Calculate the mass of the aircraft in kg. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg. mass = … kg [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) area under graph or ½ × 46 × 25 or distance = average speed × time or 23 × 25 ; 575 m ; 2 12(a)(ii) between t = 0 and t = 34 s ; steepest gradient ; 2 12(a)(iii) kinetic energy ; gravitational potential energy ; 2 12(b)(i) equal and opposite ; travelling at constant speed ; 2 12(b)(ii) C ; 1 Question Answer Marks 12(b)(iii) m = W / g or 1 000 000 / 10 ; = 100 000 (kg) ; 2

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2021

3 A student uses her laptop computer. (a) The laptop screen acts as a plane mirror. Fig. 3.1 shows a ray of light reflected by the laptop screen. Y laptop screen ray of light X Fig. 3.1 (i) Name the line labelled XY. … [1] (ii) Label the angle of incidence with the letter i. [1] (iii) The angle of incidence is 40°. State the angle of reflection. … ° [1] (b) The laptop contains two speakers each with a resistance of 8 Ω. (i) The current in one speaker is 3 A. Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across this speaker. p.d. = … V [2] (ii) The two speakers are connected in parallel. The combined resistance of the two speakers is one of the following values. 4 Ω 8 Ω 16 Ω 64 Ω State the correct value of the combined resistance. Explain your answer. resistance = … Ω explanation … … [2] (iii) Fig. 3.2 shows circuit symbols for four electrical components found in the laptop. Identify the four electrical components. symbol component … … … … Fig. 3.2 [2] (c) Fig. 3.3 shows the laptop being closed. 12 N 24 cm pivot Fig. 3.3 Calculate the moment of the force about the pivot in Nm. moment = … Nm [3] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) normal ; 1 3(a)(ii) angle of incidence correctly labelled; 1 3(a)(iii) 40o ; 1 3(b)(i) V= IR or V = 3  8; 24 (V); 2 3(b)(ii) 4 (); the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself; 2 3(b)(iii) cell variable resistor lamp switch 2 or 3 correct ; 4 correct ; 2 3(c) 24cm = 0.24 m ; moment = force  distance or 12  0.24 ; 2.9 (Nm); 3

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2022

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a wind surfer on a surfboard, driven by the wind, sailing at a constant speed across the water. Four forces J, K, L and M acting on the surfboard are shown. direction of travel direction of wind J M K water L Fig. 9.1 (i) Explain why force K and force M must be equal and opposite. … … [1] (ii) Identify force L. … [1] (iii) Work is done by the wind to move the surfboard across the water. State the two quantities needed to calculate the work done by the wind. 1 … 2 … [2] (b) Fig. 9.2 represents a water wave. Fig. 9.2 (i) On Fig. 9.2, label the amplitude of the wave with a double headed arrow (↔ or ↕). [1] (ii) The waves have a frequency of 0.1 Hz. Explain what is meant by a frequency of 0.1 Hz. … … [1] (c) Water molecules in the sea are able to form water vapour above the sea. During this process, the more energetic molecules escape from the surface of the sea. (i) Suggest the effect this will have on the energy of the water molecules remaining in the sea water. … … [1] (ii) Suggest the effect this will have on the temperature of the sea water. … … [1] (d) Some sea water has a volume of 5.0 m3 and a mass of 5120 kg. Calculate the density of the sea water. density = … kg / m3 [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) surfboard is moving at constant speed; 1 9(a)(ii) gravitational (force) / weight; 1 9(a)(iii) force; distance; 2 9(b)(i) amplitude correctly labelled; 1 9(b)(ii) one wave passes every 10 seconds; 1 9(c)(i) less energetic molecules ; owtte 1 9(c)(ii) decrease / cool ; 1 9(d) density = mass / volume or 5120 / 5; density = 1024 (kg / m3) ; 2

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2022

6 (a) A farmer uses solar panels to generate the electricity needed for his farm. Suggest why the farmer should have an alternative method of generating electricity rather than relying on just solar energy. … … [1] (b) Fig. 6.1 shows the farmer driving his tractor. Four forces, A, B, C and D, are acting on the tractor. A D B C Fig. 6.1 The tractor is moving at constant speed. The weight of the tractor is 40 000 N. (i) State which force, A, B, C or D, is the weight of the tractor. force … [1] (ii) Calculate the mass of the tractor. The gravitational field strength, g, is 10 N / kg. mass = … kg [2] (iii) Force B is 2000 N. State the value of force D. Explain your answer. force D = … N explanation … … [2] (c) The tractor uses diesel fuel. State the form of energy stored in the diesel fuel. … [1] (d) The farmer drives his tractor across a field. Fig. 6.2 shows the speed-time graph for the tractor. 3 2 speed m / s 1 0 5 10 15 20 time / s Fig. 6.2 (i) State the maximum speed of the tractor. speed = … m / s [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.2, mark with an X a time when the tractor is moving with changing speed. [1] (iii) Calculate the distance travelled by the tractor between time = 15 s and time = 20 s. distance = … m [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) electricity will not be generated at night; 1 6(b)(i) C; 1 6(b)(ii) W = mg or m = W / g or mass = 40 000 / 10; mass = 4000 (kg); 2 6(b)(iii) 2000 N; (no resultant force) because constant speed; 2 6(c) chemical (potential) ; 1 6(d)(i) 2.0 m / s; 1 6(d)(ii) any time between 0 and 5 s or between 15 and 20 s; 1 6(d)(iii) evidence of working ½  5  2 or area under graph; 5 (m) ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2022

6 (a) A farmer uses solar panels to generate the electricity needed for his farm. Suggest why the farmer should have an alternative method of generating electricity rather than relying on just solar energy. … … [1] (b) Fig. 6.1 shows the farmer driving his tractor. Four forces, A, B, C and D, are acting on the tractor. A D B C Fig. 6.1 The tractor is moving at constant speed. The weight of the tractor is 40 000 N. (i) State which force, A, B, C or D, is the weight of the tractor. force … [1] (ii) Calculate the mass of the tractor. The gravitational field strength, g, is 10 N / kg. mass = … kg [2] (iii) Force B is 2000 N. State the value of force D. Explain your answer. force D = … N explanation … … [2] (c) The tractor uses diesel fuel. State the form of energy stored in the diesel fuel. … [1] (d) The farmer drives his tractor across a field. Fig. 6.2 shows the speed-time graph for the tractor. 3 2 speed m / s 1 0 5 10 15 20 time / s Fig. 6.2 (i) State the maximum speed of the tractor. speed = … m / s [1] (ii) On Fig. 6.2, mark with an X a time when the tractor is moving with changing speed. [1] (iii) Calculate the distance travelled by the tractor between time = 15 s and time = 20 s. distance = … m [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) electricity will not be generated at night; 1 6(b)(i) C; 1 6(b)(ii) W = mg or m = W / g or mass = 40 000 / 10; mass = 4000 (kg); 2 6(b)(iii) 2000 N; (no resultant force) because constant speed; 2 6(c) chemical (potential) ; 1 6(d)(i) 2.0 m / s; 1 6(d)(ii) any time between 0 and 5 s or between 15 and 20 s; 1 6(d)(iii) evidence of working ½  5  2 or area under graph; 5 (m) ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2022

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a rocket about to be launched. Fig. 9.1 (i) The weight of the rocket is 8 000 000 N. When the rocket is launched, the upward force exerted by the rocket is 12 000 000 N. Calculate the resultant upward force on the rocket. resultant force = … N [1] (ii) Explain why the resultant force cannot be zero, when the rocket is launched. … … [1] (iii) The rocket travels 385 000 km from the Earth to the Moon in 75 hours. Calculate the average speed of the rocket in km / s. speed = … km / s [3] (b) An astronaut on the rocket uses a telescope to view a star. Fig. 9.2 shows a lens that is used in the telescope. Light rays from the star pass through the lens and are focused at the principal focus. Fig. 9.2 (i) On Fig. 9.2, label the principal focus of the lens with the letter F. [1] (ii) On Fig. 9.2, draw a double headed arrow ( ↔ ) to indicate the focal length of the lens. [1] (iii) State the name of the process that occurs when light passes into the lens and the direction of the light changes. … [1] (c) The astronaut communicates with Earth using radio waves. (i) Place radio waves in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum shown in Fig. 9.3. gamma ultraviolet infrared radiation Fig. 9.3 [1] (ii) State which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the greatest frequency. … [1] (iii) Explain why it is not possible for the astronaut to use sound waves to communicate directly with Earth. … … [2] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) 4 000 000 (N) ; 1 9(a)(ii) rocket would not, move/take off ; 1 9(a)(iii) conversion of 75 hours to seconds / 270 000 s ; 3 speed = distance ÷ time or substituted distance ÷ time ; speed = 1.43 (km / s) ; 9(b)(i) principal focus correctly identified ; 1 9(b)(ii) focal length correctly identified ; 1 9(b)(iii) refraction ; 1 9(c)(i) 1 -rays ultraviolet infrared radio waves ; 9(c)(ii) - rays ; 1 9(c)(iii) there is no medium / there is a vacuum ; 2 no particles to transfer the vibrations (preventing sound from travelling) ;

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2022

9 Fig. 9.1 shows an aircraft at rest on a runway. Fig. 9.1 (a) The mass of the aircraft is 400 000 kg. Calculate the weight of the aircraft. The gravitational field strength, g, is 10 N / kg. weight = … N [2] (b) The aircraft starts from rest and accelerates along the straight runway. The aircraft engines produce a constant horizontal thrust force of 1 200 000 N. A constant frictional force of 500 000 N acts on the aircraft. (i) Calculate the resultant horizontal force acting on the aircraft. force = … N [1] (ii) Explain why the aircraft accelerates. … … [1] (c) Fig. 9.2 shows a TV monitor in the cabin of the aircraft and the energy transferred each second by the monitor. thermal energy 80 J light energy 119 J sound energy X J electrical energy 200 J Fig. 9.2 (i) The number of joules of sound energy transferred per second is shown as X J. Calculate the value of X. X = … J [1] (ii) The monitor has a resistance of 1900 Ω. The current passing through the monitor when in use is 0.060 A. Calculate the potential difference across the monitor. State the unit of your answer. potential difference = … unit … [3] (iii) The current of 0.060 A is the same as 60 mA. The fuse in the electrical supply to the monitor has to be replaced. Several fuse ratings are available. 10 mA 50 mA 100 mA 250 mA State which fuse is the correct choice. Explain your answer. fuse = … mA explanation … … … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) w = mg (symbols or words) or 400 000  10 ; 2 4 000 000 (N) ; 9(b)(i) 700 000 (N) ; 1 9(b)(ii) resultant force (is not zero) ; 1 9(c)(i) 1 (J) ; 1 9(c)(ii) V = IR (words or symbols) or 0.060  1900 ; 3 = 114 ; V or volts ; 9(c)(iii) 100 mA ; 2 must be higher than max current (but not too much higher) ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2022

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an athlete running on a level road. Four forces A, B, C and D act on the runner. A D B C Fig. 6.1 Force B is the driving force which moves the athlete forward. State the names of forces C and D. C … D … [2] (b) Complete the sentence to describe how forces change a body. Forces may change the direction of motion of a body, the … of a body and the … of a body. [2] (c) The athlete runs up a hill at constant speed. Use words or phrases from the list below to complete the sentences about the energy transfers taking place. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all. chemical potential gravitational potential kinetic light Stored … energy from food is transferred to … energy as the athlete moves. As the athlete moves up the hill his store of … energy increases. The speed of the athlete is constant when moving up the hill, so his … energy remains constant. [2] (d) Explain why the athlete’s power output is greater when he runs faster. … … … [1] (e) A photographer takes a photograph of the athlete using a digital camera with a thin converging lens as shown in Fig. 6.2. Two rays of light are shown passing from the head of the athlete to the lens. ray 1 ray 2 F F thin image converging sensor principal focus = F lens Fig. 6.2 (i) A focused image of the athlete’s head is formed on the image sensor. Complete Fig. 6.2 to show how these two rays pass from the lens to form the image on the sensor. [2] (ii) On Fig. 6.2, draw a double headed arrow (↔) to show the focal length of the lens. [1] (iii) Circle two words or phrases that describe the image formed. diminished enlarged inverted same size upright [2] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) C weight ; 2 D drag / air resistance ; 6(b) Any two from 2 size ; shape ; speed ; 6(c) chemical potential 2 kinetic gravitational potential kinetic ;; 6(d) rate of work done increases; 1 6(e)(i) ray 1 refracts through F and meets ray 2 on the image sensor ; 2 ray 2 continues in a straight line onto image sensor ; 6(e)(ii) focal length correctly shown ; 1 6(e)(iii) inverted ; 2 diminished ;

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2023

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows two different car tyres. tyre X tyre Y Fig. 9.1 A car driver observes that her car sinks into soft ground when she uses tyres X. She changes the tyres on her car to Y, so that it does not sink into the soft ground. Explain why tyre Y will cause less pressure to be exerted on the ground than tyre X. … … [1] (b) A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the air in a tyre. Fig. 9.2 shows a simple liquid-in-glass thermometer. –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °C Fig. 9.2 (i) State the name of the temperature scale used in the thermometer in Fig. 9.2. … [1] (ii) The liquid in the thermometer is alcohol. State the physical property of alcohol that varies with temperature used in this thermometer. … [1] (iii) State the two physical properties that define the fixed points on this temperature scale. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) Fig. 9.3 shows two horizontal forces acting on a car as it moves along a straight road. 550 N 900 N Fig. 9.3 (i) Calculate the size and direction of the resultant horizontal force on the car. size of resultant force = … direction of resultant force … [2] (ii) The driver of the car applies the brakes to slow the car. Fig. 9.4 shows the force from the driver’s foot on the brake pedal. pivot 18 cm 40 N brake pedal Fig. 9.4 Calculate the moment of the force from the driver’s foot about the pivot. moment = … N cm [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) any one from 1 greater surface area (in contact with ground) ; same force acts over a larger area ; 9(b)(i) celsius ; 1 9(b)(ii) volume ; 1 9(b)(iii) melting point of ice / freezing point of water (0) ; 2 boiling point of water (100) ; 9(c)(i) 350 (N) ; 2 to the right / forward ; 9(c)(ii) moment = force  (perpendicular) distance or formula or 40  18 ; 2 = 720 (N cm) ;

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2023

3 Fig. 3.1 shows four forces, A, B, C and D, acting on a submarine travelling underwater at a constant depth and at constant speed. A D B C direction of motion Fig. 3.1 (a) (i) State the name of force C. … [1] (ii) State how the magnitude of force B compares to the magnitude of force D. … [1] (b) Sound above the maximum frequency that the healthy human ear can hear is called ultrasound. The submarine stops moving and then uses ultrasound to determine the depth of the sea floor. (i) Suggest a value for the frequency of ultrasound. frequency = … Hz [1] (ii) Pulses of ultrasound waves are sent out through the water. The ultrasound pulses reflect off the sea floor and the reflection is detected by the submarine 1.4 s later. Ultrasound waves move through sea water at a speed of 1600 m / s. Calculate the total distance travelled by the ultrasound pulse. distance = … m [2] (iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) to calculate the distance between the sea floor and the submarine. distance = … m [1] (c) The submarine is powered by a nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor uses the nuclear fission of the isotope uranium-235. (i) State what is meant by the term isotope. … … [1] (ii) Describe what happens to the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom during nuclear fission. … … [1] (iii) Suggest one advantage of using nuclear fission to generate electricity. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) weight ; 1 3(a)(ii) equal ; 1 3(b)(i) above 20 000 (Hz) ; 1 3(b)(ii) distance = speed  time or formula or 1600  1.4 ; 2 = 2200 or 2240 (m) ; 3(b)(iii) (answer to 3(b)(ii) ÷ 2) 1 = 1100 or 1120 ; 3(c)(i) atoms of the same element which have the same proton number but a different nucleon number ; 1 3(c)(ii) splits ; 1 3(c)(iii) one from: 1 no CO2 emissions ; reliability ; AVP ;

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2023

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 is a distance–time graph for two cyclists A and B who are racing for a distance of 1000 m. A B 1000 800 600 distance / m 400 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 time / s Fig. 12.1 (i) Calculate the time difference over the 1000 m for cyclist A compared to cyclist B. time difference = … s [1] (ii) Calculate the speed of cyclist B. speed = … m / s [2] (iii) Describe how the graph shows that cyclist B moves at a constant speed. … … [1] (b) (i) Fig. 12.2 shows a cyclist moving along a flat road. Fig. 12.2 Choose words or phrases from the list to complete the sentence. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all. chemical potential elastic potential gravitational potential kinetic As the cyclist’s speed increases, the … energy in the cyclist’s body decreases and the … energy of the cyclist increases. [2] (ii) As the cyclist rides along the road, the temperature of the air in the tyres increases. Describe the change in the motion of the air molecules. … … [1] (c) The cyclist has a tyre puncture and needs to remove the wheel. Fig. 12.3 shows the wheel nut that must be unscrewed. wheel nut Fig. 12.3 The cyclist has two spanners X and Y which can be used to unscrew the wheel nut. X Y Fig. 12.4 Fig. 12.4 shows the two spanners. Explain why spanner X will unscrew the wheel nut more easily than spanner Y. … … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) 20 (s) ; 1 12(a)(ii) speed = distance / time or formula or 1000 / 120 ; 2 = 8.3 or 8.33 (m / s) ; 12(a)(iii) constant gradient ; 1 12(b)(i) chemical (potential) ; 2 kinetic ; 12(b)(ii) molecules move faster ; 1 12(c) X is longer ; 2 so greater moment ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2023

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows four forces acting on a submarine. The submarine is moving underwater from right to left. A D B C direction of motion Fig. 9.1 (i) State which force A, B, C or D is the weight of the submarine. … [1] (ii) Force B has the same magnitude as force D. Describe the motion of the submarine. … … [1] (b) The submarine is powered by a small nuclear reactor. In the nuclear reactor, energy is released by the nuclear fission of an isotope of uranium. (i) Describe what happens to an atom during nuclear fission. … … … [2] (ii) Ionising radiation is released in the reactor during nuclear fission. Suggest why the nuclear reactor is surrounded by a thick layer made of lead. … … [1] (c) Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher than the maximum audible frequency for a human. (i) The submarine uses ultrasound waves to calculate the depth of the water below the submarine. A pulse of ultrasound is sent through the water and reaches the sea floor after 0.8 s. Ultrasound waves travel through seawater at a speed of 1550 m / s. Calculate the distance of the sea floor below the submarine. distance = … m [2] (ii) Ultrasound waves are not part of the electromagnetic spectrum. State the name of one region of the electromagnetic spectrum and give one use for waves in this region. name … use … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) C ; 1 9(a)(ii) (moving at) constant speed ; 1 9(b)(i) nucleus ; splits ; 2 9(b)(ii) Stop the escape of / provide better shielding from ionising radiation OWTTE ; 1 9(c)(i) distance = speed  time (in any form) or 1550  0.8 ; = 1240 (m) ; 2 9(c)(ii) region ; correct use ; 2

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2024

6 (a) A farmer drives his tractor in a field. Fig. 6.1 shows the forces J, K, L and M acting on the tractor as the tractor accelerates towards the right. J M K ground L direction of motion Fig. 6.1 (i) State which force J, K, L or M is the weight of the tractor. … [1] (ii) Explain why force K must be greater than force M. … … [1] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows a speed‑time graph for the tractor as it travels across the field. Q R 6 speed m / s 4 2 P S 0 0 50 100 150 200 time / s Fig. 6.2 (i) Describe the motion of the tractor during the section PQ. … [1] (ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the tractor during section QR. distance = … m [2] (c) The tractor pulls a tank full of water. The mass of the water is 2500 kg. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. Calculate the volume of the water. volume = … m3 [2] (d) Suggest two renewable sources of energy that the farmer uses to generate electricity for the farm. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) L ; 1 6(a)(ii) resultant force needed to cause acceleration / change in speed (to the right) ; 1 6(b)(i) tractor has constant acceleration ; 1 6(b)(ii) distance = speed  time (in any form) or 6  70 ; = 420 (m) ; 2 6(c) volume = mass / density (in any form) or 2500 / 1000 ; = 2.5 (m3) ; 2 6(d) wind ; solar ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2024

6 (a) A farmer drives his tractor in a field. Fig. 6.1 shows the forces J, K, L and M acting on the tractor as the tractor accelerates towards the right. J M K ground L direction of motion Fig. 6.1 (i) State which force J, K, L or M is the weight of the tractor. … [1] (ii) Explain why force K must be greater than force M. … … [1] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows a speed‑time graph for the tractor as it travels across the field. Q R 6 speed m / s 4 2 P S 0 0 50 100 150 200 time / s Fig. 6.2 (i) Describe the motion of the tractor during the section PQ. … [1] (ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the tractor during section QR. distance = … m [2] (c) The tractor pulls a tank full of water. The mass of the water is 2500 kg. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. Calculate the volume of the water. volume = … m3 [2] (d) Suggest two renewable sources of energy that the farmer uses to generate electricity for the farm. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) L ; 1 6(a)(ii) resultant force needed to cause acceleration / change in speed (to the right) ; 1 6(b)(i) tractor has constant acceleration ; 1 6(b)(ii) distance = speed  time (in any form) or 6  70 ; = 420 (m) ; 2 6(c) volume = mass / density (in any form) or 2500 / 1000 ; = 2.5 (m3) ; 2 6(d) wind ; solar ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2024

3 (a) A rock that travels through space and hits the Earth’s surface is called a meteorite. Fig. 3.1 shows a speed–time graph for a meteorite as it: • travels through space • slows down through the Earth’s atmosphere • hits the Earth’s surface. 35 000 30 000 25 000 speed m / s 20 000 15 000 10 000 5000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 time / s Fig. 3.1 (i) State the maximum speed of the meteorite. maximum speed = … m / s [1] (ii) State the time at which the meteorite hits the surface of the Earth. time = … s [1] (iii) State the name of the force that causes the meteorite to slow down through the Earth’s atmosphere. … [1] (b) (i) The weight of the meteorite is 3.3 × 108 N. The gravitational force on unit mass, g, is 10 N / kg. Calculate the mass of the meteorite. mass = … kg [2] (ii) The volume of the meteorite is 4200 m3. Use your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the density of the meteorite. State the units of your answer. density = … units … [3] (c) The meteorite contains large amounts of iron. Magnets are made from iron. A piece of iron can be magnetised by stroking it with a magnet. Describe one other method of magnetisation. … … … [1] (d) The nuclide notations for two iron isotopes are shown. 54 56 26 Fe 26 Fe isotope A isotope B (i) Complete the sentence to define the term isotope. Isotopes are atoms of the same element which have the same … number but a different … number. [1] (ii) State the number of neutrons in an atom of isotope A and in an atom of isotope B. isotope A … isotope B … [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 30 000 (m / s) ; 1 3(a)(ii) 20 (s) ; 1 3(a)(iii) friction / air resistance ; 1 3(b)(i) evidence of mass = weight / g or 3.3  108 / 10 ; 2 mass = 3.3  107 (kg) ; 3(b)(ii) evidence of density = mass / volume (in any form) or 3.3  107 ÷ 4200 ; 3 7900 ; kg / m3 ; 3(c) place in solenoid / coil and pass (d.c.) electric current through solenoid / coil or 1 place in direction of Earth’s magnetic field and hammer it (gently) ; 3(d)(i) proton / atomic and 1 nucleon / mass ; 3(d)(ii) isotope A = 28 neutrons and isotope B = 30 neutrons ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2024

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows two horizontal forces acting on a truck as it moves forwards along a flat, level road. truck 1000 N 1500 N Fig. 6.1 (i) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant horizontal force on the truck. Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the resultant force. magnitude = … N [2] (ii) Describe the motion of the truck as the resultant force is applied. … [1] (b) The truck has two identical headlamps. The lamps are connected in parallel across a 12 V battery. One switch turns on both lamps. A fuse protects the circuit. (i) Fig. 6.2 shows an incomplete circuit diagram for this circuit. Fig. 6.2 Complete Fig. 6.2 using standard electrical symbols. [4] (ii) State one advantage of connecting the lamps in parallel. … … [1] (iii) Complete the sentences about the fuse. The purpose of a fuse is to … the circuit. A large … in the circuit causes the fuse to get hot and melt, breaking the circuit. [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 500 (N) ; 2 arrow to the left / forwards ; 6(a)(ii) accelerates (forwards) / owtte ; 1 6(b)(i) lamp symbol correct ; 4 all other symbols correct ; lamps connected in parallel ; all else correct ; 6(b)(ii) both lamps get full voltage / if one lamp stops working, the other still works ; 1 6(b)(iii) protect ; 2 current ;

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2024

10 (a) (i) The Sun consists mostly of two elements. State the names of these two elements. 1 … 2 … [1] (ii) The Milky Way galaxy contains the Sun and many other stars. State the approximate diameter of the Milky Way. diameter = … light-years [1] (iii) Stars are extremely hot bodies. Energy is being transferred from the stars into space when they emit electromagnetic radiation. Explain why stars can lose energy by radiation and not by conduction or convection. … … [1] (iv) Visible light waves from a distant star change direction as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. State the name of this effect. … [1] (b) (i) A frequency of infrared radiation emitted by the Sun is 2.5 × 1014 Hz. The speed of infrared radiation is 3.0 × 108 m / s. Calculate the wavelength of this infrared radiation. wavelength = … m [2] (ii) Fig. 10.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write infrared radiation in its correct position. increasing frequency visible radio X-rays light waves Fig. 10.1 [1] (c) Fig. 10.2 shows a ray of white light from the Sun refracting through a prism. The ray of light splits into the seven colours of the visible spectrum. The seven colours are shown as the numbers 1 to 7. Red light refracts less than violet light. 1 2 3 white 4 light 5 6 prism 7 Fig. 10.2 Complete Table 10.1 to identify the seven colours. Table 10.1 ray number colour observed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [2] (d) Fig. 10.3 shows a spacecraft on a rocket about to be launched. Fig. 10.3 (i) The weight of the spacecraft and the rocket is 6 000 000 N. When the rocket engines start to operate, the upward force exerted by the rocket engines is 9 000 000 N. Calculate the resultant upward force on the spacecraft and the rocket. resultant force = … N [1] (ii) The rocket accelerates as it leaves the ground. State what is meant by accelerate. … … [1] (iii) State two energy stores in which the energy stored is increasing as the rocket accelerates upwards. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 13]

13 marks

Mark scheme: 10(a)(i) hydrogen 1 and helium ; 10(a)(ii) 100 000 (light-years) ; 1 10(a)(iii) conduction and convection require a medium ORA ; 1 10(a)(iv) refraction ; 1 10(b)(i) v = f   (in any form) or wavelength = 3  108 / 2.5  1014 ; 2 1.2  10–6 (m) ; 10(b)(ii) ‘infrared’ in box to the right of ‘visible light’ ; 1 10(c) 2 ray number colour observed 1 R 2 O 3 Y 4 G 5 B 6 I 7 V 7 colours in any order ; 7 colours in correct order ; 10(d)(i) 3 000 000 (N) ; 1 10(d)(ii) increase of speed / velocity; 1 10(d)(iii) any two from 2 gravitational potential / GPE kinetic thermal ; ;

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2025

10 (a) The Sun is the closest star to the Earth. (i) State the name of the force that keeps the Earth in orbit around the Sun. … [1] (ii) State the name of the galaxy which contains the Sun. … [1] (b) Energy from the Sun is used to power an electric car. The energy is stored in a battery in the car. The battery supplies a current of 96 A at 120 V to the motor that drives the car. (i) Calculate the electrical energy transferred to the motor in 900 s. State the unit of your answer. energy = … unit … [3] (ii) The current supplied by the battery is direct current (d.c.). Describe the difference between direct current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.). … … [1] (c) The car driver uses a wrench to remove a wheel from the car. The driver puts the wrench on a wheel nut as shown in Fig. 10.1. 0.40 m wheel wheel nut wrench tyre 300 N Fig. 10.1 The driver uses a force of 300 N at a distance 0.40 m from the wheel nut. (i) Calculate the moment of the force about the centre of the wheel nut. moment = … N m [2] (ii) Fig. 10.2 shows the tyre in contact with the road. road tyre Fig. 10.2 The area in contact with the road is 180 cm2. The tyre exerts a pressure of 20 N / cm2 on the road. Calculate the force exerted by the tyre on the road. force = … N [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 10(a)(i) gravitational (attraction) ; 1 10(a)(ii) Milky Way ; 1 10(b)(i) Energy = IVt (in any form) OR 96 × 120 × 900 ; 3 10 000 000 ; J ; 10(b)(ii) d.c. (electron flow) is in one direction / a.c.(electron flow) (periodically) changes direction ; 1 10(c)(i) moment = force × distance (in any form ) or 300 × 0.4 ; 2 = 120 (Nm) ; 10(c)(ii) force = pressure × area (in any form) or force = 20 × 180 ; 2 = 3600 (N) ;

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2025

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows four forces, A, B, C and D, acting on a car moving along a level road. A direction of travel D B C Fig. 12.1 (i) State which force, A, B, C or D, is partly caused by air resistance. … [1] (ii) One of the forces shown on Fig. 12.1 is the weight of the car. Explain why the definition of weight below is incorrect. weight is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object … … [1] (iii) The car is moving at constant speed. Force D is 2000 N. State the value of force B. Explain your answer. force B = … N explanation … … [1] (b) As the car slows down the sound of the engine becomes quieter and the frequency of the sound waves decreases. (i) State what happens to the amplitude of the sound waves. … [1] (ii) State what happens to the pitch of the sound. … … [1] (c) The car has two identical headlamps P and Q, connected in a parallel circuit. Fig. 12.2 shows the circuit diagram. X P Q Fig. 12.2 (i) State the name of the component in the circuit that causes a current to flow in the circuit. … [1] (ii) The current in each lamp is 4 A. State the current at point X in the circuit. Choose from the values below. 0 A 2 A 4 A 8 A Explain your answer. current at X = … A explanation … … [2] (iii) State one reason why the headlamps in the car are connected in parallel rather than in series. … … [1] (d) The driver uses a plane mirror in the car to see an image of a bus behind the car. Describe the characteristics of the image of the bus compared with the bus. … … … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) D ; 1 12(a)(ii) weight is the gravitational force on an object that has mass / definition of mass (not weight) ; 1 12(a)(iii) 2000 (N) and (constant speed so) no resultant force ; 1 12(b)(i) decreases ; 1 12(b)(ii) decreases ; 1 12(c)(i) battery ; 1 12(c)(ii) 8 (A) ; 2 current in main part of circuit is greater than current in either branch ; 12(c)(iii) full voltage across both lamps 1 OR if one lamp fails, the other will still work / AW ; 12(d) any two from: 2 • same size ; • same distance from mirror ; • laterally inverted ;

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2025

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows four forces, A, B, C and D, acting on a car moving along a level road. A direction of travel D B C Fig. 12.1 (i) State which force, A, B, C or D, is partly caused by air resistance. … [1] (ii) One of the forces shown on Fig. 12.1 is the weight of the car. Explain why the definition of weight below is incorrect. weight is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object … … [1] (iii) The car is moving at constant speed. Force D is 2000 N. State the value of force B. Explain your answer. force B = … N explanation … … [1] (b) As the car slows down the sound of the engine becomes quieter and the frequency of the sound waves decreases. (i) State what happens to the amplitude of the sound waves. … [1] (ii) State what happens to the pitch of the sound. … … [1] (c) The car has two identical headlamps P and Q, connected in a parallel circuit. Fig. 12.2 shows the circuit diagram. X P Q Fig. 12.2 (i) State the name of the component in the circuit that causes a current to flow in the circuit. … [1] (ii) The current in each lamp is 4 A. State the current at point X in the circuit. Choose from the values below. 0 A 2 A 4 A 8 A Explain your answer. current at X = … A explanation … … [2] (iii) State one reason why the headlamps in the car are connected in parallel rather than in series. … … [1] (d) The driver uses a plane mirror in the car to see an image of a bus behind the car. Describe the characteristics of the image of the bus compared with the bus. … … … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) D ; 1 12(a)(ii) weight is the gravitational force on an object that has mass / definition of mass (not weight) ; 1 12(a)(iii) 2000 (N) and (constant speed so) no resultant force ; 1 12(b)(i) decreases ; 1 12(b)(ii) decreases ; 1 12(c)(i) battery ; 1 12(c)(ii) 8 (A) ; 2 current in main part of circuit is greater than current in either branch ; 12(c)(iii) full voltage across both lamps 1 OR if one lamp fails, the other will still work / AW ; 12(d) any two from: 2 • same size ; • same distance from mirror ; • laterally inverted ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2025