Coasts — Paper 2 · IGCSE Geography 0460

4 Study Fig. 5, which shows a student’s field sketch of a coastal area. B A river mouth C sea D Fig. 5 (a) Identify landforms A, B, C and D. Choose your answers from the list below. arch bay cave spit dune headland reef stack A … B … C … D … [4] (b) Fig. 6 shows a map of the same area. N sea W X Z land 0 1 Y land km Fig. 6 Which one of points W, X, Y and Z on Fig. 6 shows the place from which the student drew the field sketch (Fig. 5)? … [1] (c) Describe three conditions under which coral reefs develop. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) A headland, 4 B stack, C spit, D bay, 4(b) Z, 1 4(c) warm/18–30°C, 3 shallow, clear/no sediment, (normal) salinity, oxygenated/waves, light, no pollution/clean,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2017

4 Fig. 4.1 (Insert) is a photograph which shows a coastline in Devon, UK. The coast has been affected by erosion and deposition. (a) Identify and describe the coastal landforms shown in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … … … … … … … [5] (b) Describe and explain the coastal processes which may affect the houses at the top of the photograph in the future. … … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) cliff, 5 collapsed area/slumped area/landslide, red/brown, boulders/rocks/blocks fallen/at bottom, cracks/joints/bedding planes, beach, gently sloping, 4(b) erosion at base/undercutting, 3 collapse, repeated process, cliff retreat, houses destroyed/at risk,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2018

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which is a photograph showing part of a coastline. Name the features of coastal erosion shown in Fig. 4.1. … … … … [3] (ii) Give one characteristic of the rock shown in Fig. 4.1 that causes it to be eroded. … … [1] (b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), which is a photograph showing part of a different type of coastline. Describe the beach shown in Fig. 4.2. Do not include the seaweed. … … … … [2] (ii) Explain why the coastline in Fig. 4.2 has more deposition than the coastline in Fig. 4.1. … … … … [2] [Total: 8] TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 5

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) stack/island, 3 arch, headland, cliff, stump, If written as formation extract relevant points. 4(a)(ii) lines of weakness/joints/cracks, 1 4(b)(i) yellow/gold/brown, 2 sand, curved/crescent, long, gently sloping/flat qualified, footprints/uneven, 4(b)(ii) Either: 2 bay, sheltered/low energy environment/calm, Linked to bay, Fig. 4.2, or following on from wording of the question) Or: headland, exposed to waves/high energy environment – linked to headland or Fig. 4.1,

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2018

3 (a) Five definitions, A, B, C, D and E are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 A a raised area of the sea bed built from the skeletons of marine animals B a coastline with river mouths and spits C a tidal coast with a dense vegetation able to grow in salt water D ridges of sand next to the coast with vegetation growing on them E sloping rocks eroded by the sea at the bottom of cliffs Which definition describes: (i) a mangrove swamp Letter … [1] (ii) a coral reef? Letter … [1] (b) Fig. 3.1 shows the areas of coral reef along the coast of Australia. N Tropic of Capricorn 35° S Key main areas of coral reef 0 800 along coast km Fig. 3.1 (i) Describe the distribution of coral reefs shown on Fig. 3.1. … … … … … … [2] (ii) Suggest one reason for the distribution that you have described in (b)(i). … … [1] (c) Fig. 3.2 shows the areas of mangrove swamp along the coast of Australia. N nt re ur c t n Tropic of Capricorn ne ea rr u oc c n a e cold c o m r a w 35° S Key types of mangrove swamp 13 or more species of mangrove 0 800 1 – 12 species of mangrove km Fig. 3.2 (i) Give one difference between the distribution of mangrove swamps shown on Fig. 3.2 and the distribution of coral reefs shown on Fig. 3.1. … … … [1] (ii) Suggest how the distribution of mangrove swamps shown on Fig. 3.2 is influenced by ocean currents. … … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) C 1 3(a)(ii) A 1 3(b)(i) along north coast/in north 2 on north west/west and north east coasts (mostly) within tropics (mostly) north of Tropic of Capricorn/23½°S a few/almost none further south/south east/south west/outside tropics 3(b)(ii) (coral needs) warm(er) waters 1 3(c)(i) mangrove in/further south/south of tropics/coral further north 1 more mangrove/less coral outside tropics mangrove (more) extensive/coral less extensive 3(c)(ii) warm (current) more/many species/13 or more 2 cold (current) few(er) species/1–12 warm (current) further south cold (current) further north

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2018

1 Study the map extract for Åhus, Sweden. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the area around the mouth of the Möllerännan river in the main settlement of Åhus. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 55 56 57 58 59 99 99 A river 98 98 B C D 97 97 sea 96 96 55 56 57 58 59 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the land use in each of the following areas shown on Fig. 1.1: (i) area A … [1] (ii) area B … [1] (iii) area C … [1] (iv) area D. … [1] (b) Look at the Möllerännan river in the south west of the map extract. Describe the human and physical features of the river. … … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Describe the shape of the coastline between the main settlement at Åhus and the north edge of the map. … … … … … … [2] (d) The location of the small settlement at Fårabäck is shown on Fig. 1.2. 58 59 60 61 62 03 03 Fårabäck 02 02 sea 01 01 58 59 60 61 62 Fig. 1.2 Give map evidence that suggests that Fårabäck is a tourist settlement. … … … … [2] (e) Find the small settlements of Nygård (6004) and Landön (6303) in the north east of the map extract. (i) Measure the distance along the public road from the north edge of the map at Nygård to the end of the road at Landön. Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) Give the compass direction from the end of the road at Nygård to the end of the road at Landön. … [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the end of the road at Nygård to the end of the road at Landön. … degrees [1] (iv) What is the six-figure grid reference of the end of the public road at Landön? Tick one box below. Tick (✓) 031632 642042 632031 033634 632042 [2] (f) Fig. 1.3 shows the area of a military firing range in the centre of the map extract. The area is surrounded by a thick, dashed blue line. 54 55 56 57 58 59 6005 05 04 04 03 03 Skjutfält 02 02 01 01 sea 00 00 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Fig. 1.3 Describe the relief of the area of the firing range. … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (other) major buildings 1 1(a)(ii) coniferous and mixed forest 1 1(a)(iii) marsh (liable to flooding) 1 1(a)(iv) low rise buildings 1 1(b) flows north east, 4 wide/200 m/at least 6 m wide, wider downstream/variable width, meanders, marsh/floods, bridges/roads crossing, marina, small forest stand, gentle gradient, delta/mouth/reaches sea, one tributary 1(c) straight at beginning/in south, 2 altered by human activity, headland(s), bay(s), stack/island(s) 1(d) coastal/near sea, 2 leisure homes/second homes, bathing, sheltered bay 1(e)(i) 3000–3200 m 1 1(e)(ii) south east 1 1(e)(iii) 127–131° 1 1(e)(iv) 632031 = 2 2 632042 = 1 1(f) flat/gentle, 3 low, 10 m, flat inland/north west, more hilly/higher/steeper in south east/along coast

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2019

3 (a) Figs. 3.1 and 3.2 (Insert) are photographs which show two bay and headland coastlines. Describe the features of each coastline. Fig. 3.1 … … … … … … … … … Fig. 3.2 … … … … … … … … … [6] (b) Explain how differences in rock type can lead to the formation of bays and headlands. … … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) Fig. 3.1 6 beach / sand, curved / crescent, bushes / scrub / shrubs, gently sloping / flat qualified (land or beach), dunes, cliff Fig. 3.2 cliff / steep(er), stepped, wave-cut platform / rock platform, notch, rocks / boulders, layers / strata, different colours, scree, pinnacle / pillar, grass Maximum four on each photograph. 3(b) differences in resistance / hard and soft (don’t allow if rocks overlying each 2 other or answer relating to cliff recession), differential erosion / soft rock eroded, discordant coastline

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2019

5 Study Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 (Insert), which are photographs showing coasts in South Africa. (a) Identify landforms X, Y and Z on Fig. 5.1. X … Y … Z … [3] (b) Describe the physical features of the coastline shown in Fig. 5.2. … … … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) X wave-cut platform, 3 Y cliff, Z beach, 5(b) bay, 5 beach, sand/dunes, rocks/boulders, (not as formation point) headland/point/peninsula, surf / breaking waves / swash, curved wave fronts / refraction, grass/scrub, gentle slope,

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2019

3 Study Figs. 3.1 and 3.2 (Insert), which are photographs showing different methods of coastal protection. (a) (i) Describe the beach material in Fig. 3.1. … … [1] (ii) Describe the evidence in Fig. 3.1 that the wooden structure is reducing longshore drift. … … [1] (b) Fig. 3.2 shows two other methods of coastal protection, F and G. (i) Describe the structures F and G. F … … G … … [2] (ii) Explain how structure G protects the coast. … … … … [2] (iii) Some people think that the coastal protection methods seen in Fig. 3.2 should not have been built. Explain why people might be opposed to this coastal protection scheme. … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) shingle/pebbles/gravel/stones/different coloured stones/small rocks/cobbles, 1 3(a)(ii) beach material has built up on one side of it, 1 the extent the sea reaches up the beach differs on one side of the groyne from the other, 3(b)(i) F – gabion/boulders in wire cases, 2 G – rip-rap/boulder barrier/rock armour/pile of boulders/large rocks, 3(b)(ii) absorbs/dissipates/reduces wave energy/power, 2 prevents coastal erosion/prevents waves attacking (foot of) cliff/coast, 3(b)(iii) expensive/not cost effective, 2 coast not worth protecting, ugly, dangerous/prevents access to the beach/makes access to the beach difficult, impact further along the coast, loss of beach area/habitats,

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2019

3 Figs. 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (Insert) show three coastlines. (a) Identify each of the following landforms: (i) landform W in Fig. 3.1 … [1] (ii) landform X in Fig. 3.2 … [1] (iii) landform Y in Fig. 3.2 … [1] (iv) landform Z in Fig. 3.3. … [1] (b) Which one of the three photographs shows a coastline where deposition is the most important process? Tick (3) one box below. Tick (3) Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 [1] (c) Explain how landform W, in Fig. 3.1, was formed. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) wave-cut platform, 1 3(a)(ii) beach, 1 3(a)(iii) sand dune, 1 3(a)(iv) cliff, 3(b) 3.2 1 3(c) waves hit base of cliff, 3 hydraulic action/abrasion/corrasion/solution, cuts notch, collapse, cliff retreat, platform extends,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2020

4 Fig. 4.1 (Insert) is a photograph which shows a coastal area visited by a group of geography students on a field trip. Fig. 4.2 is a field sketch of the same area made by one of the students. W X Y Z Fig. 4.2 (a) Using Fig. 4.1, identify features W, X, Y and Z shown on the field sketch. Choose your answers from: bay lagoon (lake) river spit wave-cut platform W … X … Y … Z … [4] (b) Explain how a spit is formed. … … … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) W lagoon/lake, 4 X spit, Y bay, Z river, 4(b) onshore winds, 4 swash/waves oblique/at an angle to coast/correctly labelled on diagram, swash/waves carry material up beach, backwash at right angles/correctly labelled on diagram, longshore drift/movement of material along the beach, deposition, at bend in coast/headland/bay, accumulation/build up/continuous/repeated depoition, hook formed by change in wind/waves/water depth, (stabilised by) vegetation grows on spit,

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2020

1 Study the map extract for Taormina, Italy. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features around the settlement at Calatabiano in the south west of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 19 20 21 22 88 88 E B 87 87 C A Calatabiano 86 86 A D 85 85 B 84 84 19 20 21 22 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) feature D … [1] (v) the name of river E … [1] (b) Using the map key, identify one tourist activity available within 2 km of the main settlement of Taormina. … [1] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross section along northing 90, through the settlement of Gaggi, from 180900 to 220900. X 400 400 300 300 metres above metres above sea level sea level 200 200 100 100 0 0 180900 220900 Fig. 1.2 (i) Identify feature X. … [1] (ii) In Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of the settlement of Gaggi. [1] (iii) The cross section shown in Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line in Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross section. [1] (d) Find Capo Taormina, on the coast near the settlement of Taormina. (i) What is the distance along the coastline from the end of Capo Taormina to the south edge of the map? Tick one box below. Tick (✓) 5500 metres 6500 metres 7500 metres 8500 metres 9500 metres [1] (ii) What is the compass bearing from the end of Capo Taormina, to the coastline at the south edge of the map? Tick one box below. Tick (✓) 38° 41° 44° 221° 225° [1] (e) Fig. 1.3 shows two areas, P in the south of the map extract and Q in the north east of the map extract. Study the two areas and answer the questions below. Area P Area Q 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 88 88 96 96 87 87 95 95 Gallodoro Capo Schisò 86 86 94 94 85 85 93 93 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 Fig. 1.3 The table below compares the features of the two areas. Complete the table by putting ticks in the correct four boxes. Use only one tick (✓) for each row. Area P Area Q Both these Neither of areas these areas flat land land over 500 m a national main road plateau a mountain bike route [5] (f) Fig. 1.4 shows an area in the north west of the map extract. 18 19 20 21 96 96 95 95 94 94 Graniti 93 93 92 92 18 19 20 21 Fig. 1.4 Describe the relief of this area. … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) motorway, 1 1(a)(ii) railway, 1 1(a)(iii) funicular, 1 1(a)(iv) lava (flow), 1 1(a)(v) (T. S.) Venera, 1 1(b) nature reserve, 1 dive sites/diving, climbing, hang-gliding/paragliding, mountain biking, 1(c)(i) railway, 1 1(c)(ii) position of Gaggi shown with an arrow between 25 mm and 35 mm from the 1 left hand margin, 1(c)(iii) section completed with land rising in the east but not dropping below 200 m, 1 1(d)(i) 8500 metres, 1 1(d)(ii) 221° 1 1(e) 5 Neither of Both these Area P Area Q these areas areas flat land  land over 500 m  a national main road  plateau  a mountain bike route  1(f) high/hills/hilly/mountain, 4 valley, V shaped, narrow (valley), ridge/spur, 888 m/886 m/over 800 m/900 m, steep slopes, tributaries/dissected, lowest 150–200 m, higher in N/NW/NE/lower in S,

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2020

1 Study the map extract for Carnac, France. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features near Cité du Runell in the north of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 94 95 72 72 A C B C D 71 71 94 95 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) the type of road at A … [1] (ii) the leisure activity at B … [1] (iii) the land use at C … [1] (iv) the land use at D. … [1] (b) The central point of the main settlement at Carnac is at 940700. Identify three services provided for tourists within 1 km of the centre of Carnac. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) Fig. 1.2 shows an area in the south west of the map at St-Colomban. Fig. 1.3 shows an area in the north east of the map near Kermario. Study the two areas and answer the questions below. 92 93 95 96 69 69 72 72 St-Colomban Kermario 68 68 71 71 92 93 95 96 Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3 The table below compares the features of the two areas. Complete the table by putting ticks (✓) in the correct four boxes. Use only one tick for each row. area in Fig. 1.2 area in Fig. 1.3 both these neither of feature at St-Colomban near Kermario areas these areas a dam land over 25 m above sea level a bathing place a railway [4] (d) Look at the part of the straight D781 road that runs between the settlements at Plouharnel and Carnac. (i) What is the distance along the straight part of the road? Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) 287 metres 387 metres 2875 metres 3875 metres [1] (ii) What is the compass direction along the road from Plouharnel to Carnac? … [1] (iii) Measure the bearing along the road from Plouharnel to Carnac. … degrees [1] (iv) Find the roundabout (circle) part way along the road at Kergouillard. Give the six-figure grid reference of this roundabout (circle). … [1] (e) Describe the natural features of the coast shown on the map. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) regional/main/D/D119, 1 1(a)(ii) tennis, 1 1(a)(iii) mixed forest, 1 1(a)(iv) open forest, 1 1(b) campsite, 3 museum/musée, tourist information centre, seaside resort, casino, hiking trail, notable monument/(diverse) place of interest, sports ground, 1(c) 4 Area in Area in Both Neither Fig. 1.2 at Fig. 1.3 these of these St- near areas areas Colomban Kermario a dam  land over 25 m above sea  level a bathing place  a railway  1(d)(i) 2875 metres, 1 1(d)(ii) SE/ESE, 1 1(d)(iii) 123–126°, 1 1(d)(iv) 932704/5, 1 1(e) bay/cove, 5 headland/point/promontory/peninsula/cape, spit, estuary/inlet/creek, beach/sand/mud, tidal mud flats, flat rock, lake/lagoon, island, intermittent water course, marsh, forest, tombolo,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2021

4 Fig. 4.1 (Insert) shows a coast in Scotland. (a) Fig. 4.2 shows a student’s field sketch of the coast. Fig. 4.2 Using Fig. 4.1 to help you, add labelled arrows to Fig. 4.2 to describe the features of the coast. [6] (b) Suggest how the feature in the centre of the photograph may change in the future. … … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) cliff, 6 headland, stack, stump/island, waves/choppy, layers/strata/cracks/joints/crevices, grass, overhang/undercutting/notch, bare rock, cave, flat top, wave cut platform, 4(b) erosion by waves/undercut/erosion at base/hydraulic action/abrasion, 2 collapse, stump formed,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2021

4 Fig. 4.1 (Insert) is a photograph showing a coastal deposition feature, a spit, at Spurn Head, England. (a) (i) Describe the feature shown in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … [4] (ii) What process leads to the formation of spits? Circle the correct answer. erosion longshore drift corrasion attrition [1] (b) Fig. 4.2 shows coastal erosion of a spit on the east coast of the UK. 1830 1580 1330 1066 670 Kilnsea Hoton N Sunthorpe sea Ravenser Odd 5 4 3 1 2 0 1 km Key e.g. 1830 years villages earlier spits (lost to erosion) with 1 being the oldest Fig. 4.2 (i) Using Fig. 4.2, describe how the spit has changed over time. … … … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 4.2, name a village destroyed by erosion before 1330. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) hooked/curved/change direction/arc, 4 sand/beaches/dunes, long/elongated, narrow/thin, widens at end/thinner in middle, farmland/wind farm, vegetated/example of vegetation, buildings/settlement/houses/lighthouse/pier/jetty/road/track, 4(a)(ii) longshore drift 1 4(b)(i) moved west/north west, 2 moved 5–6 km, becomes longer, becomes thinner/narrower, becomes straighter/less curved, 4(b)(ii) Ravenser Odd, 1

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2021

3 Study Fig. 3.1, which shows a sketch map of groynes along a coastline. N land sea wall not to scale G G G G G backwash swash Key sea G groynes sand Fig. 3.1 (a) (i) Suggest why the groynes have been built along this area of coastline. … … [1] (ii) What direction is the prevailing wind blowing from? Circle one correct answer below. north-east south south-west north [1] (iii) What direction is sand moving along the coast? … [1] (b) Further along the coast, the coastline is being severely eroded. Table 3.1 shows how far a hotel is from a cliff edge overlooking the sea between 1989 and 2019. Table 3.1 distance from cliff edge year in metres 1989 94 1999 89 2009 80 2019 74 (i) How many metres of coast have been eroded between 1989 and 2019? … metres [1] (ii) What was the average rate of erosion per year between 1989 and 2019? … metres per year [1] (iii) What type of graph could be used to show the information in Table 3.1? … [1] (iv) A sea wall has been planned to protect the coastline and hotel. Suggest two reasons why some people might disagree with this development. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) to stop erosion/keep the beach/stop longshore drift/longshore drift is 1 removing beach, 3(a)(ii) south west, 1 3(a)(iii) east/to east/from west, 1 3(b)(i) 20 (metres), 1 3(b)(ii) 0.6/7 (metres per year), 1 Divide answer to (b)(i) by 30. 3(b)(iii) bar/line/scatter, 1 3(b)(iv) expensive, 2 damage/destroys habitats, ugly, effects further along the coast, limits access,

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2021

1 Study the map extract for Troon, Scotland. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the south west of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract and answer the questions below. 32 33 34 35 32 32 B E 31 31 Cemy C F A D 30 30 32 33 34 35 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of road at B … [1] (iii) the land use at C … [1] (iv) the height above sea level of the contour at D … metres [1] (v) feature E. … [1] (b) Look at the railway line which runs north from the railway station at F shown on Fig. 1.1. (i) Give the six‑figure grid reference of the railway station at F shown on Fig. 1.1. … [1] (ii) What is the distance along the railway line from the railway station at F to the next railway station to the north? Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) 1150 metres 1850 metres 2150 metres 2400 metres [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the railway station at F to the next railway station to the north. … degrees [1] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross‑section along northing 325 from 340325 to 365325. X 200 200 150 150 metres above metres above sea level 100 100 sea level 50 50 0 0 340325 365325 Fig. 1.2 (i) Identify the feature at X. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the location of the Ayrshire coastal path. [1] (iii) The cross‑section shown on Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross-section. [2] (d) Look at the coastline on the western side of the map extract. (i) Identify three tourist attractions along the coastline of South Bay. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Describe the physical (natural) features of the coastline shown on the map extract. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 20] TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 2

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) cemetery, 1 1(a)(ii) A/main/dual carriageway, 1 1(a)(iii) coniferous trees/scrub, 1 1(a)(iv) 15, 1 1(a)(v) path/route/trail, 1 1(b)(i) 325308, (Allow 324308) 1 1(b)(ii) 2150 m, 1 1(b)(iii) 8–12°, 1 1(c)(i) (secondary/>4m) road, 1 1(c)(ii) path labelled 12–15 mm from left margin, 1 1(c)(iii) land rising then falling, 2 summit 140–150 m, 1(d)(i) golf, 3 club house, (sandy) beach, hotel, war memorial, parking path/walking route/trail, public toilet, cycle route, viewpoint, picnic site, lighthouse, marina, 1(d)(ii) sand/beach, 5 wide beach, rocks/boulders/outcrop, (scree = 0) wave cut platform, flat/gentle, low/5m, headland/point/promontory/cape, Extract from place names throughout. bay, lake/lagoon/pond/pool, island/stack/stump, spring, cliffs at Port Ronnald/headland,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2022

5 Fig. 5.1 shows an area of coastline where a spit has developed. N F town P D nature C X Y reserve E B sea 0 1 A km Key sand X Y site of new groynes Fig. 5.1 (a) Look at Fig. 5.1 and match the correct letter with the terms below. One has been done for you. term letter longshore drift direction B prevailing wind/fetch river estuary salt marsh [3] (b) New groynes are going to be built in the area shown by the line between X and Y in Fig. 5.1. (i) Suggest three different ways this will affect residents of town P. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (ii) Suggest two impacts these new groynes will have on the nature reserve. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) prevailing wind/fetch = A 3 river estuary = F salt marsh = D 5(b)(i) stop erosion/longshore drift/wave action/maintain beach, 3 maintain/improve tourism/economy, visual pollution, beach will protect housing/buildings, 5(b)(ii) erosion of beach/spit/less sand/beach, 2 destruction of habitats, loss of species/vegetation, reduce size of reserve, prevent loss of coral through sedimentation,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2022

4 Fig. 4.1 (Insert) shows a coastal area in Indonesia which is popular with tourists. (a) Describe the physical landscape features shown in Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (b) Suggest how and why the natural feature, labelled A in Fig. 4.1, may change in the future. … … … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) Arch; (accept arc) 5 Cliffs/headland; Steep; Undercut/notch (at base of cliffs); Rock layers/strata; Bare rock/rocky/rocks; (Low rounded) hill(s); Shingle/pebbles; Wave–cut platform; Shallow water; Short/small (as in height) vegetation/abundant/lots of vegetation cover/vegetation overhanging/on cliffs/covered in vegetation; Shrubs/bushes/grass/scrub/trees. 4(b) Arch/feature A collapses/falls/breaks/destroyed; 3 (Headland) left as a stack/island/stump; Attacked by (strong) waves/wave/marine/sea erosion/waves hitting; Along line of weakness/cracks/fractures/faults; Hydraulic action/corrasion/abrasion/solution/corrosion/description of one erosional process; Causes loss of support/arch widens/cannot hold up own weight; (Biological/chemical) weathering/freeze–thaw (attacks surface).

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2022

1 Study the map extract for Saltcoats, Scotland. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the north of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract to answer the questions below. 23 24 25 26 45 45 D Sorbie B F 44 44 A G Sch E C 43 43 23 24 25 26 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the land use at B … [1] (iii) the feature at C … [1] (iv) the height above sea level of the spot height (survey height) at D … metres [1] (v) the name of the river at E. … [1] (b) Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract. (i) Using the map extract measure the distance between roundabouts F and G travelling on the main road (A78) shown on Fig. 1.1. … metres [1] (ii) Measure the bearing from roundabout F to G. … degrees [1] (iii) Using map evidence suggest reasons for the location of the small settlement of Sorbie (2444). … … … … … … [3] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross-section along northing 445 from 230445 to 260445. 150 150 Mill Farm metres metres above 100 100 above sea level sea level 50 50 230445 260445 Fig. 1.2 (i) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of Sorbie Road. [1] (ii) The cross-section shown on Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross-section. [1] (d) (i) Identify three human features of the coastline shown on the map extract. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (ii) Describe the physical features of the coastline shown on the map extract. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) B(714)/secondary road/(ground survey/spot height) 94 (m) 1 1(a)(ii) Coniferous and non-coniferous trees/mixed woodland/forest 1 1(a)(iii) School/important building/school building 1 1(a)(iv) 66 (metres) 1 1(a)(v) Stanley Burn 1 1(b)(i) 2280–2380 (metres) 1 1(b)(ii) 107–113(°) 1 1(b)(iii) South-west aspect for growing crops/shelter; 3 Gently sloping since easy to build/use of machines; On a stream/river for water supply; Woodland for fuel/building; Along a road/track/drive for access/to coast/town; On a slope to avoid flooding; Fields for agriculture; Elevated/high for defence/view; Away from town since less noise/air pollution/peaceful. 1(c)(i) Arrow 63–67 mm from the left-hand margin (accept if no label). 1 Use the ruler devise to measure distance. Arrows should end within 1cm of the cross-section. Measure to the point that the arrow projects to. The arrow should project to the profile and not the base line. There should be no ambiguity. 1(c)(ii) Land descends to 75–88 (metres) above sea level (needs to meet axis). 1 1(d)(i) Ferry/ferry terminal; 3 Harbour; Marina; Groynes; Breakwater; Coast path/national trail/recreational route; (Traffic free) cycle route; Picnic site; Nature reserve; Lighthouse; Parking; Public toilets; Pools (Saltcoats); Slipway. 1(d)(ii) Sand/beach; 5 Rocky/outcrops/wave-cut platform/(loose)rocks/boulders; Dunes/bracken/heath/rough grassland; Headland; Pools/lakes/lagoon; Bay/curved coastline/cove; Island(s)/stacks/stumps; River mouth; Natural harbour; Flat/gentle slope.

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2022

1 Study the map extract for Gourock, Scotland. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features around Spango in the map extract. 23 24 25 76 76 Schs B E C G D 75 75 A F 74 74 23 24 25 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) the type of road at A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the land use at D … [1] (v) the height above sea level of the spot height (survey height) at E. … metres [1] (b) Study the railway line which runs north-east from the railway station at F shown on Fig. 1.1. (i) Give the six-figure grid reference of the railway station at IBM station, shown as F on Fig. 1.1. … [1] (ii) What is the distance along the railway line from the railway station at IBM station F to the next railway station located to the north-east at Branchton, shown as G on Fig. 1.1? … metres [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the railway station at IBM station F to the next railway station located to the north-east at Branchton, shown as G on Fig. 1.1. … degrees [1] (c) Look again at the railway line on the map extract. Describe the relief to the south-east of the railway line. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (d) Describe the physical (natural) and human features of the coastline shown on the map extract. physical features … … … … … … … human features … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) A78/A road/main road/dual carriageway 1 1(a)(ii) School(s) 1 1(a)(iii) Recreation/leisure/sports centre 1 1(a)(iv) Scrub/bracken/heath/rough grassland 1 1(a)(v) 159 (metres) 1 1(b)(i) 234742 1 234743 235742 235743 1(b)(ii) 1950 (metres) accept 1900–2000 1 1(b)(iii) 53 (accept 51–54) degrees 1 1(c) Hilly/hill(s)/accept 2 named hills; 5 Highest point 274–280m; Highest in south/furthest from railway/increase in height with distance from railway; Rounded/knolls; Steep slopes; Steepest in west/north-west/nearest railway/decrease in steepness with distance from railway; North-west facing slopes (near railway)/south-east/south facing slopes near lake/water body; V-shaped valley(s). 1(d) Physical: 7 Bay(s); Headland(s)/point(s); Sand/shingle/beach(es); Rocks/rocky; Mud; Scree/loose rock(s)/boulders/outcrop; Human: Jetty; Lighthouse; Pier; Beacon; Slipway; Landing stage; Dock(s)/quay(s)/port(s). Note: Reserve 3 marks for physical/human. Response must be in correct section.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2023

5 Fig. 5.1 (Insert) shows management techniques used to protect the coastline from erosion. (a) Using Fig. 5.1, name the coastal management techniques shown. A … B … C … D … E … [5] (b) Longshore drift can occur along coastal areas. Draw a labelled diagram to explain how longshore drift occurs. [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) A – gabions/cages filled with rocks; 5 B – beach nourishment/replenishment/sand transportation; C – sea wall/wide promenade; D – rip-rap/rock armour; E – groynes. 5(b) Labels could include: 3 Onshore wind/prevailing wind direction; Waves approach beach at an (oblique) angle; Swash up the beach at an angle (shown by arrows)/carries sediment/materials up the beach; Backwash straight down the beach (shown by arrows)/carries sediment/materials down the beach at a right angle due to gravity; Repeated movement creates a zigzag pattern shown by arrows (possibly not labelled); Eroded material is transported along the coast by waves/overall movement along the coast/arrow showing direction of movement. Note: Accurate diagram with no labels max 1 mark.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2023

3 Fig. 3.1 (Insert) shows a section of coast. (a) Using only Fig. 3.1, name and describe three landforms resulting from coastal erosion. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … 3 … … … … [6] (b) Study the beach in Fig. 3.1. Describe one natural feature of the beach and suggest one reason for this feature. feature … … reason … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) natural arch; 6 perpendicular to beach/longer than wide; narrow; lines of weakness above; jagged edges/bare/weathered rock. ^ sticks out into the sea =0 vegetation on top of arch. headland; vegetation/grass on top; made of chalk/limestone/white rock; (small) cave/arch/has steep cliffs; ^ sticks out into the sea bay; wide; curved; cliffs; tall/steep; stack/stump; just above water level/low; worn down/eroded; isolated/rocky outcrop oval shaped. cave; a small opening/gap in the headland; an enlarged crack. Named features 3@ 1 mark (Reserve) Description 3@ 1 mark (max. 1 mark per feature) (Reserve) Credit similar description only once. Description must refer to a correctly identified landform. Do not credit details of processes. Do not credit landforms described as part of the process of formation of others, e.g. a cave leading to an arch/stack leading to stump. Max. one mark for reference to vegetation. =0 beach wave-cut platform sand dune. 3(b) steeper at the front than at the back/ridge/berm; 2 front more eroded (by destructive waves)/steeper part where waves break; deposition by constructive waves; position moved up beach by storms and spring tides; line of seaweed/debris; deposited where the waves break/marks the high tide line; made of sand/shingle; due to attrition/corrasion; material derived from erosion of cliffs by the waves; more constructive than destructive waves so sand is deposited/deposited by constructive waves/strong swash vs weak backwash; curved; due to wave refraction; beach cusps; the result of wave movement; the smaller the waves the closer together the cusps; sand dunes; deposited by onshore winds/(movement of dry sand on beach). Reasons must refer to a correctly named feature. Feature can be credited in the reasons section. Feature = 1@ 1 mark Reason = 1@ 1 mark ^ gently sloping beach. =0 low-lying beach.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2024

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 (Insert) shows a coastal area in New Zealand. Identify features A – E shown in Fig. 4.1. Choose your answers from: arch beach cave headland sand dune spit stack wave-cut platform A … B … C … D … E … [5] (b) Draw a labelled diagram to explain the formation of a bay and headland along a coastline. [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) A = sand dune 5 B = headland C = wave-cut platform D = beach E = stack 4(b) Layers of hard/more resistant and softer/less resistant rock; 3 At right angles to coast/correct position on diagram/discordant coastline; Waves erode (cliffs)/attack cliffs/caused by erosion/hydraulic action; Cliff retreats; Differential erosion/cliffs along the coastline do not erode at the same rate; Soft rock/clay is less resistant than hard rock so is easier to erode and creates bays; Hard rock/chalk/granite is more resistant than soft rock so sticks out/headland; Soft rock eroded faster than hard rock; Deposition in sheltered bays. Note: Max 1 mark if no labels on diagram. Look for key ideas labelled on diagram. e.g.:

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2024

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the average cliff erosion rate at selected sites in Withernsea, UK. Fig. 4.2 shows the location of the sites. 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 average erosion rate 2.5 (metres per year) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 site Fig. 4.1 1 N 2 0 500 3 m 4 5 Withernsea North Sea 6 7 8 Key 9 settlement 10 road 11 site number 12 13 14 Fig. 4.2 (a) (i) Using Fig. 4.1, state the average erosion rate at site 11. … metres per year [1] (ii) Using Fig. 4.2, suggest a reason why coastal protection methods were located between sites 4 and 7. … … [1] (b) Study Fig. 4.3 (Insert), which shows the coastal protection methods used at Withernsea, UK, between sites 4 and 7. (i) Choose one of the coastal protection methods shown in Fig. 4.3, and explain how it protects the coast. coastal protection method … … … … … [2] (ii) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the coastal protection method chosen. advantages … … … … disadvantages … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 4.3 1 4(a)(ii) Settlement / Withernsea 1 Road 4(b)(i) (Concrete) sea wall/revetment 2 Stops water reaching base of cliff/prevents undercutting; (Sloping so) waves are reflected/deflected/disperses wave energy; Prevent erosion/flooding/barrier to protect land. (Timber) groynes Trap sediment/build up beach; Stop movement by longshore drift/along the coast; Prevents erosion. Rock armour Absorb energy from waves; Traps sediment; Protects the cliff/prevents undermining of sea wall/prevents erosion. 4(b)(ii) 2 for advantages and 2 for disadvantages 4 (Concrete) sea wall Advantages: Prevents erosion/flooding; Strong/stable; Different designs; Can incorporate promenade/walkway; Safe for public; (Relatively) long term use; Doesn’t use up part of the beach. Disadvantages: Poor energy absorption; Wave reflection can destabilise beach; Expensive to build/maintain; Take a long time to construct; Visually intrusive; Can make it difficult to access beach; Destroys coastal habitat. (Timber) groynes Advantages: Effective in beach building; Constructed relatively easily/quickly; Cheap; Prevents/reduces effects of longshore drift. Disadvantages: Frequent maintenance/doesn’t last long; Wood rots; Not attractive; Obstructs people movement along the beach; Down-drift material depletion. Rock armour Advantages: Long lasting; Good energy dissipation; Can be used in exposed sites; Requires little ongoing maintenance; Constructed relatively easily/quickly; Cheaper than sea wall; Disadvantages: Expensive to purchase/transport boulders; Unsafe for public; Unattractive.

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2024

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a sketch of a section of coast at Teignmouth in the UK. N river X sea Fig. 4.1 (i) Using Fig. 4.1, name and describe the feature marked X on the sketch map. name … description … … … … … [3] (ii) On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow with a label to show each of: • the main wind and wave direction • the direction of longshore drift. [2] (b) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of the same section of coast. Using evidence from Fig. 4.2, state three opportunities that this section of coast provides for human activities. Give evidence for each opportunity from Fig. 4.2. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) Name 3 • a spit (Reserve 1) Description • finger shaped projection/long/narrow piece of land/extended/elongated section of land/extension of mainland; • stretches out into the sea/across the river/estuary; • tapered to a point. Allow correct description if feature named incorrectly – avoid ECF. = 0 curving inward /refraction = 0 (not shown in Fig. 4.1), no credit for processes of formation/sand/shingle. 4(a)(ii) Arrow pointing horizontally to the left (to the south) in an appropriate position 2 = longshore drift (1 mark). Arrow pointing obliquely towards the top left of the map/(to the SW) in an appropriate position = main wind/wave direction (1 mark) Must have an arrow to score. Arrows can be anywhere along the coast, but not in the river. Longshore drift arrow needs to be on the N side of the estuary. 4(b) activity evidence 3 swimming – river/beach/beach huts (for changing)/people in water; water sports – kayaks/canoes/sailing boats; recreation/leisure – walking on the sandy spit area/beach huts/picnics on sand/wind-breaks/motor boats/boat trip/hotels; tourism – beach/pier/hotels/parking; restaurants = ^ harbour/port – sheltered position behind the spit/beach/trade; fishing – presence of boats/port/river; industry – adjacent to port (to service boats); settlement/town/housing – sheltered by hills/coastal location (for trade)/flat land; sun-bathing – people lying on beach. children playing/building sand castles – beach Allow the same evidence only once. But evidence can be interchangeable between the activities. Allow trade as an activity. Allow ships for boats. = ^ boating due to boats, water sports since coast surrounded by water, hotels since building built near coast (TV), industries to use water for industrial purposes, boats for transport (too vague), ferries. = 0 infrastructure/employment/coast on their own (TV). shops.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2025

3 Fig. 3.1 (Insert) shows an area of coast in France, Europe. Fig. 3.2 shows a student’s field sketch of the area of coast. Fig. 3.2 (a) Using Fig. 3.1 to help you, label four coastal features on Fig. 3.2. [4] (b) Suggest how feature A shown in Fig. 3.1 is likely to change in the future. Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) • Headland/cliff; 4 • Stack; • Arch; • Wave-cut platform; • Layers/strata; • Cracks/crevices; • Jagged/rough rock; • Beach/sand; • High tide line; • Loose rock (centre right); Note: Labelled to correct feature. If no arrows (unclear of what is being labelled) max. 1. 3(b) How (reserve 1) 4 • Collapses/falls; • Leaves stump/stack/island. Reason (reserve 1) • Eroded by waves/sea; • Hydraulic action/corrasion/abrasion/solution/corrosion (or description of erosional process) (max. 1); • Weathering (biological/chemical); • Along lines of weakness/cracks/crevices; • Causes loss of support/arch widens.

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2025

1 Study the map extract for the Île d’Oléron, France. The scale is 1 : 50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the north of the map extract. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 84 84 B C D 83 P 83 A 82 82 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of road at B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the height above sea level of point D. … metres [1] (b) Give the six-figure grid reference of the crossroads at point D shown in Fig. 1.1. Tick (✓) one box. tick (✓) 370832 342828 832370 842371 [1] (c) Find the museum at le Château-d’Oléron in grid square 4083 and the museum at Saint-Trojan-les-Bains in grid square 3978. (i) What is the straight-line distance from the museum at le Château-d’Oléron to the museum at Saint-Trojan-les-Bains? … metres [1] (ii) What is the compass direction from the museum at le Château-d’Oléron to the museum at Saint-Trojan-les-Bains? … [1] (iii) Measure the compass bearing from the museum at le Château-d’Oléron to the museum Saint-Trojan-les-Bains. … degrees [1] (d) Study the map extract north of northing 82. Identify three different activities that can be done by tourists in this area and state the map evidence for each activity. One example has been done for you. activity map evidence e.g. cycling there is a cycle trail 1 2 3 [3] (e) Fig. 1.2 is a cross-section across the Île d’Oléron along northing 78 from 360780 to 390780. 50 50 40 40 metres above metres above 30 30 sea level sea level 20 20 10 10 0 0 360780 390780 Fig. 1.2 (i) What is the main land-use along this cross-section? … [1] (ii) What is the maximum height of the land along the cross-section? … metres [1] (f) Identify three correct statements about the distribution of the settlements shown on the map extract. Tick (✓) three correct answers. tick (✓) mostly in the north evenly distributed linked by main roads more along the coast mostly in the east mostly on high land [3] (g) Describe the natural features of the west coast between Pointe de Gatseau in grid square 3773 and the northern edge of the map in grid square 3284. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) car park/parking/parking area 1 1(a)(ii) secondary (road)/D26 1 1(a)(iii) water tower 1 1(a)(iv) 5(m) 1 1(b) 370 832 1 1(c)(i) 4650(m) (tolerance 4400–4900) Allow 4.4–4.9 km (km must be stated) 1 1(c)(ii) SSW 1 1(c)(iii) 199° (tolerance 196–201°) 1 1(d) 3 Activity Map evidence Camping Campsite Horse riding Horseback riding centre Sunbathing/relaxing/picnicking/ Beach/sand/sand dunes/seaside resort/plage Swimming sea/body of water/seaside resort Walking/hiking Footpath/trails/woods Visiting/going to/studying Museum Visiting/going to/sightseeing Castle/castle walls Yachting/sailing/boating/water Harbour/port sports Fishing Harbour/port/river Learning about the city/area Tourist information centre Note: 1 mark per completed row. Candidates may interchange relevant map evidence with the activity. 1(e)(i) Wood/brushwood 1 1(e)(ii) 19–23 metres 1 1(f) • (1st) mostly in the north; 3 • (4th) more along the coast; • (5th) mostly in the east. 1(g) • beach(es); 4 • beaches are wide/widest in middle/have variable width/wider in S/narrower in N/wet sand wider in S/wet sand narrower in N; • beaches (largely) covered at high tide/more wet sand than dry sand (area)/mostly wet sand; • beach/sand/wet sand along the (entire length of) coastline/la Grande Plage/ beach is long; • sand dunes; • more dry sand/sand-dunes in the central part; • low lying; • flat/quite flat/relatively flat; • rocks/rocky/rock outcrops/wave cut platform/rock extending into the sea/(more) rock in the north; • coastline is slightly curved/sand has a recurved end (in the south)/spit. Note: allow reference to grid squares/named places instead of N/S and central.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2025