Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2024 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

1 Study the map extract for Sabbio Chiese, Italy. The scale is 1 : 25 000. (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows some of the features in the north of the map extract. 11 12 13 14 60 60 E A 59 59 C 58 58 F D B 57 57 11 12 13 14 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) the type of road at A ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) the name of the river at B ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) the height above sea level of the spot height at C ...................................................... metres [1] (iv) feature D ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (v) the name of the settlement at E. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Give the six-figure grid reference of the trigonometric point, F, shown in Fig. 1.1. ...................................................... [1] (c) Find the settlement of Pavone in grid square 1156. (i) What is the settlement pattern of Pavone? Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) linear nucleated dispersed [1] (ii) Give a reason for this settlement pattern. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Find the yellow provincial road 237 in the north-west of the map extract. (i) What is the distance in metres along the yellow provincial road 237 between the roundabout (circle) in grid square 0958 and the northern edge of the map extract? Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) 1000 m 1400 m 1800 m 2200 m [1] (ii) What is the compass direction from the roundabout (circle) in grid square 0958 to the parking in Sabbio Chiese? ...................................................... [1] (e) Fig. 1.2 is a cross-section along northing 58 from 090580 to 110580. X Y 450 450 400 400 350 350 metres metres above 300 300 above sea level sea level 250 250 200 200 0 0 090580 110580 Fig. 1.2 (i) Identify the feature at X. ...................................................... [1] (ii) Identify the feature at Y. ...................................................... [1] (iii) The cross-section shown in Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross-section. [2] (f) Study the river flowing between Barghe and Sabbio Chiese. Describe the physical (natural) features of the river and its valley. Do not refer to land use beside the river. river ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... valley ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [6] [Total: 20]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) Tarred road 1 1(a)(ii) Sibla 1 1(a)(iii) 560 1 1(a)(iv) Path with signs 1 1(a)(v) Mastanico 1 1(b) 121 575 1 1(c)(i) Linear 1 1(c)(ii) Along/on/next to/in/by the road/river/valley 1 Between river and steep slopes 1(d)(i) 1800 m 1 1(d)(ii) SE/SSE 1 1(e)(i) River/F Chiese/difficult path/boundary of the municipality 1 1(e)(ii) Main road (with 2 and 4 lanes) 1 1(e)(iii) Peak at 450 m (440–460m) 2 Meets left axis at 300–350m 1(f) River: 6 Flowing S/SSE/SE or from N/NNW/NW; Variable width; Islands/splits and rejoins/eyot; Tributaries/confluence; Meandering; Straight sections. Valley: Steep (sides); Flat (floor/in the valley)/flat land on (both) sides of river; Flood plain; U-shaped; Narrow; Variable width; N/NNW/NW – S/SSE/SE direction; NOTE Reserve 2 marks for each

More questions on Settlements (rural and urban) and service provision

2 Study Fig. 2.1, which shows population change for Asia, Europe and the world between 1950 and 2020. 9000 8000 WorldWorld 7000 6000 5000 population (million) AsiaAsia 4000 3000 2000 1000 EuropeEurope 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 year Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) What was the world population in 2020? ...................................................... million [1] (ii) Compare population change in Asia and Europe between 1950 and 2020. Use statistics in your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Table 2.1 shows population data for the United Kingdom in 2018. Table 2.1 birth rate death rate net migration (per 1000 people) (per 1000 people) (per 1000 people) 11.3 9.3 + 3.9 Population change can be calculated as natural population change or overall population change. (i) Using Table 2.1, calculate the natural population change for the United Kingdom. ...................................................... per thousand [1] (ii) Using Table 2.1, calculate the overall population change for the United Kingdom. ...................................................... per thousand [1] (c) Some countries have a falling birth rate. Suggest three reasons why a country’s birth rate might fall. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 8000 1 2(a)(ii) Both increased (overall); 2 Bigger increase in Asia; Asia big increase/more than doubled and Europe slow/small increase /remained steady; Asia from 1300–1400 million to 4500–4600 million/ by 3100–3300 million and Europe from 500-600 million to 700–750 million/ by 100–250 million; NOTE 1 mark for statement, 1 mark for statistics. Million only needed once. Accept calculated difference in range. 2(b)(i) (+) 2 1 2(b)(ii) (+) 5.9 1 2(c) Contraception/birth control/family planning/knowledge of family planning; 3 (Greater access to) abortion; More female employment/career; Education of girls; Later marriage; Less infant mortality (or described); Less child labour/farm labour replaced by machinery; Children not needed for economic support/pensions; Children are expensive to bring up/increase in/high cost of living; Effect of government policies; War; Famine.

More questions on Population dynamics

3 Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which shows a rural settlement in France, Europe. (a) Using Fig. 3.1, explain the factors that may have influenced the site of this rural settlement. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the relationship between size of population and the number of services within each settlement. capitalcapital citycity regionalregional centrecentre largelarge towntown number of services smallsmall towntown villagevillage hamlethamlet size of population Fig. 3.2 Using Fig. 3.2, describe the relationship between size of population and the number of services within each settlement. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (c) Low-order services are found in rural settlements. (i) Which of the following is a low-order service. Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) hospital shoe shop primary school [1] (ii) Explain why low-order services have a small sphere of influence ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... have a low threshold population. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 3(a) (Relief) – gently sloping land easier to build on/farm; 4 (Aspect) – sunny side of the valley; (Shelter) – within the valley and sheltered from wind/rain; (Defence) – high land/cliff from which to defend settlement; Stone useful for building/jobs in quarrying/mining; Wood useful for building/fuel; Road can be used for transport/communication/access/trade. 3(b) Positive (correlation); 1 Higher population, the more services/lower population, the fewer services; High population has high services and low population has low services. 3(c)(i) Primary school 1 3(c)(ii) Small sphere of influence – people not prepared to travel far for low order 2 services / there are lots of them/low-cost items/used frequently don’t merit travel; Low threshold population – few people needed to justify the provision of low order services/used frequently so need less customer/small number of people/income provides business with enough profit.

More questions on Settlements (rural and urban) and service provision

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the average cliff erosion rate at selected sites in Withernsea, UK. Fig. 4.2 shows the location of the sites. 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 average erosion rate 2.5 (metres per year) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 site Fig. 4.1 1 N 2 0 500 3 m 4 5 Withernsea North Sea 6 7 8 Key 9 settlement 10 road 11 site number 12 13 14 Fig. 4.2 (a) (i) Using Fig. 4.1, state the average erosion rate at site 11. ...................................................... metres per year [1] (ii) Using Fig. 4.2, suggest a reason why coastal protection methods were located between sites 4 and 7. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Study Fig. 4.3 (Insert), which shows the coastal protection methods used at Withernsea, UK, between sites 4 and 7. (i) Choose one of the coastal protection methods shown in Fig. 4.3, and explain how it protects the coast. coastal protection method ...................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the coastal protection method chosen. advantages ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantages ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 4.3 1 4(a)(ii) Settlement / Withernsea 1 Road 4(b)(i) (Concrete) sea wall/revetment 2 Stops water reaching base of cliff/prevents undercutting; (Sloping so) waves are reflected/deflected/disperses wave energy; Prevent erosion/flooding/barrier to protect land. (Timber) groynes Trap sediment/build up beach; Stop movement by longshore drift/along the coast; Prevents erosion. Rock armour Absorb energy from waves; Traps sediment; Protects the cliff/prevents undermining of sea wall/prevents erosion. 4(b)(ii) 2 for advantages and 2 for disadvantages 4 (Concrete) sea wall Advantages: Prevents erosion/flooding; Strong/stable; Different designs; Can incorporate promenade/walkway; Safe for public; (Relatively) long term use; Doesn’t use up part of the beach. Disadvantages: Poor energy absorption; Wave reflection can destabilise beach; Expensive to build/maintain; Take a long time to construct; Visually intrusive; Can make it difficult to access beach; Destroys coastal habitat. (Timber) groynes Advantages: Effective in beach building; Constructed relatively easily/quickly; Cheap; Prevents/reduces effects of longshore drift. Disadvantages: Frequent maintenance/doesn’t last long; Wood rots; Not attractive; Obstructs people movement along the beach; Down-drift material depletion. Rock armour Advantages: Long lasting; Good energy dissipation; Can be used in exposed sites; Requires little ongoing maintenance; Constructed relatively easily/quickly; Cheaper than sea wall; Disadvantages: Expensive to purchase/transport boulders; Unsafe for public; Unattractive.

More questions on Coasts

5 Study Fig. 5.1, which shows the processes of the hydrological cycle. B A evapotranspiration C D groundwater flow Fig. 5.1 (a) Name the processes A–D shown in Fig. 5.1. A .......................................................................................... B .......................................................................................... C .......................................................................................... D .......................................................................................... [4] (b) The processes of evapotranspiration and groundwater flow are labelled in Fig. 5.1. Describe each of these processes. evapotranspiration ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... groundwater flow ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 5(a) A – Condensation 4 B – Precipitation / rainfall C – Interception D – Surface run-off/overland flow 5(b) Reserve 1 for each part 4 Evapotranspiration Combination of evaporation and transpiration; Evaporation is change in state of water from liquid to gas/water changed to water vapour; Transpiration is water returned to atmosphere from leaves. Groundwater flow Water moving through rock/aquifer; Permeable/porous/cracks; Downhill/gravity.

More questions on Rivers

6 Study Fig. 6.1, which shows the agricultural system for an arable farm. (a) Complete Fig. 6.1 using the following information. labour planting relief vegetables natural inputs human inputs temperature farm buildings precipitation transport soils subsidies growing season seeds fertilisers pesticides ..................................... machinery ..................................... processes ploughing fertilising pest control weeding harvesting ..................................... outputs cereal flowers crop waste ..................................... Fig. 6.1 [2] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows the main impacts of climate change in Europe. N North Sea Atlantic region Continental region Increase in heavy Increase in temperatures precipitation and and decrease in summer increasing risk of precipitation. river/coastal flooding. Increasing risk of river floods. Mediterranean 0 200 Sea km Key Mediterranean region Continental region Increase in temperatures Mediterranean region and decrease in precipitation. Atlantic region Increasing risk of droughts. Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3 shows facts about agriculture in Europe. 22 million people are directly employed in the farming sector. 40% of landis used for The value of agriculture. 1 cereals, $153 of global agricultural billion in produce 3 8 Farmers of global 2017. exports was and beet 4 sugar 1 of global 2 olive oil. Fig. 6.3 Using Fig. 6.2 and Fig. 6.3, suggest three possible impacts of climate change on agriculture in Europe. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [6] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 6(a) Natural inputs – relief 2 Human inputs – labour Processes – planting Outputs – vegetables 1–2 correct = 1 mark 3–4 correct = 2 marks 6(b) NOTE All bullet points can score, but don’t double credit. 6 Increase in temperatures will: • increase yields; • increase length of growing season; • reduce frosts. Increase in heavy precipitation will: • reduce yields; • destroy crops; • increase soil erosion; • flood fields. Increase in flooding will: • reduce amount of land used for agriculture; • destroy crops; • kill animals; • produce nutrient-rich soil; • cause salination of soil; • bring water-borne disease/contaminants affecting animals/farmers. Decrease in precipitation/droughts/increase in evapotranspiration will: • increase water demand; • increase costs for farmers; • mean lack of water for animals; • cause salination/degraded soil/damaged land. Reduced yields will mean: • less income for farmer; • increase prices; • decrease exports; • shortage of food; • lead to less farmers/less employed in agriculture. Increased yields will mean: • more income for farmer; • reduce prices; • Increase exports. Changes in conditions will: • change areas in which crops are grown; • cause diversification.

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