Population density and distribution — Paper 2 · IGCSE Geography 0460

1 Study the map extract for Ballyvaghan, Ireland. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) The map has blue grid lines which make squares. What area of land does one grid square show? Tick one answer below. Tick (3) 1 km2 10 km2 20 km2 50 km2 100 km2 [1] (b) (i) Height above sea level is shown by contour lines. What is the difference in height between the contour lines on this map? Tick one answer below. Tick (3) 1 m 10 m 20 m 40 m 100 m [1] (ii) What does the green shading in grid square 2807 show? … [1] (c) Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the east of the map extract. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 29 30 31 32 12 12 N67 11 11 C E 10 10 B A 09 09 D 08 08 29 30 31 32 Fig. 1 (i) Identify feature A. … [1] (ii) Identify the type of road at B. … [1] (iii) Give the six-figure grid reference of the road junction at C. … [1] (iv) Give the height above sea level of the spot height at D. … [1] (v) Describe the gradient of the road: between D and E; … [1] between E and C. … [1] (d) Fig. 2 shows the location of the coastal settlements at Ballyvaghan and Bealaclugga. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 11 11 10 10 09 09 BealacluggaBealaclugga 08 08 BallyvaghanBallyvaghan 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Fig. 2 (i) A person travels along the N67 road from the main road junction at Ballyvaghan to the road junction at Bealaclugga. How far does the person travel? Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) How much further does the person travel along the N67 road than the straight line distance between the two points? Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (iii) Which of the following statements describes the directions that the person travels from Ballyvaghan to Bealaclugga? Tick one answer below. Tick (3) north east then south east north east then south west north west then south west north west then south east south east then north east [1] (e) Fig. 3 is a cross section through the summit (top) of Moneen Mountain from 240077 to 290077. (m) 400 400 height level 300 300 sea above 200 200 above sea 100 100 level height 0 0 (m) 240077 290077 Fig. 3 (i) On Fig. 3, use a labelled arrow to show the position of the lake at Lough Luirk. [1] (ii) Using the map, complete the cross section on Fig. 3. [2] (f) Using map evidence, give reasons for the growth of the settlement at Ballyvaghan. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) 1 km2, 1 1(b)(i) 10 m, 1 1(b)(ii) land below 100 m, 1 1(c)(i) (county) boundary, 1 1(c)(ii) third class, 1 1(c)(iii) 316 103/4, 1 1(c)(iv) 25 m, 1 1(c)(v) D – E gentle, 2 E – C steep, 1(d)(i) 6800–7300 (m), 1 1(d)(ii) 1550–2050 (m), 1 Error carried forward. 1(d)(iii) north east then south east, 1 1(e)(i) correct position of Lough Luirk 78–86 mm from left margin, 1 1(e)(ii) summit 250–270m, Not ruler flat or sharply pointed. 2 correct horizontal position of summit 45–52 mm from left margin, 1(f) road junction/route centre, 5 gentle slopes/flat, lowland/below 100 m, quay/harbour/port, visitor centre, earthwork/antiquity, coastal/mountain scenery/to walk/climb, tourism with evidence, services/police/post/school/chapel/church/parking, lake for water supply,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2017

2 Study Fig. 4 and Table 1 (opposite). Fig. 4 shows the population density of the states of India in 2011. Table 1 (opposite) shows the states of India ranked in order of population density in 2011. The states in Fig. 4 are numbered in the rank order of population density shown in Table 1. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 4 (a) Describe the distribution of population shown on Fig. 4. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Table 1 shows how the population of the states has changed between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. The population change for the whole of India was +18%. Table 1 State Rank in % change State Rank in % change 2011 since 2001 2011 since 2001 Bihar 1 +25 Gujarat 15 +19 West Bengal 2 +14 Orissa 16 +14 Kerala 3 +5 Madhya 17 +20 Pradesh Uttar 4 +20 Rajasthan 18 +22 Pradesh Haryana 5 +20 Uttarakhand 19 +19 Tamil Nadu 6 +16 Chhattisgarh 20 +23 Punjab 7 +14 Meghalaya 21 +28 Jharkhand 8 +22 Jammu and 22 +24 Kashmir Assam 9 +17 Himachal 23 +13 Pradesh Goa 10 +8 Manipur 24 +18 Maharashtra 11 +16 Nagaland 25 –1 Tripura 12 +15 Sikkim 26 +13 Karnataka 13 +16 Mizoram 27 +24 Andhra 14 +11 Arunachal 28 +31 Pradesh Pradesh (i) Which state had the greatest percentage increase in population? … [1] (ii) Which state had a decrease in population? … [1] (c) Compared to the change for the whole of India of +18%, how has population changed in the states: (i) in the south; … … [1] (ii) in the north east? … … [1] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) high/over 1000 in north east/Bihar and West Bengal, 4 high/501–1000 in 2 of Uttar Pradesh/Haryana/Punjab, high/501–1000 in south/Kerala and Tamil Nadu, low/<250 in centre/2 of Madhya Pradesh/Rajasthan/Chhattisgarh, low/<250 in north west/north/2 of Jammu and Kashmir/Uttarakhand/Himachal Pradesh, low/<250 in north east/2 of Manipur/Nagaland/Sikkim/Mizoram/Arunachal Pradesh/Meghalaya, medium/moderate/251 – 500 in centre/between low in centre and high in south/from coast to coast/ 2 of Goa/Maharashtra/Karnataka/Andhra Pradesh/Gujarat/Orissa, One correct use of units justifies the rest. 2(b)(i) Arunachal Pradesh, 1 2(b)(ii) Nagaland, 1 2(c)(i) low(er) increase, 1 2(c)(ii) varies from state to state, 1 some high and some low increases,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2017

1 Study the map extract, which is for Lillehammer, Norway. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the south-west part of the map extract. (a) Study Fig. 1 and the map extract and answer the questions below. 73 74 75 76 77 79 79 78 78 A 77 77 E B 76 76 D 75 75 C 74 74 73 73 72 72 73 74 75 76 77 Fig. 1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1: (i) feature A; … [1] (ii) feature B; … [1] (iii) feature C; … [1] (iv) the height of the land at D; … metres [1] (v) the type of building at E. … [1] (b) State three pieces of evidence that tourism is a main function of Vingnes. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) Describe the natural features of the lake Mjøsa between northing 78 and the southern edge of the map. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Identify the feature at grid reference 815818. … [1] (e) Describe the distribution of the main settlements on the map extract. … … … … … … [3] (f) Fig. 2 shows northing 73 between the west shore of lake Mjøsa and the western edge of the map, divided into four sections, A, B, C and D. western west shore edge direction of movement of lake of map Mjøsa Brattberg D C B A northing 73 Fig. 2 The descriptions of relief are: gentle downhill slope, steep downhill slope, gentle uphill slope, steep uphill slope, deep valley, shallow valley Complete the table to describe the relief along the four sections of grid line 73, starting from the lake, moving from east to west. Choose one description from the list above for each section. Section Description A … … B … … C … … D … … [4] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) power line 1 1(a)(ii) Marsh 1 1(a)(iii) (marked prepared) ski trail 1 1(a)(iv) 673 1 1(a)(v) farm/farmhouse 1 1(b) swimming, 3 ski jump, sports park, (illuminated) ski trail, hotel/lodging, restaurant, nature reserve/nature conservation area, marked footpath, café, boatshed, Credit best three answers given. 1(c) variable width/widens to south/narrows to north, 4 island(s), 119–123 m, nature conservation area/nature reserve, river mouth(s)/tributary(ies), delta, bends/not straight, flow to south, 1(d) trigonometric point, 1 1(e) near lake/lake side/by Mjøsa, 3 both sides (of lake), more on east side, confluence (of rivers/valleys), on low(er)/avoids high(er), on gentle(r)/on flat(ter)/avoids steep(er), in valley(s), on/along roads, 1(f) A steep uphill slope, 4 B gentle uphill slope, C gentle downhill slope D shallow valley, If more information given, credit correct answers unless information is from more than one answer from the list.

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2017

1 Study the map extract for Vangsvatnet, Norway. The scale is 1:25 000. Fig. 1 shows some of the features around the lake of Vangsvatnet. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions on the opposite page. 51 52 53 54 26 26 D F 25 25 E C H B G 24 24 J A 23 23 51 52 53 54 Fig. 1 (a) Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1: (i) feature A; … [1] (ii) feature B; … [1] (iii) feature C; … [1] (iv) the height above sea level at trigonometric point D; … [1] (v) feature E; … [1] (vi) the name of river F; … [1] (vii) the feature of the river in area G. … [1] (b) A person walks along the edge of the lake from H to J. How far does the person walk? Circle one correct answer below. 1500 m 1800 m 2100 m 2400 m [1] (c) Describe the route of the railway from the western edge of the map to the settlement at Bulken. … … … … … [2] (d) Fig. 2 shows an area in the north west of the map extract. Describe the relief of this area. 49 50 51 29 29 H o r n 28 28 49 50 51 Fig. 2 … … … … … … … … … … [5] (e) Describe the distribution of cultivation and forest in the area shown by the map extract. Cultivation … … … … … … … … Forest … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) power line, 1 1(a)(ii) road, 1 1(a)(iii) hotel/lodging, 1 1(a)(iv) 625 m, 1 1(a)(v) cultural monument, 1 1(a)(vi) Dyrvo, 1 1(a)(vii) delta/distributaries, 1 1(b) 1800 m 1 1(c) on south side of lake, 2 bridge over lake, on north side of lake, (allow side of lake once if south/north not stated) tunnel, keeps low/flat/avoids high/avoids steep, 1(d) high/mountainous, 5 steep, 1103 m, lowest 680–700 m, valley (in east), V shape, spur/ridge (in west), gentler summit, double summit/two high points, convex, 1(e) Cultivation 5 low(er), gentle(r), near lake, in valley, below 400 m, (allow any height lower than 400 m) more in south east/south, Forest high/higher than the cultivation, avoids highest land/summits, steep(er), below 600/800 m, Reserve 1 for each.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2017

1 Study the map extract for Bordalen, Norway. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the north west of the map extract. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 57 58 59 21 21 D B 20 20 C A 19 19 57 58 59 Fig. 1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1: (i) feature A; … [1] (ii) the name of river B; … [1] (iii) the height above sea level of the spot height at C; … metres [1] (iv) the height above sea level of the contour at D. … metres [1] (b) Fig. 2 shows the location of two grid squares in the south east of the map extract. These are square 6316 at Færes-fjellet and square 6416 at Grønahorgi. Study the two areas and answer the questions below. 63 64 65 17 17 Færes-fjellet Grønahorgi 16 16 63 64 65 Fig. 2 The table below compares the features of the two areas. Complete the table by putting ticks in the correct five boxes. Use only one tick for each row. Square 6316 Square 6416 Both these Neither of at Færes-fjellet at Grønahorgi areas these areas lakes forest marsh glaciers land over 1100 m above sea level [5] (c) Fig. 3 is a cross section along northing 20 from 590200 to 620200. A B C level 800 800 level sea 600 600 sea above 400 400 above 200 200 metres metres 0 0 590200 620200 Fig. 3 (i) Name the river at A. … [1] (ii) Identify the feature at B. … [1] (iii) Identify the type of land use at C. … [1] (iv) The cross section shown on Fig. 3 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 3 to complete the cross section. [1] (d) A person walks uphill from the bridge over the main river south of Rjodo (608173) to the trigonometric point at Litraknappen (623167). (i) In which compass direction does the person travel? … [1] (ii) What distance does the person travel in a straight line? … [1] (iii) How many metres does the person climb? Circle one correct answer below. 568 m 668 m 768 m 868 m [1] (e) Describe the distribution of farms and houses shown on the map. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (marked) footpath, 1 1(a)(ii) Tomasgrovi, 1 1(a)(iii) 916 (m), 1 1(a)(iv) 600 (m), 1 1(b) 5 Square Square Both these Neither of 6 316 at 6 416 at areas these areas Færes-fjellet Grønahorgi lakes 9 forest 9 marsh 9 glaciers 9 land over 1 100 m 9 above sea level More than 1 tick per row = 0, except for the first row where ticks in both the first two boxes and all of the first three boxes is allowed. 1(c)(i) Roesgrovi, 1 1(c)(ii) road, 1 1(c)(iii) cultivation, 1 1(c)(iv) valley completed clearly steeper than rest of slopes but not dropping below 1 200 m, (use the ruler device along the 200 m line) 1(d)(i) south east/east south east, 1 1(d)(ii) 1 550–1 750 m/1.55–1.75 km, 1 1(d)(iii) 568 m, 1 1(d)(e) on/near cultivated land, 4 along/near roads, in valley(s)/on valley side(s), west facing slope, on gentle(r)/avoids steep(er), (on flat = 0, but allow flat qualified) on low(er)/avoids high(er)/200–500 m, linear/dispersed/scattered/sparsely distributed, (nucleated spoils) none/few in forest, (more) in north, in centre/none in east/west, (also allow SE, NE, SW and NW)

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2017

1 Study the map extract, which is for Mesnali, Norway. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the southern part of the map extract. (a) Study Fig. 1 and the map extract and answer the questions below. 92 93 94 95 96 97 78 78 B 77 77 A C 76 76 75 75 F D 74 74 E 73 73 92 93 94 95 96 97 Fig. 1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1: (i) feature A; … [1] (ii) feature B; … [1] (iii) the height of the land at C; … [1] (iv) the main land use in grid square D; … [1] (v) the land use at E; … [1] (vi) feature F. … [1] (b) List three services in the settlement of Mesnali. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) Identify ways in which the settlement of Mesnali differs from that of Nattrudstilen. Do not write about services. … … … … … … [3] (d) Describe the relief of Snørvillen in grid squares 9581 and 9681. … … … … … … [3] (e) (i) Measure the distance along the power line from the junction of power lines in Mesnali at 911755 to where the power line leaves the southern edge of the map in grid square 9773. Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) State the bearing of the power line from the junction of power lines in 9175 to where the power line leaves the southern edge of the map in grid square 9773. … degrees [1] (f) Fig. 2 shows the river Fjellelva’s course between two lakes. 90 94 86 86 Kroksjøen Fjellelva R. Sjusjøen 80 80 90 94 Fig. 2 (i) State the direction in which the river is flowing. The river flows to the … [1] (ii) Give two pieces of evidence to support your answer. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 20 marks]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (marked) footpath, 1 1(a)(ii) ski lift, 1 1(a)(iii) 626 m, 1 1(a)(iv) forest, 1 1(a)(v) cultivation, 1 1(a)(vi) trigonometric point, 1 1(b) grocery, 3 hotel/lodging, swimming, illuminated ski trail, church, nursing home, electricity/power line, council offices, 1(c) M has built-up area N has not/M more built up, 3 M has no/few cabins/N has some/many, M has farms N none, M houses N none, M dominant buildings N none, M smaller area N larger area, M is a town N is a resort, M on lower ground/N higher, M higher density/N lower density 1(d)(i) hill/high/mountain, 3 ridge/elongated/oval shape, 995 m, concave slope, steep(er) to north/south, gentle(r) to east, 1(e)(i) 6800–7200 (metres), 1 1(e)(ii) 111–114 (degrees), 1 1(f)(i) south, 1 1(f)(ii) lake Kroksjøen higher/Sjusjøen lower/882–879 m and 810–806 m, 2 907/905/899 m–835 m, contour shape, angle of tributaries,

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2017

1 Study the map extract for Geitsida, Norway. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the south east of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 61 62 63 64 65 52 52 C B 51 51 D 50 50 A 49 49 61 62 63 64 65 Fig. 1.1 (i) Identify the type of road at A. … [1] (ii) Identify feature B. … [1] (iii) What is the height of contour C? … metres [1] (iv) What is the six-figure grid reference of the road junction at D? Tick one correct answer below. Tick (3) 652511 509648 648510 648508 648509 [2] (b) A person travels along the road from the northern edge of the map at Nyheim to the eastern edge of the map at Atnbrua. (i) In which compass direction does the person travel? Tick one correct statement below. Tick (3) north west to south east south east to north west north east to south west south west to north east [1] (ii) How far does the person travel along the road? Tick one correct statement below. Tick (3) 7200 metres 7800 metres 8400 metres 9000 metres [1] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross section along northing 58 from 580580 to 640580. 1300 1300 1200 1200 1100 1100 height height 1000 1000(metres) (metres) 900 900 800 800 0 0 580580 640580 Fig. 1.2 (i) Using the map, complete the cross section on Fig. 1.2. [2] (ii) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of Voldalen. [1] (iii) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of Midtvola. [1] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows the mountainous area around Geitsida in the west of the map extract. 55 56 57 58 58 58 57 57 Geitsida 56 56 55 55 55 56 57 58 Fig. 1.3 Describe the relief of the area shown on Fig. 1.3. … … … … … … … … [3] (e) Look at the whole of the map extract. (i) Describe the distribution of cultivation and forest. … … … … … … … … [3] (ii) Describe the relationship between roads and relief. … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) state/country/district road, 1 1(a)(ii) hotel/lodging, 1 1(a)(iii) 1200 (metres), 1 1(a)(iv) 648509 = 2, 2 648508 = 1 1(b)(i) north west to south east, 1 1(b)(ii) 8400 metres, 1 1(c)(i) 1000 m–1050 m, 2 summit between 75 and 85 mm from left, 1(c)(ii) Voldalen between 45 and 60 mm from left, 1 1(c)(iii) Midtvola between 70 and 87 mm from left, 1 In each part of (b) use the ruler device to measure the answers. Arrows should end within about 1 cm of the profile. Measure to the point that the arrow projects to. There should be no ambiguity. Allow labels by names or question numbers. 1(d) upland/mountains/high, 3 steep slopes, heights 1200–1560 metres, many/small/narrow/V-shaped valleys, (max 2) spurs/ridges, several summits/peaks, at least 3 1(e)(i) in low(er) land/avoids high(er)/avoids over 1000 m, 3 in valley(s), in NE/N/E, NW and SE don’t spoil response. cultivation within forest, cultivation on valley floor, cultivation lower/forest higher, (comparison) cultivation on gentle(r), forest on steep(er), 1(e)(ii) follow valleys, 3 keep low(er)/avoid high(er)/avoid over 800 m, on gentle(r)/flat qualified /avoids steep(er), on valley floor, on eastern side of valley, on steep land in south,

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2018

2 Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which shows the population distribution of Iran, a country in Asia. (a) Which three of the following statements about the population distribution of Iran are true? Tick three boxes. Statement Tick (3) the north is more densely populated than the south the population is evenly distributed there are no areas with a population of over 80 people per km2 there are large areas with a population of over 80 people per km2 the west is more densely populated than the east the border with Pakistan is densely populated most of the country is densely populated the coastline of the Persian Gulf is densely populated the coastline of the Caspian Sea is densely populated [3] (b) Name one country shown on Fig. 2.1 which does not have a boundary with Iran. … [1] (c) Fig. 2.2 shows rainfall in Iran. Iran – rainfall Armenia AzerbaijanTurkey N Caspian Turkmenistan Sea Rasht Afghanistan Iraq Pakistan Kuwait Saudi Arabia Persian Gulf Key 0 400 rainfall (mm) km over 1200 401–1200 101–400 0–100 boundary of Iran other international boundary Fig. 2.2 Describe the relationship between population density shown on Fig. 2.1 (Insert) and rainfall shown on Fig. 2.2. … … … … … … [2] (d) Fig. 2.3 shows the relief of Iran. Iran – relief Armenia AzerbaijanTurkey N Caspian Turkmenistan Sea Afghanistan Iraq Pakistan Kuwait Saudi Arabia Persian Gulf Key 0 400metres above sea level km over 2000 401–2000 201–400 0–200 boundary of Iran other international boundary Fig. 2.3 Describe the relationship between population density shown on Fig. 2.1 (Insert) and relief shown on Fig. 2.3. … … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) the north is more densely populated than the south, 3 the west is more densely populated than the east, the coastline of the Caspian Sea is more densely populated, For every tick more than 3 deduct one mark. 2(b) Kuwait, 1 Saudi Arabia, 2(c) wetter areas more dense/drier areas less dense/positive correlation, 2 areas with less than 100 mm sparse, (development) areas with over 400 mm dense, (development) For the two development points don’t allow comparatives such as less dense, fewer people. 2(d) high areas more densely populated/low areas less dense/positive 2 correlation, no strong relationship, over 2000 m more dense, (development) sparsely populated lowland/along Persian Gulf/in centre, (development) densely populated lowlands/0–200 m around Caspian Sea/in north, (exception)

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2018

4 Fig. 4.1 (Insert) shows the distribution of population in Botswana, southern Africa. (a) Describe the distribution of population shown on Fig. 4.1. … … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Fig. 4.2 shows the annual rainfall of Botswana. 600 N 550 500 450 400 400 350 350 300 250 450 500 Key 550 0 160 km international boundary 350 line of equal annual rainfall (mm) Fig. 4.2 Using Figs. 4.1 (Insert) and 4.2, which two of the following statements are true? Tick two boxes to show which statements are true. Tick (✓) there is a larger population in the drier areas there is a larger population in the wetter areas most areas with less than 300 mm of rainfall have less than 1 person per km2 most areas with more than 400 mm of rainfall have more than 10 people per km2 the wettest area in the north is more densely populated the driest areas in the west are more densely populated [2] (c) Fig. 4.3 shows the relief of Botswana. N 1000 1000 1200 1100 1000 800 900 1200 1100 1100 1200 Key 1000 0 160 km international 900 boundary 1100 contours (metres above sea level) Fig. 4.3 Using Figs. 4.1 (Insert) and 4.3, which two of the following statements are true? Tick two boxes to show which statements are true. Tick (✓) the area above 1200 m in the south east is more densely populated all the area above 1200 m in the west has more than 10 people per km2 all the area below 900 m in the south has more than 10 people per km2 the area below 1000 m in the east has no areas with more than 10 persons per km2 there is a strong relationship between population density and relief there is no strong relationship between population density and relief [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) more / dense in E / SE / SSE, Extract if other areas given 4 >10 / km2 in E / SE / SSE, less / sparse in centre / W / SW / NE, Extract if other areas given < 1 / km2 in west / centre / W / SW / NE, overall sparse / low, small area(s) of dense(r) population / >10 / km2, (smaller = 0) large area(s) very low / < 1 / km2 / medium / 1–10 km2, (larger = 0) dense(r) areas along borders, (edges = 1, coast = 0) 4(b) there is a larger population in the wetter areas, 2 most areas with less than 300 mm of rainfall have less than 1 person per km2, 4(c) the area above 1200 m in the south east is more densely populated, 2 there is no strong relationship between population density and relief,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2019

1 Study the map extract for Degeberga, Sweden. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some features in the west of the map extract around the main settlement of Degeberga. 41 42 43 44 45 90 90 E A 89 89 Degeberga B 88 88 C 87 87 D E 86 86 41 42 43 44 45 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the height above sea level at spot height D … metres [1] (v) the height above sea level of contour E. … metres [1] (b) Fig. 1.2A shows an area in the north west of the map extract and Fig. 1.2B shows an area in the south east of the map extract. Study the two areas and answer the questions below. 42 43 44 48 49 50 92 92 88 88 Råholmen 91 91 87 87 Sågverk 90 90 86 86 42 43 44 48 49 50 Fig. 1.2A Fig. 1.2B The table below compares the features of the two areas. Complete the table by putting ticks in the correct five boxes. Use only one tick for each row. Area in Area in Both these Neither of Fig. 1.2A Fig. 1.2B areas these areas ✓ Example: motorway flat land steep land gentle slopes mostly forest mostly arable land [5] (c) Fig. 1.3 shows a cross section along northing 86 from 440860 to 510860. 125 125 level 100 100 level sea sea 75 75 coastline above 50 50 above 25 25metres metres 0 0 440860 510860 Fig. 1.3 (i) On Fig. 1.3, use labelled arrows and the letter shown to show the positions of: public road 19 (X) the Segesholmsån river (Y). [2] (ii) On Fig. 1.3, complete the cross section. [2] (d) Look at the coastal settlement around Nyehusen and Furuboda. Give map evidence that suggests that this is a tourist settlement. … … … … [2] (e) Find the following two triangulation points: the 22 m triangulation point south of Nyehusen the 129 m triangulation point near Norrlia, south of Degeberga. (i) Give the compass direction from the 129 m triangulation point to the 22 m triangulation point. … [1] (ii) Measure the bearing from the 129 m triangulation point to the 22 m triangulation point. … degrees [1] (iii) What is the six-figure grid reference of the 129 m triangulation point near Norrlia? … [2] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) public road, (ignore width) 1 1(a)(ii) church 1 1(a)(iii) mast 1 1(a)(iv) 33 (m) 1 1(a)(v) 100 (m) 1 1(b) 5 flat land 9 steep land 9 gentle slopes 9 mostly forest 9 mostly arable 9 land 1(c)(i) public road 28–32 mm from left hand margin, 2 river 97–101 mm from left hand margin 1(c)(ii) land continuously rising to the left hand margin, 2 highest point over 100 m but not more than 112 m 1(d) bathing, 2 leisure/second homes, camp site/camping, roads give access to sea, dunes, cycle path(s) 1(e)(i) ENE/NE 1 1(e)(ii) 63–67° 1 1(e)(iii) 438 855 = 2 2 43_85_ = (correct square) 1

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2019

1 Study the map extract for Knislinge, Sweden. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the west of the map extract. 38 39 40 41 42 43 25 25 A B 24 24 23 23 E C D 22 22 21 21 38 39 40 41 42 43 Fig. 1.1 (a) Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of land at B … [1] (iii) the type of natural vegetation at C … [1] (iv) the height of the contour D … [1] (v) feature E. … [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows the area around the town of Knislinge. 40 47 31 31 Key road Knislinge runway F Knislinge R 26 26 40 47 Fig. 1.2 (i) State the width of the road labelled F. … metres [1] (ii) Describe the general pattern of the main roads shown on Fig. 1.2. … … [1] (c) A runway to the east of Knislinge is labelled R on Fig. 1.2. Find this runway on the map extract. (i) Measure the length of the surfaced section of the runway. Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) Give the compass direction along the surfaced runway from the end near Sigfridssten to the other end near Bivarödsmölla. … [1] (d) Describe the features of the river between the western edge of the map extract at 380260 and its confluence with the river Helge å in grid square 4425. … … … … … … … … [4] (e) Fig. 1.3 shows the area around the town of Hanaskog. 38 42 46 27 27 24 24 Hanaskog 21 21 38 42 46 Fig. 1.3 (i) Using the map extract, describe the distribution of the arable land in the area shown on Fig. 1.3. … … … … [2] (ii) Using the map extract, state one way in which the distribution of woodland in the area shown on Fig. 1.3 differs from that of the arable land. … … [1] (f) Find the lake called Araslövssjön in the south east of the map extract. (i) Name the type of vegetation on the edges of the lake. … [1] (ii) State one way in which the lake is used. … [1] (g) Fig. 1.4 is a cross section along northing 23 from 400230 to 470230. metres metres 40 40 20 20 0 0 400230 470230 west east Fig. 1.4 On Fig. 1.4, using labelled arrows, mark the positions of: (i) a railway (R) [1] (ii) the river Kälan (K). [1] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) turning place, 1 1(a)(ii) other/open (land), 1 1(a)(iii) deciduous forest, 1 1(a)(iv) 25 m, 1 1(a)(v) (municipality) boundary, 1 1(b)(i) 5–7, 1 1(b)(ii) radial/route centre/nodal point/focus on town/branch out from town, 1 1(c)(i) 2000–2200, 1 1(c)(ii) SSE/SE, 1 1(d) at least 6 m wide, 4 flows east, braided/island/splits and re-joins, meanders, cut-off/oxbow, (4025) straightened, (3826) gentle gradient, two/few/small tributary/ies, dam, 1(e)(i) in valley(s) 2 near river(s), on low(er) land/land below 25 m (any figure below)/avoids high(er) land, on gentle(r) slopes/on flat(ter)/avoids steep(er) slopes, 1(e)(ii) steep(er) slopes, 1 high(er) land/hills/any figure between 25 m and 74 m, (more) in the west/south/less in the east/north, 1(f)(i) marsh (liable to flooding), 1 1(f)(ii) nature reserve, 1 1(g)(i) railway/R 76–80 mm from the western edge, 1 1(g)(ii) river Kälan/K 24–27 mm from the western edge, 1

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2019

2 Fig. 2.1 (Insert) shows population density in Chile in South America. Fig. 2.2 (Insert) shows some influences on population density. Use the information on Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only to answer the following questions. (a) (i) What is the population density of region 6? … people per square kilometre [1] (ii) In which part of Chile is the region with the highest population density? Circle the correct answer below. centre east north south west [1] (iii) Explain why population density is low in region 2. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Suggest possible difficulties of living in region 8. … … … … [2] (b) State one advantage of the position of Santiago as the capital of Chile. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 40–99.9, 1 2(a)(ii) centre, 1 2(a)(iii) desert/dry/rainfall shortage, hot, mountains/highland, (2 marks maximum) 3 steep slopes in east/mountains, cold on mountains, wet on mountains, little/less oxygen at high altitude, danger from active volcano, high evaporation rates, agriculture difficult in mountains/desert, transport/building difficult in mountains, 2(a)(iv) cold temperatures, 2 therefore farming is impossible/difficult, remote/isolated/far away, many islands so difficult transport/accessibility, 2(b) central so as close to rest of country as possible/accessible from other regions, 1 connects north and south, near the (regions with the) highest population densities,

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2019

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the population densities of countries in Africa. N Tropic of Cancer Key Equator population density (people per km2) more than 120 81 – 120 41 – 80 16 – 40 Tropic of Capricorn less than 16 SouthSouth AfricaAfrica 0 1000 km Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) State the population density of South Africa, shown in Fig. 2.1. … people per km2 [1] (ii) Using Fig. 2.1, describe the distribution of countries with 81 – 120 people per km2. … … … … … [2] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows the areas of equatorial and hot desert climates in Africa. N Tropic of Cancer Equator Key equatorial climate hot desert climate Tropic of Capricorn 0 1000 km Fig. 2.2 (i) Using Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, describe the population density of the area of hot desert south of the equator. … … … … [2] (ii) In Fig. 2.1, use the letter D to label a hot desert country which is densely populated. [1] (c) Using Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, describe the population density of the area of equatorial climate. … … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 41–80 (per km2), 1 2(a)(ii) northern hemisphere/in north, 2 (mostly) coastal, in east and west, (allow NE and NW) more/4 in west, 2(b)(i) sparse, 2 less than 16 per km2, small area 41–80 per km2/41–80 per km2 in south/South Africa, 2(b)(ii) Egypt labelled with a D on Fig. 2.1) 1 2(c) variable/mixed/uneven, 2 more than 120 to less than 16 per km2, dense(r) on coast/sparse(r) inland, dense(r) in west/ sparse(r) in east,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2020

2 Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 give information about the population densities and the economies of Bangladesh and Australia. Use Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 to answer the questions on the opposite page. Bangladesh Key people per km2 1300 and over 900 – 1299 700 – 899 <700 N Bangladesh is the world’s second largest textile exporter with earnings from garments forming 52% of Bangladesh’s total income from exports. The country lacks metallic minerals but has natural gas. 0 100 km Fig. 2.1 Australia N Australia is the world’s largest exporter of coal, iron ore, lead, diamonds and zinc, the second largest exporter of gold and uranium, and third largest exporter of aluminium. Key people per km2 >10 1.1 – 10 0 1000 0.1 – 1.0 km less than 0.1 Fig. 2.2 (a) Using Fig. 2.1, describe the distribution of areas with more than 1300 people per km2 in Bangladesh. … … … … [2] (b) An under-populated country is one where there are too few people to use all the resources to maximum efficiency. An over-populated country is one where there are too many people to be supported to a good standard by the resources of the country. (i) Give evidence from Fig. 2.1 which suggests that Bangladesh is an over-populated country. … … … … … … … [3] (ii) Give evidence from Fig. 2.2 which suggests that Australia is an under-populated country. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) in north, 2 in centre, inland, 2(b)(i) dense population, 3 no sparse areas, no/few minerals, relies on manufacturing, 2(b)(ii) sparse population, 3 centre very sparse/<0.1/ km2, very large area, rich in minerals but exports,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2020

1 Study the map extract for Esneux, Belgium. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the north west of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 02 02 NEUPRÉ A A 01 01 B B 00 00 E F 99 99 D C 98 98 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) feature D … [1] (v) the height above sea level of the geodetic (trigonometric) point at E … metres [1] (vi) the height above sea level of the contour at F … metres [1] (b) Find the small settlements at Tavier and Hody in the south west of the map extract. Both settlements have a church. (i) What is the straight-line distance from the church at Tavier to the church at Hody? Give your answer in metres. … metres [1] (ii) What is the compass direction from the church at Tavier to the church at Hody? … [1] (iii) Measure the bearing from the church at Tavier to the church at Hody. … degrees [1] (iv) Give the six-figure grid reference of the church at Tavier. … [1] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross section along northing 00 from 810000 to 860000. 400 400 river 300 300 height height (metres) (metres) 200 200 100 100 0 0 810000 860000 Fig. 1.2 (i) In Fig. 1.2, use labelled arrows to show the position of: • the N633 road • the railway [2] (ii) The cross section shown in Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line in Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross section. [1] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows an area in the south of the map extract. 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 96 96 ANTHISNES 95 95 94 94 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Fig. 1.3 Which three of the following statements describe the relief and drainage of the area shown in Fig. 1.3? Tick only three boxes below. Tick (3) It is an area of steep and gently sloping relief It is a mountainous area It is flat land The highest point is 250 m The area is all steeply sloping There is a flood plain The land is below 300 m There are few rivers There is a large river There is swamp or marsh [3] (e) Find the settlement of Douxflamme in the south east of the map extract. Describe the site and reasons for the growth of the settlement. … … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (secondary) road, 1 1(a)(ii) high voltage line, 1 1(a)(iii) water tower, 1 1(a)(iv) castle, 1 1(a)(v) 258 (m), 1 1(a)(vi) 200 (m), 1 1(b)(i) 2300–2400 m, 1 1(b)(ii) south east/east-south east, 1 1(b)(iii) 111–113° 1 1(b)(iv) 752/3967, 1 1(c)(i) correct position of N633 road, 2 correct position of railway, 1(c)(ii) land rising to a summit below 250 m, 1 1(d) it is an area of steep and gently sloping relief, 3 the land is below 300 m, there are few rivers, 1(e) on valley floor, ) 4 on valley side, ) in valley alone = 1 junction of valleys, accessibility (dev.), road junction, bridge point, railway, water from river, woodland for fuel,

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2020

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the settlement hierarchy in South Holland, an area in the United Kingdom. N DoningtonDonington SpaldingSpalding Holbeach SuttonSutton Long BridgeBridge Sutton Key main road CrowlandCrowland railway 0 8 km 1st order 2nd order settlement hierarchy 3rd order 4th order Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Using evidence from Fig. 2.1, suggest why Spalding has become the main town in South Holland. … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 2.1, compare the main road links of the second and third order settlements. … … … … [2] (b) In Fig. 2.1, draw the possible sphere of influence of Long Sutton, a second order settlement. [1] (c) The distribution of settlements in Fig. 2.1 is not even. Suggest one possible reason for this. … … [1] (d) Fig. 2.2 shows the relationship between settlement order and number of settlements in South Holland. 30 20 number of settlements 10 4 3 2 1 low high settlement order Fig. 2.2 (i) Using information from Fig. 2.1, plot the number of third order settlements in Fig. 2.2. [1] (ii) Describe the relationship between settlement order and number of settlements in South Holland shown in Fig. 2.2. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) (close to) road junction, 2 railway, (fairly) central, on main road, 2(a)(ii) second order all close to roads, 2 some/a few third order on roads but not all/some not on roads, 2(b) sphere to include at least two nearby settlements but not Holbeach or 1 Sutton Bridge, 2(c) Differences in: (could be implied) 1 relief, drainage, agriculture, mineral wealth, industrial development, 2(d)(i) 11 third order settlements plotted correctly, 1 2(d)(ii) negative relationship/inversely proportional/more lower order/fewer higher 1 order,

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2020

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the population distribution of South America. N Equator 0° 0° Atlantic Tropic of Ocean Capricorn Pacific Ocean Key population per km2 over 100 41–100 0 600 1200 6–40 km 0–5 Fig. 2.1 (a) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the distribution of areas with: (i) 0–5 people per km2 … … … … [2] (ii) more than 40 people per km2. … … … … [2] (b) Fig. 2.2 is a simplified relief map of South America. N Equator 0° 0° Atlantic Tropic of Ocean Capricorn Key Pacific altitude (metres Ocean above sea level) mostly above 2000 mostly 200–2000 0 600 1200 mostly below 200 km Fig. 2.2 (i) What is meant by a relief map? … … [1] (ii) Describe the relationship between population density shown in Fig. 2.1 and relief shown in Fig. 2.2. … … … … [2] (c) Using Figs. 2.1 and 2.2, suggest why there are areas of both high and low population density along the Equator. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) in north/in north west/along Equator/north of Equator/north of Tropic, 2 in south/south of Tropic, inland/centre/middle, 2(a)(ii) in north west, 2 in east/south east, coastal/bordering ocean/edge of continent/near ocean, 2(b)(i) map showing height/altitude/elevation/slope/shape/hills, 1 2(b)(ii) low(er) density in lowlands/below 200 m/density decreases as height 2 decreases, high(er) density in highlands/above 2000 m/200–2000 m/density increases as height increases, 2(c) low and high altitude/altitude varies, 1 coastal and inland areas, highland cooler/lowland hotter, highland difficult to build, disease in lowlands, coast cooler/more accessible/disease free/easier to trade,

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2021

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the distribution of population in southern Pakistan and Fig. 2.2 shows the severity of drought in southern Pakistan. 0 100 200 N km Key people per km2 ≥ 400 Bahawalpur 200–399 Kech 100–199 10–99 < 10 Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Calculate the actual population density for Kech. total population = 606 980 total area = 22 539 km2 population density of Kech ……………… people per km2. [1] (ii) Complete Fig. 2.1 for Bahawalpur which has a population density of 80 people per km2. [1] 0 100 200 Sahiwal N Quetta km Multan Nushki Sibi Kalat Key Nok Kundi area of severe drought Panjgur Jacobabad Turbat Hyderabad Karachi Umarkot Fig. 2.2 (b) (i) Using Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, describe to what extent severe drought is likely to affect the population in southern Pakistan. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest three factors other than drought which could explain the distribution of areas of low population density in southern Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 27/26.9/26.93 per km2, 1 2(a)(ii) Bahawalpur with vertical shading, 1 2(b)(i) E and W affected, 3 centre not affected, W/SW low population density therefore little effect, SE drought affected moderate population density/10–199 per km2, Allow place names for locations. 2(b)(ii) steep slopes/high relief, 3 inaccessible, poor soil/infertile, famine/food shortage/hunger, heat/cold, pests, crop/animal disease, lack of resources, natural disaster/floods/earthquake/tsunami, lack of amenities/schools/hospitals/education, war/conflict, disease, migration, lack of economic development/industry/employment,

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2021

2 (a) Table 2.1 gives information about the population of the nine provinces of South Africa. Which type of graph would be most suitable to show the information about population in Table 2.1? … [1] Table 2.1 % of South Africa’s province population Eastern Cape (EC) 14.6 Free State (FS) 6.2 Gauteng (GP) 20.1 KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) 20.9 Limpopo (LP) 11.3 Mpumalanga (MP) 7.4 Northern Cape (NC) 2.3 North West (NW) 7.1 Western Cape (WC) 10.1 Total 100.0 (b) Table 2.2 gives information about estimates of migration between the provinces from 2016 to 2021. Table 2.2 province in-migrants out-migrants net migration Eastern Cape (EC) 191 435 515 648 –324 213 Free State (FS) 147 246 160 107 –12 861 Gauteng (GP) 1 595 106 544 875 1 050 231 KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) 307 123 360 830 –53 707 Limpopo (LP) 278 847 417 453 –138 606 Mpumalanga (MP) 285 678 212 271 73 407 Northern Cape (NC) 82 502 76 832 North West (NW) 317 261 207 662 109 599 Western Cape (WC) 485 560 175 831 309 729 (i) Which one of the nine provinces has the largest number of people arriving and the largest number of people leaving? … [1] (ii) Calculate the net migration of Northern Cape province. … [1] (c) Fig. 2.1 shows the location of the nine provinces and their GDP per capita. GDP is a measure of wealth. Key GDP (US $ per capita) province boundary international boundary >10 000 8001–10 000 6001–8000 LPLP 4001–6000 0–4000 GPGP MP NW FSFS KZN NC N sea EC sea WC 0 200 km Fig. 2.1 Describe the distribution of the provinces with a GDP per capita between US$ 0 and 6000. … … … … [2] (d) Using Table 2.2 and Fig. 2.1, describe the link between net migration and GDP per capita in South Africa. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) pie/divided bar/bar, 1 2(b)(i) Gauteng, 1 2(b)(ii) 5 670 1 2(c) in east, 2 in north/north east and south/south east, on edge/borders/coast, 2(d) poor(er,est)/low(er,est) GDP provinces lose population/emigration/low 3 (er,est) net migration/negative migration, e.g. EC/KZN/LP, (development point) rich(er,est)/high(er,est)/GDP provinces gain population/immigration/high (er,est) net migration/positive migration, e.g. GP/WC, (development point)

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2021

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the countries in the world which had an average life expectancy of more than 74 years in 2019. Key average life expectancy more than 74 years Fig. 2.1 (a) Using Fig. 2.1, describe the distribution of countries with an average life expectancy of more than 74 years. … … … … … … [3] (b) Table 2.1 shows the average life expectancy in Africa by gender and region in 2019. Table 2.1 region male female Northern Africa 71 74 Eastern Africa 62 66 Southern Africa 61 67 Central Africa 58 61 Western Africa 56 58 average 61.6 (i) Calculate the average female life expectancy for Africa. … years [1] (ii) Using the information in Table 2.1, complete the bar graph (Fig. 2.2) for males in Central Africa. [1] 80 70 60 50 life expectancy 40 (years) 30 20 10 0 Northern Eastern Southern Central Western Africa Africa Africa Africa Africa Key male female Fig. 2.2 (iii) Using Table 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, compare the average life expectancy of males and females in Africa. Do not use statistics in your answer. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) North America, 3 South America, America alone = 1 Europe, North Africa, Middle East, S/E/SE/SW Asia/China, Australia/Australasia, uneven, in north/northern hemisphere, 2(b)(i) 65.2, 1 2(b)(ii) 58 plotted, 1 2(b)(iii) females longer, 3 in every region, Southern Africa biggest difference (between males and females), Western Africa smallest difference (between males and females), Northern Africa longest for both, Western Africa shortest for both,

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2022

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the change in population density in France from 2010 to 2020. 120 119 118 117 116 population 115 density (people per km2) 114 113 112 111 110 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 years Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Using Fig. 2.1, state the population density in France in 2018. … people per km2 [1] (ii) Using Fig. 2.1, describe the change in population density in France between 2010 and 2020. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Which one of the following could explain why the population density in France as shown in Fig. 2.1 is increasing? Tick (3) one box below. tick (3) positive net migration negative net migration urban to rural migration [1] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows the population density of the five most densely populated regions in France in 2019. regions Île-de-France Hauts-de-France Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Brittany Pays de la Loire 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 population density (people per km2) Fig. 2.2 (i) Complete Fig. 2.2 by adding the following information: Pays de la Loire 120 people per km2. [1] (ii) The Pays de la Loire region has an area of 32 082 km2. Calculate the total population of this region. Show your working and answer in the box below. Answer: … people [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 118.4 1 2(a)(ii) increased; 3 114.5 in 2010 and118.8/9 in 2020/by 4.3/4 people per km; by 0.4–0.5 people per year; steeper/quicker increase 2010–2014 (credit within range); gentler/slower increase 2014–2020 (credit within range); (OR rate of increase decreases over time = 1) 2(a)(iii) positive net migration 1 2(b)(i) correct completion of 120 people per sq. km (ignore shading) 1 2(b)(ii) 120  32 082 2 3 849 840 (people)

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2022

1 Study the map extract for Beith, Scotland. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the south-west of the map extract. Study Fig. 1.1 and the map extract and answer the questions below. 55 55 D C 54 54 A B 53 53 32 33 34 35 Fig. 1.1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) feature B … [1] (iii) feature C … [1] (iv) the height above sea level of the spot height (survey height) at D. … metres [1] (b) Study the map extract and answer the questions that follow. (i) Estimate the area of Kilbirnie Loch in the south of the map extract. Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) 1 km2 1.5 km2 2 km2 2.5 km2 [1] (ii) Identify three tourist attractions shown on the map extract. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) Fig. 1.2 is a cross-section along northing 557 from 320557 to 350557. 80 80 road metres 60 60 metres above above sea 40 40 sea level level 20 20 320557 350557 Fig. 1.2 (i) On Fig. 1.2, use a labelled arrow to show the position of the A760. [1] (ii) The cross-section shown on Fig. 1.2 is incomplete. Using information from the map extract, draw a line on Fig. 1.2 to complete the cross-section. [2] (d) Describe the distribution of settlement to the west of the A760 main road. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (e) Describe the site of the settlement of Beith. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20] TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 2

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (Current or former) place of worship/church with tower 1 1(a)(ii) Multiple track railway; 1 Warehouses. 1(a)(iii) Road more than 4 m wide; 1 Beith. 1(a)(iv) 71 (metres) 1 1(b)(i) 1 km² 1 1(b)(ii) Fishing; 3 Nature reserve; Visitor centre; Parking; Public house; Golf club or links; Castle; Loch. 1(c)(i) 45 mm (43–47 mm) from left hand axis 1 Use the ruler device to measure distance. Arrows should end within 1 cm of the cross-section. Measure to the point that the arrow projects to. The arrow should project to the profile and not the base line. There should be no ambiguity. 1(c)(ii) Rises to 75–85 (metres); 2 Falls on west to 60–65 (metres). 1(d) Sparsely populated; 5 Dispersed/scattered/spread out; Hamlets; Farms/isolated dwellings/isolated buildings; On higher land/top of hills; More than 50 (metres) above sea level; On gentle(r) slopes; No settlements along Dipple Burn; Along roads/linked by roads. 1(e) On gentle(r) slopes; 4 On higher land; 50–110 (metres); NW facing; At meeting point/junction/intersection of roads/route centre; Near streams/rivers/burns; Overlooking/1 km to the Loch.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2022

2 Fig. 2.1 (Insert) shows global population density. (a) Describe the distribution of densely populated areas and sparsely populated areas. Densely populated areas … … … … Sparsely populated areas … … … … [4] (b) One of the factors which affects population distribution is an area’s suitability for agriculture. Fig. 2.2 shows the global percentage of areas which are suitable and unsuitable for agriculture. 0 % 90 10 80 20 70 30 60 40 Key 50 soil suitable for agriculture soil not suitable for agriculture: too dry lacks minerals too thin too wet permafrost Fig. 2.2 (i) Complete Fig. 2.2 using the information below: too wet 10% permafrost 6% [2] (ii) Using Fig. 2.2 only, describe how soil affects the world’s agriculture. Do not use statistics in your answer. … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) Densely: 4 No pattern; In northern hemisphere/in north; Few/sparse; 3 countries/areas; In Asia; In Europe; Coastal. Sparsely: Far north/far south; In every continent/throughout world/widely distributed; All of Australasia. 2(b)(i) Correctly drawn line at 90% (no tolerance) or 94% (1° tolerance) too wet = 2 36°; Correctly shaded: biggest segment (crossed diagonals) too wet, smallest segment (horizontal dashes) permafrost; Accept any order. Use the protractor tool. 2(b)(ii) Very important/depends on soil; 2 Only small proportion can be cultivated; Large area of world has soil problems which limits agriculture/most not suitable; Smallest impact is permafrost; Main problems are too dry/lacks minerals/too thin.

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2022

2 Fig. 2.1 (Insert) is a photograph showing the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, an LEDC. (a) (i) Using the figures below, calculate the population density for the city of Rio de Janeiro Total population = 6 565 317 Total area = 1221 km2. … per km2 [1] (ii) Give evidence from Fig. 2.1 that suggests that the city has a high density of population. … … … … [2] (iii) Give evidence from Fig. 2.1 that suggests that physical factors are limiting the growth of the city. … … … … … … … … [3] (b) Suggest two different ways in which traffic congestion affects the city’s population. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 5377 (per km²) 1 2(a)(ii) High rise/tall buildings/multi-storey; 2 Buildings crowded together/clustered/compact/nucleated; Little open/green space. 2(a)(iii) Little development on highland/mountains/hills/development concentrated 3 on low land; Little development on steep slopes/cliffs/unstable slopes/little flat land; (Dense) forest prevents expansion; Water/sea surrounds city preventing expansion. 2(b) Air pollution causes asthma/breathing difficulties/health problems/ 2 sickness; Noise pollution causes hearing loss/stress/reduces sleep; People late to work/longer travelling time cause road rage/stress/affects people’s mental health; Deliveries/freight delayed; Speed of response to emergencies (hospital/fires) causes increased risk to life; More accidents cause more injuries/insurance claims/vehicle repairs.

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2022

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the population density of provinces in The Netherlands, a country in Europe. 0 50 Key km population per km2 more than 1000 North Sea 900 – 1000 400 – 899 N 200 – 399 less than 200 The Netherlands international boundary provincial boundary U Germany Belgium Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) State the population density of Utrecht province, shown by U in Fig. 2.1. … per km2 [1] (ii) Describe the population distribution of The Netherlands shown in Fig. 2.1. Do not use statistics in your answer. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 2.2 is a simplified relief map of The Netherlands. 0 50 Key km more than 4 m below sea level North 1 – 4 m below sea level Sea 0 – 25 m above sea level more than 25 m above sea level N The Netherlands international boundary Germany Belgium Fig. 2.2 Describe the relationship between population density shown in Fig. 2.1 and relief shown in Fig. 2.2. … … … … … … [3] (c) Study the area with a population density of over 1000 per km2 shown in Fig. 2.1. Suggest one reason for this high population density. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 900–1000 (per km2) 1 Note: Need whole range not a single figure. 2(a)(ii) Dense(r) in west; 3 Dense(r) on the coast/by North Sea/sparser inland; Dense(r) on west coast = 2; Dense(r) in centre; Sparse(r)/(second) least in south-west; Sparse(r) in north/north-east/north-north-east/(North Sea) islands; Moderate/medium/average density in the south/east/south-east; Uneven distribution. Note: For dense(r) allow high(er)/more dense/increase. For sparse(r) allow low(er)/less dense/decrease. Allow population for population density. 2(b) Negative/inverse relationship/as relief decreases population density 3 increases/as relief increases population density decreases; Dense areas below S.L. /1–>4 m /1>4m below S.L.; Sparse areas (generally) above S.L. /0–25 m/>25 m above S.L./areas above S. L., have low to moderate/medium/average population density; Some areas/anomaly below S.L. have a sparse population; South-west sparse but below S.L. /1–4 m below S.L.; Sparse areas in the north/north-east all above S.L. /0–25 m above S.L.; Moderate/medium/average populated areas are above S.L./0–25 m/ 0–>25 m/>25 m above S.L.; No clear relationship in the east; Note: Allow lower for sparse and higher for dense. If the candidate refers to data, use the following table: Population Density Dense/High Moderate/Medium Sparse/Low 900 – >1000/>1000 200 – 399/200 – 0 – <200/200 – 399/0 – per/sq.km 899/400 – 899 per 399 per sq.km sq.km Note: Allow population for population density. Credit ranges of figures. Do not double credit e.g. using the same figures for sparse and moderate population. 2(c) Trade/exports/imports/access to shipping routes/providing harbours; 1 Rich/fertile land/soils; Mineral wealth or named mineral (e.g. iron ore/coal); Moderate climate; More accessible/more roads and railways/transport by ship; Passenger/ferry ports/port development/hinterland for port; Fishing; Manufacturing industry/oil refineries; Beaches/tourism; Water supply from rivers; Flat/low land for construction; Capital city.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2024

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which shows the population density of Kenya, an LEDC in eastern Africa. The capital city of Kenya is Nairobi. Calculate the population density of Nairobi and complete the following table. population land area (km2) population density 4 397 073 704 … km2 [1] (b) Using Fig 2.1, describe the distribution of population in Kenya. Tick (✓) two correct answers. tick (✓) There is even population density. There is uneven population density. Population is concentrated in the centre of Kenya. Population is concentrated in the north of Kenya. Population density is high along country borders. Population density is low along the coastline. [2] (c) Study Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert). Fig. 2.2 shows the relief in Kenya, and Fig. 2.3 shows climatic zones in Kenya. Using Figs. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert), suggest reasons why some areas of Kenya are more densely populated than others. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) 6245.8/km² 1 (NOTE allow 6246/km² or 6245.84/km²) 2(b) There is uneven population density; 2 Population is concentrated in the centre of Kenya. 2(c) Dense population: 5 Low(er) areas easier to build/farm; Coastal areas/Indian Ocean for fishing/trade; Coastal areas/Indian Ocean for tourism; Lake (Victoria)/Uganda for trade/communications; Lake (Victoria) for water supply; Nairobi/capital city for employment; Cool(er) temperatures better for farming/living conditions; High(er) temperatures along coast lead to tourism; High(er) rainfall better for farming; Sparse population: High(er) areas difficult to build/farm; High(er) temperatures worse for farming/living conditions; Lower(er) rainfall worse for farming;

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2024

3 Table 3.1 shows the settlement hierarchy of Copeland District in northern England. Table 3.1 Content removed due to copyright restrictions. (a) Describe the relationship between: (i) rank and population size … … [1] (ii) rank and amount of settlements. … … [1] (b) Identify one service found in the small towns but not in the villages. … … [1] (c) Fig. 3.1 shows the distribution of the settlements listed in Table 3.1. N 9 13 1.Whitehaven 15 5 10 12 14 2.Cleator Moor 7 8 17 3.Egremont 18 6 16 Irish Sea Key 0 10 km district boundary main road principal town and key centres 11 4.Millom4.Millom 16 village Fig. 3.1 (i) Describe the distribution of settlements shown in Fig. 3.1. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest reasons for the distribution of settlements shown in Fig. 3.1. … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) Positive relationship; 1 Directly proportional; High(er) rank = high(er) population/low(er) rank = low(er) population. 3(a)(ii) Negative relationship; 1 Inversely proportional; High(er) rank = low(er) number/low(er) rank = high(er) number, 3(b) Comparison shops; 1 Secondary school. NOTE Only credit services named in Table 3.1. 3(c)(i) Uneven distribution; 3 In N/NW/WNW/more in N than S; In W/near the coast;(close to coast needs more than one settlement) Large areas with no settlement/centre has no settlements; Isolated area/few/one town/Millom/two settlements/one village in S/SE some/many inland; On/along/at the side of/near the (main) road/main towns at junction of (main) roads; Around/surrounding/close to/near Whitehaven. NOTE. Allow town/principal town and key centre as interchangeable. 3(c)(ii) Mineral wealth/mining or named mineral; 2 Water supply; Flat/gently sloping land/low land/avoiding highland/steep slopes; Better/fertile soils; Manufacturing industry by main road for accessibility to services/markets/ports/for trade/schools/transfer of goods/hospitals; Whitehaven/St Bees/Seascale/on coast/access to sea for trade/exports/imports/transfer of goods/shipping routes/fishing/ ports/harbours; Tourism; By principal towns/key centres/Whitehaven for the availability of services/schools/hospitals/large shops/high(er) order shops/range of goods/employment. NOTE Do not double credit e.g. for services/named services/trade.

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2024

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 (Insert) shows the population density of the South Island of New Zealand. (i) How is the information in Fig. 2.1 shown? Tick (3) one box in the table. method tick (3) choropleth map flow diagram isoline map pictogram [1] (ii) Describe the distribution of areas with a population density of less than 1 per square kilometre and with 100–more than 100 per square kilometre. less than 1 per sq km … … … 100–more than 100 per sq km … … … [3] (b) One region in the South Island of New Zealand has a population of 55 760 and a land area of 12 555 square kilometres. Calculate its population density. … per sq km [1] (c) Fig. 2.2 (Insert) is a simplified relief map of the South Island of New Zealand. Describe the relationship between population density in Fig. 2.1 and relief in Fig. 2.2. … … … … [2] (d) State one physical factor, other than relief, which might affect population density. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) choropleth map. 1 2(a)(ii) ˂ 1 person per sq km (Reserve 1) 3 • in S/SW/SSW; • in the centre/inland/middle. 100 +>100 people per sq km (Reserve 1) • in E/SE; • coastal; • in the north. = ^ near the S. Pacific Ocean (TV), uneven distribution, edge of the map. 2(b) 4.4 people per sq km (accept 4.3 to 4.5) (55760 ÷ 12555) 1 4 people per sq km (since rounded down to the nearest whole number) Mark is for the correct answer not the calculation. 2(c) • high(er) density on lowlands/below 200 m/density increases as altitude 2 decreases/inverse relationship; • low(er)/less density on higher land/on the highlands/density decreases as altitude increases; • relationship is not perfect/weak/is not very clear in places/not very proportional; • in the south/south-west there is lowland but a low population. Allow inverse relationship only once. = ^ there are flat areas with low population density (needs where). = 0 no correlation between population density and relief, no reference to relief/population categories unless stated in MS. 2(d) • climate/weather/temperature/rainfall; 1 • vegetation/forest; • presence of rivers/lakes/water supply/water bodies/the sea; • presence of raw materials; • soils. Allow any correct answer. = ^ fish/fishing, natural hazards, named hazards, e.g. earthquakes/volcanic eruptions/tropical storms/ tsunamis.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2025