Sound — Paper 3 · IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654

13 (a) A student is climbing a mountain. State the type of energy gained by the student as she climbs. … energy [1] (b) The student makes a loud noise as she climbs and hears the echo from another mountain a few seconds later. The student knows the distance to the other mountain. Describe how she can calculate a value for the speed of sound in air. … … … … … … [3] (c) On the mountain, the student is exposed to both infra-red and ultraviolet waves. Infra-red and ultraviolet are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 13.1, put infra-red and ultraviolet waves in their correct places in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. visible γ-rays microwaves light Fig. 13.1 [2] (d) The student uses a camera to take photographs when she reaches the top of the mountain. The camera uses a converging lens. Fig. 13.2 shows an incomplete ray diagram for a converging lens forming an image. object F F Fig. 13.2 (i) On Fig. 13.2, complete the ray diagram to show the three rays of light after they have passed through the lens. One ray has been drawn for you. [1] (ii) On Fig. 13.2, draw an arrow ↓ to show where the image is formed. [1] (iii) State the name of points F. … [1]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 13(a) gravitational (potential) energy ; 1 13(b) measure the number of seconds / time between noise and echo ; divide distance by time ; divide double the distance / multiply by 2 ; 3 13(c) infra-red to right of visible ; ultraviolet to left of visible ; 2 13(d)(i) middle ray passes through without deviation and bottom ray passes out parallel to principal axis ; 1 13(d)(ii) inverted arrow drawn at intersection of three rays ; 1 13(d)(iii) principal focus / focal point ; 1

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2017

4 (a) A polar bear swims 687 km in 9 days without stopping. Complete the following steps to calculate the average speed of the polar bear. Show your working in each step. Step 1 Calculate the distance in metres travelled by the polar bear. distance = … m Step 2 Calculate the time in seconds taken by the polar bear for this journey. time = … s Step 3 Use your answers to Steps 1 and 2 to calculate the average speed, in metres per second, of the polar bear for this journey. average speed = … m / s [3] (b) Polar bears spend a lot of time on floating ice. A polar bear must exert as small a pressure as possible when standing on the ice. State the two quantities that are needed to calculate the pressure exerted by the polar bear on the ice. … and … [2] (c) Recent research suggests that the audible frequency range for polar bears is between 50 Hz and 35 000 Hz. (i) State the audible frequency range for a human. from … Hz to … Hz [1] (ii) Ultrasound waves have a very high frequency that cannot be heard by humans. Devices which emit ultrasound waves have been tested to see if they can keep polar bears away from people. Suggest a suitable frequency for the waves emitted by such a device. … Hz [1] (d) Scientists use thermal imaging cameras to detect polar bears travelling on the ice. Thermal imaging cameras use infra-red radiation. Infra-red radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Name one other part of the electromagnetic spectrum and give a use for that radiation. radiation … use … … [2]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) distance = 687 000 (m) ; time = 777 600 (s) ; 0.88 (m / s) ; 3 4(b) area ; force (weight) ; 2 4(c)(i) 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz ; 1 4(c)(ii) any value between 20 000 to 35 000 Hz ; 1 4(d) named electromagnetic wave ; use ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2017

6 (a) A microwave oven contains a motor which produces a quiet sound with a high pitch. (i) State whether the sound waves produced have a large or small amplitude. Explain your answer. the amplitude is … because … … [1] (ii) State whether the sound waves produced have a high or low frequency. Explain your answer. the frequency is … because … … [1] (b) Some water is heated in the microwave oven for five minutes. Fig. 6.1 shows how the temperature of the water changes with time. 100 temperature / ºC 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 time / minutes Fig. 6.1 (i) On the graph, mark with the letter B a point when the water is boiling. Explain your answer. … … [2] (ii) State what is meant by the term boiling point. … … [1] (iii) When the liquid water boils, it turns into steam. Steam is a gas. Fig. 6.2 shows the arrangement of particles in a solid, a liquid and a gas. A B C Fig. 6.2 Use ideas about the arrangement and spacing of particles to state and explain which diagrams, A, B or C, best describe water and steam. Explain your answer. water … explanation … … steam … explanation … … [2] (c) Fig. 6.3 shows the mains electrical cable of the microwave oven. electrical cable Fig. 6.3 State one electrical hazard that is visible in Fig. 6.3. Explain why using the microwave oven could be dangerous. hazard … explanation … … [2] (d) The microwave oven uses microwaves. Microwaves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig. 6.4 shows an inaccurate electromagnetic spectrum drawn by a student. γ -rays X-rays ultraviolet microwaves infra-red radio increasing wavelength Fig. 6.4 State two errors shown in Fig. 6.4. 1 … … 2 … … [2] Please turn over for Question 7.

11 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) small amplitude because quiet noise / amplitude determines loudness ; 1 6(a)(ii) high frequency because high pitch / frequency determines pitch ; 1 6(b)(i) B anywhere from 2 minutes to 5 minutes ; temperature is constant when boiling / water boils at 100 o C ; 2 6(b)(ii) temperature at which a liquid boils / turns into a gas ; 1 6(b)(iii) water – B AND particles are close together / touching and randomly arranged ; steam – C AND particles are widely spaced / spread out (and randomly arranged) ; 2 6(c) cable broken / no insulation / wire exposed ; danger of electrocution / short circuit / electric shock / fire ; 2 6(d) visible light is missing ; microwaves and / or infra-red in wrong place / in each other’s place ; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2017

6 (a) Table 6.1 shows the audible frequency range of four animals. Table 6.1 animal lowest frequency / Hz highest frequency / Hz bat 2000 110 000 dog 50 50 000 elephant 5 12 000 mouse 1000 100 000 (i) State the meaning of the term audible frequency range. … … … [1] (ii) State the audible frequency range for a human. lowest frequency … Hz highest frequency … Hz [2] (iii) State which animal in Table 6.1 can hear a sound with the highest pitch. … [1] (iv) State which animal in Table 6.1 has the smallest audible frequency range. … [1] (b) An elephant communicates with other elephants using infrasound. This is a very low frequency sound wave. An infrasound wave takes 2.9 seconds to travel 1.0 km from one elephant to another. Calculate the speed of infrasound waves in m / s. State the formula you use and show your working. formula working speed = … m / s [2] (c) The mass of an elephant is 3000 kg. The volume of the elephant is 2.9 m3. Calculate the average density of the elephant. State the formula you use, show your working and give the unit of your answer. formula working density = … unit … [3]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) range of frequencies that can be heard by an organism ; 1 6(a)(ii) 20 Hz ; 20 000 Hz ; 2 6(a)(iii) bat ; 1 6(a)(iv) elephant ; 1 6(b) speed = distance / time or 1000 / 2.9 ; 340 m / s ; (allow 344.8 m / s) 2 6(c) density = mass / volume or 3000 / 2.9 ; 1034.5 ; kg / m3 ; 3

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2018

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a teacher using a photocopier. Fig. 9.1 Complete the sentences to describe how a photocopier works. Electrons are added to a light sensitive plate to give the plate a … charge. To attract ink to the light sensitive plate, the ink powder is given a … charge. This is because … charges attract. [3] (b) In a thunder cloud the movement of charge creates lightning and thunder together. A scientist sees the lightning and then hears the thunder 10 seconds later. (i) The sound travels at 330 m / s. Calculate how far away she is from the lightning. Show your working and state the unit distance = … unit … [3] (ii) Suggest why the scientist hears the thunder later than she sees the lightning. … … [1] (c) The scientist drives away from the thunder storm. The engine of the car provides a horizontal force of 5000 N. The wind from the storm also pushes the car forwards with a force of 500 N. (i) Calculate the resultant horizontal force acting on the car. resultant force = … N [1] (ii) The wind then changes direction and pushes the car backwards with a force of 500 N. Calculate the horizontal force the car engine must provide to produce the same resultant force as in (c)(i). force from car engine = … N [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) negative ; positive ; unlike / opposite ; Max 3 9(b)(i) (distance =) speed × time or 330 × 10 ; 3300 ; m ; 3 9(b)(ii) sound travels slower than light ; 1 9(c)(i) 5500 N ; 1 9(c)(ii) 6000 N ; 1

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2019

3 (a) A girl runs around a 400 m athletics track. State a device she could use to measure precisely the time this takes. … [1] (b) Fig. 3.1 shows the speed-time graph for her run around the track. 5 4 speed m / s 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 time / s Fig. 3.1 (i) Label with the letter X a point on the graph when the girl is running at constant speed. [1] (ii) Label with the letter Y a point on the graph when the girl is at rest. [1] (iii) The girl’s deceleration is greater than her acceleration. Describe the evidence for this from the graph. … … [1] (iv) Calculate the distance travelled by the girl in the first 15 seconds of her run. distance = … m [2] (c) When she returns home, the girl rings the doorbell. The electric circuit for the doorbell contains a cell, a switch and an electric bell all connected in series. is the symbol for an electric bell. (i) Complete the circuit diagram for the doorbell. [2] (ii) The potential difference across the electric bell is 6 V. The resistance of the electric bell is 2 Ω. Calculate the current in the circuit. current = … A [2] (iii) The girl hears the bell clearly. State the approximate range of audible frequencies that the girl is able to hear with healthy hearing. from … Hz to … Hz [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) stopwatch ; 1 3(b)(i) X anywhere on horizontal section ; 1 3(b)(ii) at t = 0 s or t = 110 s ; 1 3(b)(iii) as the gradient is steeper / changed speed in a shorter period of time ; 1 3(b)(iv) use of area under graph or 0.5 × 15 × 4 ; = 30 (m) ; 2 3(c)(i) correct symbols for cell and switch ; all connected in series ; 2 3(c)(ii) V = IR, I = V / R, 6 / 2 ; 3 (A) ; 2 3(c)(iii) 20 (Hz) to 20 000 (Hz) ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2019

6 (a) A team of students enter a competition to see who can build the highest tower from identical wooden cubes. One cube has a mass of 200 g. One cube has a volume of 250 cm3. (i) Calculate the density of one wooden cube. density = … g / cm3 [2] (ii) Calculate the weight of each wooden cube. gravitational field strength = 10 N / kg weight = … N [2] (b) Fig. 6.1 shows the towers of cubes built by two teams. Team A’s tower is only 6 cubes tall before it falls over. Team B’s tower reaches 10 cubes tall and stays standing. Team A Team B Fig. 6.1 (i) Use ideas about stability and centre of mass to suggest why team A’s tower falls over. … … [2] (ii) Explain why more work is done to lift a cube to the top of the tower as the tower gets taller. … [1] (iii) State the type of energy that is greater for a cube at the top of the tower compared with a cube lower down the tower. … [1] (c) One student hits two cubes together. He hears the sound echo from the back wall of the room. The time interval from the student hitting the cubes to the student hearing the echo is 0.25 seconds. The distance to the wall is 39 m. Calculate the speed of sound through the air. speed of sound = … m / s [3] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) ρ = m / v or 200 / 250 ; 0.8 (g / cm3) ; 2 6(a)(ii) W = mg, 0.200 × 10 ; 2 (N) ; 2 6(b)(i) the position of the COM in A is not through the centre of the tower base / COM is not directly above the base ; it is unstable, (or opposite for B) ; 2 6(b)(ii) it is lifted up through the furthest distance compared to the other blocks ; 1 6(b)(iii) gravitational potential ; 1 6(c) s = d / t ; (39 + 39) / 0.25 ; 310 m / s ; 3

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2019

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a bar magnet. It is not known which end is the north pole or the south pole. Fig. 6.1 (i) A boy has a second bar magnet. He knows which end is the south pole and which end is the north pole. Describe how he can use the second magnet to determine which end is the south pole and which end is the north pole of the magnet in Fig. 6.1. … … … [2] (ii) Draw the pattern and direction of magnetic field lines around the bar magnet in Fig. 6.2. N S Fig. 6.2 [3] (b) The boy hears music from a radio. The loudness of the music increases. At the same time, the music changes to a lower pitch. State how the amplitude and the frequency of the sound wave change as the loudness increases and the pitch becomes lower. amplitude … frequency … [2] (c) The boy has healthy hearing so he can clearly hear the sounds from the radio. State the range of audible frequencies that the boy can hear. from … Hz to … Hz [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) bring the known pole of the magnet towards the unknown pole of the other magnet; if it attracts it is the opposite pole OR if it repels it is the like pole; 2 6(a)(ii) complete field lines drawn (at least two to top, two to bottom); incomplete field lines drawn; arrows showing direction N to S; 3 6(b) amplitude – increases; frequency – decreases; 2 6(c) 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2019

6 (a) Solids, liquids and gases have different properties. Draw two lines from each state of matter to link to two correct properties of matter. You may draw lines to each property of matter once, more than once or not at all. One line has been drawn for you. state property easily compressed solid difficult to compress liquid fixed shape gas able to flow [3] (b) When a liquid is heated, it expands. (i) Describe how the structure of a liquid-in-glass thermometer is designed to make use of this property. … … … … [2] (ii) When a liquid is heated to a high enough temperature, it starts to boil. State the meaning of the term boiling point. … … [1] (c) Some materials conduct thermal energy well, and other materials are better thermal insulators. Complete Table 6.1 by placing a tick (3) in the correct column for each material. Table 6.1 material thermal conductor thermal insulator aluminium copper plastic steel wool [2] (d) State the name of the process that transfers thermal energy from the Sun through the vacuum of space. … [1] (e) (i) Complete the sentence to describe sound waves. Sound waves transfer … without transferring matter. [1] (ii) State the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. from … Hz to … Hz [1] (iii) The pitch and loudness of a sound wave are increased. State how the amplitude and the frequency of the sound wave changes. amplitude … frequency … [1] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) solid: difficult to compress and fixed shape; liquid: difficult to compress and able to flow; gas: easily compressed and able to flow 3 6(b)(i) liquid can be held in a tube; as it is heated or cools it rises up or falls down the tube; 2 6(b)(ii) the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas; 1 6(c) material thermal conductor thermal insulator aluminium √ copper √ plastic √ steel √ wool √ ;; 3 correct for 1 mark all correct for 2 marks 2 6(d) radiation; 1 Question Answer Marks 6(e)(i) energy; 1 6(e)(ii) 20 to 20 000; 1 6(e)(iii) amplitude increases and frequency increases; 1

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2020

6 (a) Solids, liquids and gases have different properties. Draw two lines from each state of matter to link to two correct properties of matter. You may draw lines to each property of matter once, more than once or not at all. One line has been drawn for you. state property easily compressed solid difficult to compress liquid fixed shape gas able to flow [3] (b) When a liquid is heated, it expands. (i) Describe how the structure of a liquid-in-glass thermometer is designed to make use of this property. … … … … [2] (ii) When a liquid is heated to a high enough temperature, it starts to boil. State the meaning of the term boiling point. … … [1] (c) Some materials conduct thermal energy well, and other materials are better thermal insulators. Complete Table 6.1 by placing a tick (3) in the correct column for each material. Table 6.1 material thermal conductor thermal insulator aluminium copper plastic steel wool [2] (d) State the name of the process that transfers thermal energy from the Sun through the vacuum of space. … [1] (e) (i) Complete the sentence to describe sound waves. Sound waves transfer … without transferring matter. [1] (ii) State the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. from … Hz to … Hz [1] (iii) The pitch and loudness of a sound wave are increased. State how the amplitude and the frequency of the sound wave changes. amplitude … frequency … [1] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) solid: difficult to compress and fixed shape; liquid: difficult to compress and able to flow; gas: easily compressed and able to flow 3 6(b)(i) liquid can be held in a tube; as it is heated or cools it rises up or falls down the tube; 2 6(b)(ii) the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas; 1 6(c) material thermal conductor thermal insulator aluminium √ copper √ plastic √ steel √ wool √ ;; 3 correct for 1 mark all correct for 2 marks 2 6(d) radiation; 1 Question Answer Marks 6(e)(i) energy; 1 6(e)(ii) 20 to 20 000; 1 6(e)(iii) amplitude increases and frequency increases; 1

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2020

9 (a) A building is kept warm by heating its solid concrete floor. (i) Describe the change in the motion of molecules in a solid as the temperature rises. … [1] (ii) Some water spills onto the warm floor and evaporates. Describe evaporation in terms of the motion of the water molecules. … … [2] (b) Thermal energy from the warm floor is transferred to the air which rises. State the name of this process. … [1] (c) An infrared camera is used to measure the rise in temperature of the concrete floor. Place infrared into the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 9.1. gamma radio ultraviolet rays waves Fig. 9.1 [1] (d) A worker in the building is using a hammer. Hammering on concrete produces sound waves. (i) Label with the letter A the double-headed arrow on Fig. 9.2 that shows the amplitude of the sound wave. time Fig. 9.2 [1] (ii) State the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. from … Hz to … Hz [1] (e) The roof of the building is fitted with solar cells. State one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity using solar cells apart from cost. advantage … disadvantage … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) increased vibration; 1 9(a)(ii) escape of more energetic molecules; from the surface of the liquid; 2 9(b) convection; 1 9(c) gamma rays ultraviolet infrared; 1 9(d)(i) A on the arrow from the x axis to the top of the crest; 1 9(d)(ii) 20 (Hz) to 20 000 (Hz); 1 9(e) advantage: renewable ; disadvantage: does not work in the dark / less electricity produced when it is cloudy; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2020

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a refrigerator. freezing compartment Fig. 9.1 (a) The freezing compartment at the top of the refrigerator cools all the air in the refrigerator. State the main method of thermal energy transfer used in this cooling process. … [1] (b) The volume of air in the refrigerator is 210 000 cm3. The density of air is 0.00126 g / cm3. Calculate the mass of air in the refrigerator. Show your working. mass = … g [2] (c) A liquid-in-glass thermometer is placed inside the freezing compartment to measure a temperature of –20 °C. (i) Name a suitable liquid to use in the thermometer. … [1] (ii) State the physical property of the liquid that varies with temperature in a liquid-in-glass thermometer. … [1] (d) The refrigerator emits a quiet sound with a low pitch. (i) Describe the amplitude and frequency of this sound. amplitude … frequency … [2] (ii) State the unit of frequency. … [1] (e) The refrigerator contains two lamps connected in series. Lamp A has a resistance of 4000 Ω and lamp B has a resistance of 5000 Ω. (i) Calculate the combined resistance of the two lamps connected in series. resistance = … Ω [1] (ii) The potential difference across the lamps is 240 V. Use your answer to (e)(i) to calculate the current in the lamps. Show your working. current = … A [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) convection ; 1 9(b) mass = density × volume or 0.00126 × 210 000 ; = 265 g ; 2 9(c)(i) mercury / alcohol ; 1 9(c)(ii) volume ; 1 9(d)(i) small amplitude ; low frequency ; 2 9(d)(ii) hertz ; 1 9(e)(i) 9000 Ω ; 1 Question Answer Marks 9(e)(ii) current = voltage / resistance or 240 / 9000 ; 0.027 (A) ; 2

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2021

3 (a) An astronomer on Earth is able to see the Moon even though the Moon does not emit visible light. State one property of visible light that enables observation of the Moon. … … [1] (b) Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Place visible light in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in Fig. 3.1. X-rays ultraviolet microwaves Fig. 3.1 [1] (c) (i) Light rays from the Moon travel at 3 × 105 km / s to reach the astronomer on Earth. The distance travelled is 400 000 km. Calculate the time taken for the light rays to travel from the Moon to the Earth. time = … s [2] (ii) Explain why sound waves are unable to travel from the Moon to the Earth. … … [1] (d) The astronomer uses lenses in a telescope to look at the Moon. Fig. 3.2 shows rays of light passing through a lens. object image Fig. 3.2 (i) On Fig. 3.2 label the focal length of the lens with a double headed arrow (↔). [1] (ii) On Fig. 3.2 label the principal focus of the lens with the letter F. [1] (e) An astronaut on the Moon is exposed to ionising background radiation. (i) State one effect of ionising radiation on the human body. … … [1] (ii) Suggest one source of background radiation on the Moon. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) reflection ; 1 3(b) (visible) light in middle box ; 1 3(c)(i) time = distance ÷ speed or 400 000 ÷ 3 × 105 ; = 1.33 (s) ; 2 3(c)(ii) sound (waves) cannot travel through a vacuum / need a medium to travel through ; 1 3(d)(i) arrow showing distance from centre of lens to point labelled F ; 1 3(d)(ii) F labelled as either point marked with a dot on the axis of the lens; 1 3(e)(i) cancer / mutation etc. ; 1 3(e)(ii) cosmic radiation ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2021

9 (a) Choose words from the list below to complete the sentences that describe the energy changes occurring when a wind turbine is used. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. electrical kinetic light potential thermal sound The kinetic energy of the wind is transferred to the … energy of the moving rotor blades of the wind turbine. The useful output energy from the wind turbine is … energy. The wind turbine makes sound energy which is unwanted. Another unwanted form of energy made by wind turbines is … energy. [2] (b) State one advantage of using wind rather than coal to generate electricity. … … [1] (c) (i) One disadvantage of wind turbines is they give out very low frequency sound waves. State what is meant by the frequency of a wave. … … [1] (ii) The frequency of the sound waves produced is very low. A healthy human ear can only just hear this sound. Suggest a value for this frequency. … Hz [1] (d) Magnets are used in the generators of wind turbines. Fig. 9.1 shows a bar magnet. S N Fig. 9.1 On Fig. 9.1, draw the pattern and direction of the magnetic field lines around the magnet. [2] (e) Another method of generating electricity is to use nuclear fission in a nuclear power station. During nuclear fission, α‑particles, β‑particles and γ‑rays may be released from atoms. (i) Complete Table 9.1 to show the properties of α‑particles, β‑particles and γ‑rays. Table 9.1 radiation ionising ability nature penetrating ability α‑particle high helium nucleus β‑particle medium medium electromagnetic γ‑ray wave [3] (ii) Describe what happens to the nucleus of an atom during nuclear fission. … … [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a) kinetic electrical thermal ;; 2 9(b) does not use up a fossil fuel ; does not produce CO2 / cause global warming etc. ; renewable ; AVP ; max 1 1 9(c)(i) number of waves produced per second / passing a fixed point per second ; 1 9(c)(ii) in range from 20 Hz to 50 Hz ; 1 Question Answer Marks 9(d) correct field lines ; arrows from N to S ; 2 9(e)(i) α – low penetrating ability ; β – electron ; γ – low ionising ability and high penetrating ability ; 3 9(e)(ii) splits ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2021

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows the horizontal forces acting on a motorcyclist and his motorcycle. 400 N 100 N Fig. 12.1 (i) Calculate the resultant horizontal force acting on the motorcyclist and motorcycle. force … N [1] (ii) Describe how this resultant force changes the speed of the motorcycle. … [1] (b) Fig. 12.2 shows a speed‑time graph for the motorcycle’s journey over 80 s. 30 25 20 speed 15 m / s 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time / s Fig. 12.2 (i) State a time when the motorcycle is not moving. … s [1] (ii) On Fig. 12.2 label with the letter C a point when the motorcycle is moving at a constant speed. [1] (iii) On Fig. 12.2 label with the letter S a point when the speed of the motorcycle is increasing. [1] (c) The motorcycle produces a loud sound with a high frequency when moving. Describe the pitch and amplitude of the sound waves produced. pitch … amplitude … [2] (d) As the motorcycle moves along the road, the temperature of the air in the tyres increases. Explain why the pressure of the air in the tyres increases. … … … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) 300 (N) ; 1 12(a)(ii) slows down ; 1 12(b)(i) 0 s, 40 s to 45 s or 80 s ; 1 12(b)(ii) anywhere between t = 15 s and t = 30 s or between t = 60 s and t =70 s ; 1 12(b)(iii) anywhere between t = 0 s and t = 15 s or between t = 45 s and t = 60 s ; 1 12(c) high pitch ; large amplitude ; 2 12(d) increased kinetic energy / speed (of molecules) ; more frequent collisions with tyre ; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2021

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows two dolphins using sound waves to communicate with each other in the sea. Fig. 6.1 (i) Dolphins hear sounds in the frequency range from 75 Hz to 100 000 Hz. State why humans can hear some of these frequencies but not all of them. Refer to the human audible frequency range in your answer. … … … [2] (ii) A dolphin changes the frequency of a sound it makes from 1000 Hz to 2000 Hz. State what happens to the pitch of the sound. … … [1] (iii) The sound waves travel 80 m. The speed of sound in water is 1600 m / s. Calculate the time taken for a sound wave to travel 80 m in water. time = … s [2] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows a speed–time graph for a dolphin travelling through water. 8 7 6 5 speed 4 m / s 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 time / s Fig. 6.2 (i) Describe the motion of the dolphin between time = 0 and time = 5 s. … … [1] (ii) State the maximum speed of the dolphin as shown on the graph. speed = … m / s [1] (iii) Calculate the distance travelled by the dolphin between time = 15 s and time = 30 s. distance = … m [2] (c) The water in the sea is heated by the Sun. Some molecules of water evaporate. Describe the process of evaporation. Use ideas about particles in your answer. … … … … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) can hear lower frequencies because lower level is 20 Hz; cannot hear frequencies above 20 kHz; 2 6(a)(ii) increases; 1 6(a)(iii) time = distance / speed or 80 / 1600; = 0.05(1) (s); 2 6(b)(i) accelerating / speed increasing; 1 6(b)(ii) 6 (m / s); 1 6(b)(iii) area under graph or ½ × 15 × 6; 45.0 (m) : 2 6(c) fast moving / most energetic particles; escape from surface of liquid; 2

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2022

3 (a) X-rays and γ-radiation are used in hospitals. (i) State one use of X-rays in a hospital. … … [1] (ii) Write X-rays in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum shown in Fig. 3.1. increasing frequency γ-radiation visible light radio waves Fig. 3.1 [1] (iii) X-rays and γ-radiation are forms of ionising radiation. State one harmful effect of ionising radiation on humans. … … [1] (b) (i) Fig. 3.2 represents a sound wave. Fig. 3.2 Draw one line from each wave property to its description. wave property description the distance between the tops of amplitude two consecutive waves the distance between the top and frequency the middle of a wave the number of waves passing wavelength every second [2] (ii) State the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. from … Hz to … Hz [2] (iii) A student determines the speed of sound in air. State the two measurements that she makes. Describe how she uses these measurements to calculate the speed of sound. measurements … … description of calculation … … … [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) diagnosing broken bones; 1 3(a)(ii) box next to -radiation; 1 3(a)(iii) cancer / mutation; 1 3(b)(i) amplitude = distance between the top and the middle of a wave frequency = number of waves passing every second wavelength = distance between the tops of two consecutive waves; 2 3(b)(ii) 20 Hz; to 20 000 Hz; 2 3(b)(iii) measure time taken for a (loud) sound to travel; a known distance; speed = distance / time; 3

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2022

3 (a) X-rays and γ-radiation are used in hospitals. (i) State one use of X-rays in a hospital. … … [1] (ii) Write X-rays in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum shown in Fig. 3.1. increasing frequency γ-radiation visible light radio waves Fig. 3.1 [1] (iii) X-rays and γ-radiation are forms of ionising radiation. State one harmful effect of ionising radiation on humans. … … [1] (b) (i) Fig. 3.2 represents a sound wave. Fig. 3.2 Draw one line from each wave property to its description. wave property description the distance between the tops of amplitude two consecutive waves the distance between the top and frequency the middle of a wave the number of waves passing wavelength every second [2] (ii) State the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. from … Hz to … Hz [2] (iii) A student determines the speed of sound in air. State the two measurements that she makes. Describe how she uses these measurements to calculate the speed of sound. measurements … … description of calculation … … … [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) diagnosing broken bones; 1 3(a)(ii) box next to -radiation; 1 3(a)(iii) cancer / mutation; 1 3(b)(i) amplitude = distance between the top and the middle of a wave frequency = number of waves passing every second wavelength = distance between the tops of two consecutive waves; 2 3(b)(ii) 20 Hz; to 20 000 Hz; 2 3(b)(iii) measure time taken for a (loud) sound to travel; a known distance; speed = distance / time; 3

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2022

9 (a) A car has two headlamps, connected in parallel, across a 12 V battery. There is one switch in the circuit which controls both lamps. (i) Complete the circuit diagram in Fig. 9.1 to show how the two lamps and the switch are connected to the battery. 12 V Fig. 9.1 [3] (ii) The current passing through each lamp is 4.0 A. The potential difference across each lamp is 12 V. Calculate the resistance of each lamp. State the unit of your answer. resistance = … unit … [3] (b) The car is crossing a long bridge. Fig. 9.2 shows a gap in the road surface in the middle of the bridge. gap Fig. 9.2 On a hot day the temperature of the road surface increases. (i) State what happens to the gap as the temperature increases. … [1] (ii) Explain why the gap is needed. … … [1] (c) The driver of the car notices that the sound from the engine is louder and has a higher pitch when the car accelerates up a hill. (i) State how the amplitude of the sound wave changes when the car accelerates up the hill. … [1] (ii) State how the frequency of the sound wave changes when the car accelerates up the hill. … [1] (iii) The car gains thermal energy as it accelerates up the hill. State two other forms of energy gained by the car as it accelerates up the hill. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) all symbols correct ; 3 two lamps in parallel with battery ; switch to control both lamps ; 9(a)(ii) R = V / I (in any form symbols or words) or 12 / 4 ; 3 = 3 ; ohms /  ; 9(b)(i) gap is smaller / closes ; 1 9(b)(ii) road/bridge needs to expand on hot day / 1 road/bridge could be damaged by expansion ; 9(c)(i) amplitude increases ; 1 9(c)(ii) frequency increases ; 1 9(c)(iii) kinetic (energy); 2 gravitational potential (energy) ;

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2022

6 Bats use the reflection of sound waves to determine the position of objects. Fig. 6.1 shows a bat, and a moth flying in front of the bat. moth sound waves emitted by bat Fig. 6.1 (a) State the name given to a reflected sound wave. … [1] (b) Some bats are able to detect ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) On the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum shown in Fig. 6.2, place ultraviolet in the correct position. X-rays infrared radio waves Fig. 6.2 [1] (ii) State which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the lowest frequency. … [1] (c) A bat produces a sound wave with a frequency of 200 kHz and a wavelength of 0.0016 m. (i) Draw straight lines to link each wave term to its definition. term definition distance between the peaks on amplitude consecutive waves maximum displacement frequency of points on a wave number of waves passing a wavelength fixed point per second [2] (ii) Explain why a human cannot hear the sound emitted by the bat. … … [1] (iii) The bat changes the frequency of the sound it produces from 200 kHz to 250 kHz. State what happens to the pitch of the sound. … [1] [Total: 7]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) echo ; 1 6(b)(i) 1 X-rays UV infrared radio waves 6(b)(ii) radio waves ; 1 6(c)(i) 2 term definition distance between the peaks on amplitude consecutive waves maximum displacement frequency of points on a wave number of waves passing a wavelength fixed point per second 1 correct 1 mark ; 3 correct 2 marks ; 6(c)(ii) highest frequency heard by a human is 20 000 Hz ; 1 6(c)(iii) pitch increases ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2022

6 (a) Table 6.1 shows the audible frequency range of five animals. Table 6.1 highest frequency lowest frequency animal / Hz / Hz bat 200 000 2000 dog 50 000 50 elephant 12 000 5 rat 76 000 200 whale 123 000 1000 (i) State which animal in Table 6.1 can hear a sound with the highest pitch. … [1] (ii) State which animal in Table 6.1 has the smallest audible frequency range. … [1] (iii) State the audible frequency range for a human. from … Hz to … Hz [1] (b) The volume of an elephant is 3.4 m3. The average density of the elephant is 1030 kg / m3. Calculate the mass of the elephant. mass = … kg [2] (c) The elephant sprays its skin with water and leaves the water to evaporate. (i) Describe the process of evaporation in terms of water molecules. … … … [2] (ii) Suggest why the elephant sprays its skin with water and leaves the water to evaporate. … … [1] (iii) During evaporation, liquid water changes state and becomes water vapour, a gas. Complete the diagrams in Fig. 6.1 to show the arrangement of molecules in liquid water and in water vapour. liquid water water vapour Fig. 6.1 [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) bat ; 1 6(a)(ii) elephant ; 1 6(a)(iii) 20 (Hz) to 20 000 (Hz) ; 1 6(b) mass = density  volume (in any form) or 1030  3.4 ; = 3500 (kg) ; 2 6(c)(i) fastest moving molecules escape ; from the surface of the liquid ; 2 6(c)(ii) evaporation has a cooling effect ; 1 6(c)(iii) liquid – all molecules touching random arrangement ; gas – molecules widely separated (no more than seven shown) and random arrangement ; 2

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2023

6 (a) Table 6.1 shows the audible frequency range of five animals. Table 6.1 highest frequency lowest frequency animal / Hz / Hz bat 200 000 2000 dog 50 000 50 elephant 12 000 5 rat 76 000 200 whale 123 000 1000 (i) State which animal in Table 6.1 can hear a sound with the highest pitch. … [1] (ii) State which animal in Table 6.1 has the smallest audible frequency range. … [1] (iii) State the audible frequency range for a human. from … Hz to … Hz [1] (b) The volume of an elephant is 3.4 m3. The average density of the elephant is 1030 kg / m3. Calculate the mass of the elephant. mass = … kg [2] (c) The elephant sprays its skin with water and leaves the water to evaporate. (i) Describe the process of evaporation in terms of water molecules. … … … [2] (ii) Suggest why the elephant sprays its skin with water and leaves the water to evaporate. … … [1] (iii) During evaporation, liquid water changes state and becomes water vapour, a gas. Complete the diagrams in Fig. 6.1 to show the arrangement of molecules in liquid water and in water vapour. liquid water water vapour Fig. 6.1 [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) bat ; 1 6(a)(ii) elephant ; 1 6(a)(iii) 20 (Hz) to 20 000 (Hz) ; 1 6(b) mass = density  volume (in any form) or 1030  3.4 ; = 3500 (kg) ; 2 6(c)(i) fastest moving molecules escape ; from the surface of the liquid ; 2 6(c)(ii) evaporation has a cooling effect ; 1 6(c)(iii) liquid – all molecules touching random arrangement ; gas – molecules widely separated (no more than seven shown) and random arrangement ; 2

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2023

9 (a) Table 9.1 shows the highest and lowest frequencies that five animals can hear. Table 9.1 animal highest frequency / Hz lowest frequency / Hz bat 200 000 2000 dog 50 000 50 dolphin 130 000 1000 elephant 12 000 5 rat 76 000 200 (i) State which animals from Table 9.1 can hear sounds with a pitch higher than a rat can hear. Explain your answer. … … [2] (ii) A bat emits a high frequency sound. State the range of frequencies emitted by a bat that a healthy human ear can hear. highest frequency … Hz lowest frequency … Hz [2] (b) (i) A bat flies at a constant speed of 40 m / s. Calculate the time taken by the bat to travel 200 m. time = … s [2] (ii) Bats and birds often fly into wind turbines and are killed. State one other disadvantage of using wind turbines to generate electrical energy. … … [1] (iii) Wind energy is an example of a renewable energy source. State one other renewable energy source. … [1] (c) (i) Some bats are able to detect ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig. 9.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. Write ultraviolet in the correct position in the electromagnetic spectrum. increasing frequency X-rays visible light radiowaves Fig. 9.1 [1] (ii) State one danger of ultraviolet radiation to humans. … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) bat and dolphin ; 2 pitch is frequency ; 9(a)(ii) highest 20 000 Hz ; 2 lowest 2000 Hz ; 9(b)(i) time = distance/speed (in any form) or 200 ÷ 40 ; 2 = 5 (s) ; 9(b)(ii) unreliable / depends on the wind blowing ; 1 9(b)(iii) HEP /solar / tides / waves / geothermal ; 1 9(c)(i) ultraviolet in box between X-rays and visible light ; 1 9(c)(ii) skin cancer / sunburn ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2023

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a moth. X Y Fig. 9.1 (a) A student forms an image of the moth on a screen using a thin converging lens. A ray of light has been drawn from each of the moth’s wings to the screen on the ray diagram in Fig. 9.2. The start of another ray of light has been drawn from the moth’s body. F screen thin converging lens Fig. 9.2 (i) On Fig. 9.2, complete the ray of light from the moth’s body to show where it appears on the screen. [2] (ii) Draw a double headed arrow (↕) on Fig. 9.2 to show the size and position of the image of the moth on the screen. [1] (iii) State the name of the point labelled F on Fig. 9.2. … [1] (b) Moths are able to hear the highest frequency of any animal. The greater wax moth can hear frequencies up to 300 000 Hz. (i) State the maximum audible frequency for a healthy human ear in Hz. frequency = … Hz [1] (ii) State what is meant by the frequency of a wave. … … [1] (c) Fig. 9.3 shows an electric insect trap that uses an ultraviolet lamp to attract insects. ultraviolet lamp Fig. 9.3 (i) There is a potential difference (p.d.) of 240 V across the ultraviolet lamp. There is a current of 0.75 A in the ultraviolet lamp. Calculate the resistance of the ultraviolet lamp. resistance = … Ω [2] (ii) State one danger of ultraviolet radiation to humans. … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) horizontal ray continued to lens axis ; 2 diagonal straight line from lens through F to screen ; 9(a)(ii) position of image correctly indicated ; 1 9(a)(iii) principal focus / focal point ; 1 9(b)(i) 20 000 (Hz) ; 1 9(b)(ii) number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit time / owtte ; 1 9(c)(i) evidence of resistance = potential difference ÷ current / 240 ÷ 0.75 ; 2 320 () ; 9(c)(ii) skin cancer / cataracts and eye damage / immune system depression / premature aging and other skin damage ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2024

3 A person climbs a mountain. (a) The person is exposed to infrared and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Infrared and ultraviolet radiation are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 3.1, write infrared and ultraviolet in their correct places. increasing frequency radio visible light γ-rays waves Fig. 3.1 [2] (ii) Ultraviolet waves travel at 300 000 000 m / s in a vacuum. State the speed of infrared waves in a vacuum. speed = … m / s [1] (b) The person makes a loud sound and then hears an echo. State what is meant by an echo. … … [1] (c) The person takes a photograph with a camera. The camera contains a thin converging lens. Fig. 3.2 shows an incomplete ray diagram for a thin converging lens forming an image. object ray 1 ray 2 F F thin converging lens Fig. 3.2 (i) State the name of the points labelled F on Fig. 3.2. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 3.2: • draw a line to complete the path of ray 2 • draw the image formed • label the image. [2] (d) The person drops the camera from the top of the mountain. The camera falls down the mountain. Fig. 3.3 shows the distance–time graph for the motion of the camera over the first 6.0 s. 200 150 distance / m 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 time / s Fig. 3.3 Use Fig. 3.3 to determine the average speed of the camera over 6.0 s. speed = … m / s [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 2 radio waves infrared visible light ultraviolet γ - rays infrared correct ; ultraviolet correct ; 3(a)(ii) 300 000 000 (m / s) ; 1 3(b) the reflection of sound ; 1 3(c)(i) principal focus / focal point ; 1 3(c)(ii) horizontal line drawn from lens to intersect with ray 1 ; 2 inverted (labelled) arrow for image ; 3(d) total distance 180 m ; 3 evidence of speed = distance ÷ time / 180 ÷ 6.0 ; 30 (m / s) ;

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2024

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows an electric heater used in a classroom in a school. ceiling electric heater floor Fig. 12.1 The air around the heater is warmed. (i) On Fig. 12.1 draw three more arrows to show how the warmed air moves around the classroom. One arrow has been drawn for you. [2] (ii) State the name of the method of thermal energy transfer you have drawn in (a)(i). … [1] (b) The teacher in the classroom measures the temperature in the room with a thermometer. Fig. 12.2 shows the thermometer. – 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °C Fig. 12.2 (i) State the name of the temperature scale used on the thermometer. … [1] (ii) State the name of a liquid that is used in thermometers. … [1] (iii) State the physical property of the liquid that varies with temperature. … [1] (c) (i) In the school an electric bell rings to show that the lesson has ended. The bell makes sound waves that travel through the air. Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum. Explain why sound cannot travel through a vacuum. … … [1] (ii) Inside the electric bell there is a solenoid. The solenoid coil is shown in Fig. 12.3. direction of current Fig. 12.3 On Fig. 12.3, draw the pattern of the magnetic field that is produced when an electric current passes through the solenoid as shown. [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) arrow 2 across the top then dropping down then left to right along floor 1 mark for any one correct arrow ; 1 mark for all three arrows correct ; 12(a)(ii) convection ; 1 12(b)(i) celsius ; 1 12(b)(ii) alcohol or mercury ; 1 12(b)(iii) volume / density ; 1 12(c)(i) There is no medium (for the propagation of the sound wave) ; 1 12(c)(ii) at least two lines going all the way through coil ; 2 line curving upwards and line curving downwards ;

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2024

3 A person climbs a mountain. (a) The person is exposed to infrared and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Infrared and ultraviolet radiation are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. On Fig. 3.1, write infrared and ultraviolet in their correct places. increasing frequency radio visible light γ-rays waves Fig. 3.1 [2] (ii) Ultraviolet waves travel at 300 000 000 m / s in a vacuum. State the speed of infrared waves in a vacuum. speed = … m / s [1] (b) The person makes a loud sound and then hears an echo. State what is meant by an echo. … … [1] (c) The person takes a photograph with a camera. The camera contains a thin converging lens. Fig. 3.2 shows an incomplete ray diagram for a thin converging lens forming an image. object ray 1 ray 2 F F thin converging lens Fig. 3.2 (i) State the name of the points labelled F on Fig. 3.2. … [1] (ii) On Fig. 3.2: • draw a line to complete the path of ray 2 • draw the image formed • label the image. [2] (d) The person drops the camera from the top of the mountain. The camera falls down the mountain. Fig. 3.3 shows the distance–time graph for the motion of the camera over the first 6.0 s. 200 150 distance / m 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 time / s Fig. 3.3 Use Fig. 3.3 to determine the average speed of the camera over 6.0 s. speed = … m / s [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 2 radio waves infrared visible light ultraviolet γ - rays infrared correct ; ultraviolet correct ; 3(a)(ii) 300 000 000 (m / s) ; 1 3(b) the reflection of sound ; 1 3(c)(i) principal focus / focal point ; 1 3(c)(ii) horizontal line drawn from lens to intersect with ray 1 ; 2 inverted (labelled) arrow for image ; 3(d) total distance 180 m ; 3 evidence of speed = distance ÷ time / 180 ÷ 6.0 ; 30 (m / s) ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2024

12 (a) Fig. 12.1 shows an electric heater used in a classroom in a school. ceiling electric heater floor Fig. 12.1 The air around the heater is warmed. (i) On Fig. 12.1 draw three more arrows to show how the warmed air moves around the classroom. One arrow has been drawn for you. [2] (ii) State the name of the method of thermal energy transfer you have drawn in (a)(i). … [1] (b) The teacher in the classroom measures the temperature in the room with a thermometer. Fig. 12.2 shows the thermometer. – 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °C Fig. 12.2 (i) State the name of the temperature scale used on the thermometer. … [1] (ii) State the name of a liquid that is used in thermometers. … [1] (iii) State the physical property of the liquid that varies with temperature. … [1] (c) (i) In the school an electric bell rings to show that the lesson has ended. The bell makes sound waves that travel through the air. Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum. Explain why sound cannot travel through a vacuum. … … [1] (ii) Inside the electric bell there is a solenoid. The solenoid coil is shown in Fig. 12.3. direction of current Fig. 12.3 On Fig. 12.3, draw the pattern of the magnetic field that is produced when an electric current passes through the solenoid as shown. [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) arrow 2 across the top then dropping down then left to right along floor 1 mark for any one correct arrow ; 1 mark for all three arrows correct ; 12(a)(ii) convection ; 1 12(b)(i) celsius ; 1 12(b)(ii) alcohol or mercury ; 1 12(b)(iii) volume / density ; 1 12(c)(i) There is no medium (for the propagation of the sound wave) ; 1 12(c)(ii) at least two lines going all the way through coil ; 2 line curving upwards and line curving downwards ;

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2024

11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows an elephant pushing a tree trunk along at a constant speed. The elephant exerts a constant force of 1500 N to move the tree trunk 20 m in the direction of the force. Fig. 11.1 (i) Calculate the work done by the elephant when the tree trunk is moved 20 m. work done = … unit … [3] (ii) The elephant stands with all four feet on the ground. The area of each foot in contact with the ground is 0.070 m2. The weight of the elephant is 36 000 N. Calculate the pressure exerted on the ground due to the elephant. pressure = … N / m2 [3] (b) Table 11.1 shows the highest- and lowest-frequency sounds that four animals are able to hear. Table 11.1 highest frequency lowest frequency animal / Hz / Hz bat 110 000 2000 dog 50 000 50 elephant 12 000 5 mouse 100 000 1000 (i) State which animal in Table 11.1 has the smallest audible frequency range. … [1] (ii) State the approximate range of frequencies audible to humans. from … Hz to … Hz [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 11(a)(i) work done = force  distance (in any form) or 1500  20 ; 3 30 000 ; J ; 11(a)(ii) evidence of 4 ; 3 pressure = force / area (in any form) or 36 000 / 4  0.07 ; 130 000 (N / m2) ; 11(b)(i) elephant ; 1 11(b)(ii) 20 Hz to 20 000Hz ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2025

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a horse and cart. Fig. 9.1 (i) The horse and cart travel for a distance of 400 m in 300 s. Calculate the average speed of the horse and cart. average speed = … m / s [2] (ii) The horse pulls the cart with a constant force of 1200 N. Show that the work done by the horse on the cart over a distance of 400 m is 480 000 J. [1] (iii) Calculate the power output of the horse over the time of 300 s. power output = … W [2] (b) The audible frequency range for a horse is from 55 Hz to 33 kHz. Compare this range to that of a human. … … … [2] (c) The horse is treated by a vet (a doctor who treats animals). The vet uses the isotope iridium-192 which decays by β-emission. The nuclide notation for iridium-192 is 19 2 7 7Ir. (i) State the number of protons in an atom of iridium-192. number of protons = … [1] (ii) Deduce the number of neutrons in an atom of iridium-192. number of neutrons = … [1] (iii) The half-life of iridium-192 is 74 days. Calculate the time taken for the mass of iridium-192 to decay to 25% of its original mass. time taken = … days [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) speed = distance / time (in any form) or 400 / 300; 2 1.3 (m / s) ; 9(a)(ii) work done = force × distance (in any form) = 1200 × 400 ; 1 (= 480 000 J) 9(a)(iii) power = work done / time (in any form) or 480 000 / 300 ; 2 = 1600 (W) ; 9(b) any two from: 2 range for human is from 20 Hz / up to 20 000 Hz ; humans can hear lower frequencies than horses / ora ; horses can hear higher frequencies than humans / ora ; horses can hear a wider / higher range of frequencies than humans / ora ; 9(c)(i) 77 (protons) ; 1 9(c)(ii) 115 (neutrons) ; 1 9(c)(iii) 2 half-lives ; 2 148 (days) ;

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2025