Extraction of metals — Paper 3 · IGCSE Science - Combined 0653

8 (a) (i) Copper is extracted when copper oxide is heated with carbon. Carbon dioxide is produced and released into the air. Complete the word equation for this reaction. copper oxide + + [1] (ii) Fossil fuels also release carbon dioxide during combustion. Suggest one other process that releases carbon dioxide into the air. … [1] (iii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel. Name one solid fossil fuel and one liquid fossil fuel. solid … liquid … [2] (b) Fig. 8.1 shows the structure of a molecule of compound X. H H H C C O H H H Fig. 8.1 (i) Name compound X. … [1] (ii) State what is meant by a hydrocarbon. … … [1] (iii) Explain why compound X is not a hydrocarbon. … … [1]

7 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) ; (copper oxide) + carbon → copper + carbon dioxide 1 8(a)(ii) respiration / (reaction of) acid + carbonate / thermal_decomposition / fermentation ; 1 8(a)(iii) (solid) coal ; (liquid) petroleum ; 2 8(b)(i) ethanol ; 1 8(b)(ii) compound / molecule containing / of only carbon and hydrogen ; 1 8(b)(iii) (because it) contains oxygen / O (as well as C and H) ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2017

2 (a) Copper is extracted from a substance using the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1. low voltage d.c. supply − + … … … Fig. 2.1 (i) Name this process. … [1] (ii) Complete Fig. 2.1 by labelling the anode, cathode and electrolyte. [2] (iii) Name one compound that can be used in this process to extract copper at room temperature. … [1] (iv) State what is done to this solid compound before it can be used in this process. … [1] (v) State whether this process for the extraction of copper involves a chemical change or a physical change. Explain your answer. change … explanation … … [1] (b) A student finds out that copper can also be extracted by heating a different compound, copper oxide, with a non-metallic element. (i) Name this non-metallic element. … [1] (ii) Name the type of chemical reaction in which copper oxide is changed to copper. … [1] (c) Copper is one element in a collection of metals which have high melting points, high densities and often act as catalysts. (i) Suggest one other property that is shown by these metals that is not shown by other metals. … [1] (ii) State the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction. … [1]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) electrolysis ; 1 2(a)(ii) ;; all three correct (2) one or two correct (1) 2 cathode anode electrolyte Question Answer Marks 2(a)(iii) copper chloride / other soluble copper compound ; 1 2(a)(iv) dissolve in water ; 1 2(a)(v) chemical and new substance(s) made ; 1 2(b)(i) carbon / hydrogen ; 1 2(b)(ii) reduction ; 1 2(c)(i) form coloured compounds ; 1 2(c)(ii) increases reaction rate ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Feb/March 2018

8 (a) The electrolysis of aqueous copper chloride is shown in Fig. 8.1. Copper forms on electrode P. low voltage d.c. supply electrode P gas copper Fig. 8.1 (i) Predict the type of bonding between the particles in solid copper chloride. … [1] (ii) Copper chloride is produced when one atom of copper reacts with two atoms of chlorine. Predict the formula of this compound. … [1] (iii) Name electrode P. … [1] (iv) Name the gas that forms at the other electrode. … [1] (b) Copper compounds are used as catalysts. (i) Describe what is meant by a catalyst. … … [1] (ii) State the name of the collection of metals in the Periodic Table that includes copper. … [1] (c) Copper is extracted from copper oxide by heating it with carbon. (i) Complete the word equation for this reaction. copper + + oxide [2] (ii) Explain why this reaction is described as a redox reaction. … … [1]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) ionic ; 1 8(a)(ii) CuCl2 ; 1 8(a)(iii) cathode ; 1 8(a)(iv) chlorine ; 1 8(b)(i) speeds up a reaction (without being used up) ; 1 8(b)(ii) transition (metals) ; 1 8(c)(i) carbon on left-hand side and copper on the right-hand side ; carbon dioxide / monoxide on the right-hand side ; 2 8(c)(ii) oxygen is removed from the copper oxide / carbon reacts with oxygen / idea that oxidation and reduction occur at the same time / oxygen is transferred / loss and gain of oxygen ; 1 Q uestion Answer Mar rks

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2018

8 (a) An atom of aluminium is represented by the symbol: 2 1 37Al State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in this atom. protons … neutrons … [2] (b) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide is obtained from the ore bauxite. (i) State the method of extraction used. … [1] (ii) State the type of bonding in aluminium oxide. … [1] (iii) Suggest one reason, other than cost, why aluminium is recycled. … … [1] (c) Copper forms coloured compounds, but aluminium does not. Explain this observation. … … [1] (d) Copper is extracted from copper oxide by heating with a non-metallic element. (i) Name this non-metallic element. … [1] (ii) State whether the copper oxide is oxidised or reduced during this process. Explain your answer. copper oxide is … explanation … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a) (protons) 13 ; (neutrons) 14 ; 2 8(b)(i) electrolysis ; 1 8(b)(ii) ionic ; 1 8(b)(iii) It is a finite resource / (they’re) running out / will run out / more energy used for extraction / less energy to recycle (than extract) / no need to mine / does not go into landfill ; 1 8(c) copper / Cu is a transition metal / aluminium is not a transition metal ; 1 8(d)(i) carbon ; 1 8(d)(ii) (copper oxide is) reduced and (explanation) (CuO) loses oxygen ; 1

This question in 0653/31 May/June 2019

8 (a) When zinc oxide is heated with carbon, zinc and carbon dioxide are formed. (i) State the type of chemical reaction that occurs when zinc loses oxygen. … [1] (ii) Suggest one effect on the reaction between zinc oxide and carbon of using a lower temperature. … [1] (iii) Explain why argon, a Group VIII gas, does not react with zinc oxide. … [1] (b) When aluminium oxide is heated with carbon, there is no reaction. Explain why aluminium oxide does not react with carbon. Use ideas about the reactivity series in your answer. … … [1] (c) (i) Name the ore from which aluminium is extracted. … [1] (ii) State the method used to extract aluminium. … [1] (d) Iron is a transition element. Sodium is a Group I element. Describe one difference and one similarity between the physical properties of iron and of sodium. difference … … similarity … … [2] (e) Recycled metals can cost less than metals extracted from their ores. Suggest one other reason why metals are recycled. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) reduction ; 1 8(a)(ii) slower (reaction) ; 1 8(a)(iii) argon / noble gases / Group VIII gases have full outer electron shell ; 1 8(b) aluminium is more reactive (than carbon) ; 1 8(c)(i) bauxite ; 1 8(c)(ii) electrolysis ; 1 8(d) (difference) density / melting point / hardness / strength ; (similarity) (electrical / heat) conductivity ; 2 8(e) metals/ores are running out/finite / no need to mine / does not go into landfill ; 1

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2019

2 (a) A teacher puts a small piece of sodium onto water in a water trough, as shown in Fig. 2.1. sodium water water trough Fig. 2.1 The students observe the reaction between sodium and water. The teacher repeats the experiment using potassium instead of sodium. (i) Describe one similarity in the reactions of potassium and of sodium with water. … [1] (ii) Describe one difference between the observations for the reactions of potassium and of sodium with water. Explain the reason for this difference. difference … explanation … [2] (b) Iron is in a collection of metals in the Periodic Table shown on page 20. (i) Name this collection of metals. … [1] (ii) State one physical property of iron that is also a physical property of sodium. … [1] (iii) State one property of iron that is not a property of sodium. … [1] (c) The metals aluminium, copper and iron can be recycled. State one reason, other than cost, why these metals can be recycled. … … [1] (d) An atom of aluminium is represented by the symbol shown. 2 1 37Al (i) Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the electronic structure of this atom. Fig. 2.2 [2] (ii) Describe how this atom forms an aluminium ion, Al 3+. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) any one from: exothermic / releases heat ; fizzes / releases gas / H2 ; forms an alkaline solution ; max 1 2(a)(ii) (difference) (potassium) burns / produces flames ; (explanation) (potassium is) more reactive (than sodium) ; 2 2(b)(i) transition (elements) ; 1 2(b)(ii) any one from: (good) conductor of electricity ; (good) conductor of heat ; malleable ; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(iii) any one from: high melting point ; high boiling point ; high density ; forms coloured compounds ; (acts as) catalyst (as element or in compounds) ; 1 2(c) (they are) finite resources / (they’re) running out / will run out / more energy used for extraction / less energy to recycle (than extract) / no need to mine / does not go into landfill ; 1 2(d)(i) 2, 8, 3 shown correctly ;; (if incorrect allow 1 mark for 13 electrons drawn) 2 2(d)(ii) loss of electrons ; 1

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2020

2 (a) Copper is extracted from copper oxide by heating with carbon, as shown in Fig. 2.1. carbon dioxide gas mixture of copper oxide and carbon HEAT Fig. 2.1 Carbon dioxide is produced in this process. (i) Complete the word equation for this process. copper +  + oxide [2] (ii) Use words from the list to describe substances involved in this process. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. atoms compound covalent element ionic ions solution Copper oxide is a … containing oppositely charged … . In carbon dioxide, each molecule contains three … chemically joined by … bonds. [4] (iii) State whether the change from copper oxide to copper during this process is oxidation or reduction. Explain your answer. change … explanation … … [1] (b) Aluminium is extracted from the ore bauxite. (i) State the method of extraction of aluminium from bauxite. … [1] (ii) An atom of aluminium is represented by the symbol shown. 2713Al Deduce the number of electrons and the number of neutrons in this atom. electrons … neutrons … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) (copper oxide) + carbon  copper + carbon dioxide LHS ; RHS ; 2(a)(ii) compound ; ions ; atoms ; covalent ; 4 2(a)(iii) reduction AND (copper) loses oxygen ; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(i) electrolysis ; 1 2(b)(ii) (electrons) 13 ; (neutrons) 14 ; 2

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2020

5 (a) In an experiment, carbon electrodes are used to pass an electric current through concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, as shown in Fig. 5.1. low voltage d.c. supply negative positive electrode electrode concentrated aqueous sodium chloride Fig. 5.1 (i) Name the process shown in Fig. 5.1. … [1] (ii) Identify the solvent in concentrated aqueous sodium chloride. … [1] (iii) Identify the products which form at the negative electrode and at the positive electrode. negative electrode product … positive electrode product … [2] (iv) Name the negative electrode and the positive electrode. negative electrode … positive electrode … [2] (b) Some metals are extracted from their ores by heating with carbon. (i) Identify one metal that is extracted from its ore by this method. … [1] (ii) In this extraction process, oxygen is removed from the metal. State the type of chemical reaction that involves the loss of oxygen. … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) electrolysis ; 1 5(a)(ii) water / H2O ; 1 5(a)(iii) (negative electrode product) hydrogen / H2 ; (positive electrode product) chlorine / Cl2 ; 2 5(a)(iv) (negative electrode) cathode ; (positive electrode) anode ; 2 5(b)(i) copper ; 1 5(b)(ii) reduction ; 1

This question in 0653/32 Oct/Nov 2020

5 (a) A student investigates the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and a 5.0 g piece of zinc using the apparatus shown in Fig. 5.1. gas apparatus X dilute hydrochloric acid stopwatch funnel to collect gas zinc Fig. 5.1 The reaction forms a gas and a solution containing a zinc salt. (i) Complete the word equation for this reaction. zinc + hydrochloric acid + [2] (ii) Name apparatus X. … [1] (iii) Describe a chemical test to show that the solution contains zinc ions, Zn2+. test … result … … [2] (iv) The student repeats the experiment under the same conditions, using 5.0 g of magnesium instead of zinc. State the change to the rate of the reaction, if any, that occurs when magnesium is used instead of zinc. Explain your answer. rate change … explanation … … [1] (b) Zinc and other metals are obtained from their ores. They are also obtained by recycling. Recycling metals costs less than obtaining metals from their ores. State one other reason why metals are recycled. … [1] (c) Lithium, sodium and potassium are Group I metals. Describe one chemical trend and one physical trend in the properties of these metals going down Group I from lithium to potassium. chemical trend … … physical trend … … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) zinc + hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen zinc chloride ; hydrogen ; 2 5(a)(ii) measuring cylinder ; 1 5(a)(iii) test: aqueous NaOH OR aqueous ammonia ; result: white ppt. (soluble in excess) ; 2 5(a)(iv) rate change: increase / faster AND explanation: magnesium is more reactive (than zinc) ORA ; 1 5(b) ores are a finite resource / will run out ; 1 5(c) chemical trend: more reactive ; physical trend: lower melting point OR higher density ; 2

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2021

5 (a) Copper is extracted from copper(II) oxide by heating with carbon. (i) Complete the word equation for this reaction. + copper + [2] (ii) Copper(II) oxide is reduced to copper in this reaction. Explain what is meant by the term reduced. … … [1] (b) Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc. (i) State the name of this type of mixture. … [1] (ii) Door keys are sometimes made from brass. Suggest why brass, rather than pure copper, is used to make door keys. … … [1] (c) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide. (i) The ratio of aluminium atoms to oxygen atoms in aluminium oxide is shown. Al : O 1 : 1.5 Deduce the formula of aluminium oxide. … [1] (ii) State the method used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide. … [1] (iii) Suggest why carbon cannot be used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide. Use ideas about reactivity in your answer. … … [1] (d) Copper is a transition element. Aluminium is not a transition element. (i) Suggest one property of copper that is not shown by aluminium. … [1] (ii) Suggest one physical property that is shown by both copper and aluminium. … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) copper oxide + carbon → copper + carbon dioxide LHS correct (either order) ; RHS correct ; 2 5(a)(ii) loss of oxygen (from copper oxide) ; 1 5(b)(i) alloy ; 1 5(b)(ii) brass is, hard-wearing / harder / stronger / corrosion resistant ; 1 5(c)(i) Al2O3 ; 1 5(c)(ii) electrolysis ; 1 5(c)(iii) carbon is less reactive (than aluminium) / aluminium is more reactive (than either carbon or copper) ; 1 5(d)(i) (copper) forms coloured compounds / catalytic activity / higher density / higher melting point ; 1 5(d)(ii) (electrical / heat / thermal) conductor / malleable / ductile ; 1

This question in 0653/33 May/June 2021

2 (a) The order of reactivity for some metals is shown in Fig. 2.1. most reactive metal A sodium calcium metal B zinc iron least reactive copper Fig. 2.1 (i) Suggest the identities of metals A and B. A … B … [1] (ii) State two observations for the reaction of sodium with water. 1 … 2 … [2] (b) Sodium is in Group I of the Periodic Table. Iron is a transition element. Describe two physical properties of iron that show that it is different from sodium. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) Brass is an alloy of zinc and one other metal. State the name of this other metal. … [1] (d) Recycling metals uses less energy and costs less money than extracting the metals from their ores. State one other reason why metals need to be recycled. … … [1] (e) Sodium and chlorine react together in an exothermic reaction to form sodium chloride. (i) State what is meant by exothermic. … … [1] (ii) Fig. 2.2 shows the electronic structures of a sodium ion, Na+, and a chloride ion, Cl–, in sodium chloride. sodium ion chloride ion ×× ×× ×× × × ×× ×× ×××× ×× ×× × × ×× ×× × × Fig. 2.2 Complete Fig. 2.3 to show the electronic structures of a sodium atom, Na, and a chlorine atom, Cl. sodium atom chlorine atom Fig. 2.3 [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) A potassium AND B magnesium / aluminium ; 1 2(a)(ii) any two from: fizzes / bubbles ; gets smaller ; floats ; moves ; 2 2(b) any two from: (iron has) high(er) density / ORA ; (iron has) high(er) melting point / ORA ; (iron is) magnetic / ORA ; 2 2(c) copper ; 1 2(d) metals are finite (resources) / will run out ; 1 2(e)(i) (thermal) energy is released ; 1 2(e)(ii) (sodium atom) 2, 8, 1 ; (chlorine atom) 2, 8, 7 ; 2

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2021

5 (a) Copper and aluminium are metals. They are extracted from their oxides by different methods. Copper is extracted from copper oxide by reaction with carbon. The equation for this reaction is shown. 2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2 During the reaction, the mass of the reaction mixture decreases, and the copper ions are reduced. (i) State one condition required for copper oxide to react with carbon. … [1] (ii) Explain why the mass of the reaction mixture decreases. … … [1] (iii) Use the equation for the reaction between copper oxide and carbon to explain what is meant by reduction. … … [1] (iv) Aluminium ore contains aluminium oxide. State the process used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide. … [1] (b) Copper is a transition metal. Aluminium is a Group III metal. (i) Suggest one property of copper that is also a property of aluminium. … [1] (ii) Suggest two properties of copper that are not properties of aluminium. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) A student investigates the reactivities of copper, magnesium and two unknown metals, X and Y, as shown in Fig. 5.1. Metal X and magnesium are added to cold water. Copper and metal Y are added to dilute hydrochloric acid. metal X magnesium copper metal Y cold water dilute hydrochloric acid Fig. 5.1 Deduce the order of reactivity for these four metals. most reactive … … … least reactive … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) high temperature ; 1 5(a)(ii) a gas is produced (that leaves the reaction mixture) ; 1 5(a)(iii) oxygen is, lost / removed (from the copper ions) ; 1 5(a)(iv) electrolysis ; 1 5(b)(i) any one from: 1 (good) conductor of electricity ; (good) conductor of heat ; high melting point ; high boiling point ; malleable ; 5(b)(ii) any two from: 2 copper / ORA, forms coloured compounds ; acts as catalyst ; has high density ; has high melting point ; 5(c) metal X 2 magnesium metal Y copper metal X (most reactive) and copper (least reactive) ; magnesium more reactive than metal Y;

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2022

5 Copper is a transition element. (a) (i) State one physical property and one chemical property of copper. physical property … chemical property … [2] (ii) Suggest why some coins are made of copper alloy rather than pure copper. … … [1] (b) Copper is extracted from copper oxide by heating with carbon. Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis. Argon, a noble gas, does not react with copper or aluminium. (i) Complete the balanced equation for the extraction of copper. … CuO + … C … CO2 + … Cu [1] (ii) State whether carbon is oxidised or reduced during the extraction of copper. Give a reason for your answer. carbon is … reason … … [1] (iii) State why aluminium cannot be extracted from aluminium oxide by heating with carbon. … … [1] (iv) Explain why argon and other noble gases do not react with either copper or aluminium. Use ideas about noble gas electronic structures in your answer. … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) (physical property) high density / high melting point / electrical conductor / heat or thermal conductor ; (chemical property) low reactivity ; 2 5(a)(ii) stronger / harder ; 1 5(b)(i) ..2..CuO + ..(1)..C  ..(1)..CO2 + ..2..Cu ; 1 5(b)(ii) (carbon is) oxidised AND (reason) it gains oxygen ; 1 5(b)(iii) aluminium is more reactive (than carbon) ; 1 Question Answer Marks 5(b)(iv) any two from: noble gases / argon, are, unreactive / inert ; (because) they have full outer electron shells ; do not lose / gain, electrons ; 2

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2023

5 Copper is a transition element. Aluminium is a metal in Group III of the Periodic Table. (a) State one general physical property of metals. … [1] (b) Copper is extracted from copper oxide in a process that uses carbon. Aluminium is extracted from its ore by a different process. (i) Describe one condition required for the extraction of copper from copper oxide using carbon. … [1] (ii) Suggest why aluminium cannot be extracted from its ore using carbon. … … [1] (iii) State the name of an ore of aluminium. … [1] (iv) Recycling metals uses less energy and costs less than extracting metals from their ores. Suggest one other reason why metals are recycled. … [1] (c) Aluminium alloys are used to make aircraft bodies. (i) State what is meant by the term alloy. … … [1] (ii) Suggest one reason why aluminium alloys, rather than pure aluminium, are used to make aircraft bodies. … … [1] (d) Aluminium reacts with iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3, at high temperatures. The equation for this reaction is shown. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe Identify one substance that is oxidised and one substance that is reduced during this reaction. oxidised … reduced … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) any one from: 1 malleable ; (good) electrical / heat / thermal, conductor ; high, melting / boiling, point ; 5(b)(i) heat / high temperature ; 1 5(b)(ii) (aluminium is) more reactive (than carbon) / ORA ; 1 5(b)(iii) bauxite ; 1 5(b)(iv) metal ores are a finite resource / may run out ; 1 5(c)(i) a mixture of a metal with other element(s) ; 1 5(c)(ii) stronger (for the same mass) OR less dense (for the same strength) ; 1 5(d) (oxidised) Al / aluminium AND 1 (reduced) Fe ions / iron(III) / Fe3+ ;

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2023

5 Aluminium ore contains aluminium oxide. Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide in the process shown in Fig. 5.1. carbon cathode carbon anode – + molten mixture containing aluminium oxide molten aluminium Fig. 5.1 (a) (i) Circle the name of the process shown in Fig. 5.1. chromatography crystallisation electrolysis filtration [1] (ii) State the name of the ore that contains aluminium oxide. … [1] (b) Explain why the extraction of aluminium from aluminium oxide is a reduction reaction. … … [1] (c) An atom of aluminium is represented as shown. 27 13Al (i) Describe what is meant by nucleon number. … … [1] (ii) Deduce the number of neutrons in this atom. … [1] (d) The electronic structure of an aluminium atom is shown in Fig. 5.2. Al Fig. 5.2 When aluminium reacts, aluminium atoms form aluminium ions. Complete Fig. 5.3 to show the electronic structure of an aluminium ion. Al Fig. 5.3 [1] (e) Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 , is an ionic compound. Ammonia, NH3 , is a covalent compound. Complete Table 5.1 to show the electrical conductivity of aluminium, aluminium oxide and ammonia as solids and as liquids. Use a tick (✓) to show an electrical conductor. Use a cross (✗) to show an electrical non‑conductor. Two have been done for you. Table 5.1 Key aluminium aluminium oxide ammonia ✓ = electrical solid ✓ ✗ conductor ✗ = electrical liquid non‑conductor [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) electrolysis (circled) ; 1 5(a)(ii) bauxite ; 1 5(b) oxygen is lost ; 1 5(c)(i) the (total) number of protons and neutrons ; 1 5(c)(ii) 14 ; 1 5(d) 2 electrons in inner shell, 8 in second shell and none in third shell ; 1 5(e) ;; four correct = (2) two or three correct = (1) 2

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2024

5 (a) Iron is a transition element. Tick () two boxes that show correct statements about the properties of iron and Group I elements. Iron and Group I elements conduct electricity. Iron has a higher melting point than Group I elements. Group I elements have a higher density than iron. Group I elements form coloured compounds but iron compounds are white. [2] (b) Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. Write the word equation for the reaction. + + [1] (c) Fig. 5.1 shows three identical iron nails, each in a different test-tube, A, B and C. A B C oil water Fig. 5.1 Predict in which test-tube the iron nail rusts most quickly. Explain your answer. test-tube … explanation … … … [2] (d) Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide in a blast furnace. Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 Circle the type of reaction when iron(III) oxide forms iron. combustion oxidation reduction separation [1] (e) Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis. Name the main ore of aluminium. … [1] (f) Part of the reactivity series is shown. sodium magnesium carbon zinc hydrogen copper (i) Use this reactivity series to name: • one metal that must be extracted by electrolysis • one metal that is extracted by heating with carbon. metal extracted by electrolysis … metal extracted by heating with carbon … [2] (ii) Explain why different methods of extraction are needed for the two metals in (f)(i). … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) first and second boxes ticked ; 2 5(b) iron + hydrochloric acid → iron(II) chloride + hydrogen ; 1 5(c) B ; 2 oxygen and water are needed for rusting ; 5(d) reduction ; 1 5(e) bauxite ; 1 5(f)(i) electrolysis: magnesium or sodium ; 2 carbon: zinc or copper ; 5(f)(ii) metals more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis / metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted by 1 heating (with carbon) ;

This question in 0653/32 May/June 2025

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the combustion of magnesium ribbon in air. A white powder of magnesium oxide is formed. tongs magnesium ribbon white powder Fig. 6.1 (i) Name the gas that reacts with the magnesium. … [1] (ii) Magnesium oxide is a metallic oxide. Circle the term that describes this type of oxide. acidic aqueous basic carbonate solvent [1] (iii) This reaction is exothermic. Describe what is meant by exothermic. … … [1] (iv) Magnesium oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. Complete the word equation for this reaction. magnesium hydrochloric + + oxide acid [2] (b) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are air pollutants that cause the same adverse effect to the environment. (i) Name this adverse effect. … [1] (ii) State one source of sulfur dioxide. … [1] (c) Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide in the blast furnace. (i) Name this type of reaction. … [1] (ii) Name an ore that contains iron(III) oxide. … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) oxygen ; 1 6(a)(ii) basic ; 1 6(a)(iii) (reaction that transfers) thermal energy to the surroundings ; 1 6(a)iv) magnesium chloride ; 2 water ; 6(b)(i) acid rain ; 1 6(b)(ii) burning fossil fuels ; 1 6(c)(i) reduction ; 1 6(c)(ii) hematite ; 1

This question in 0653/31 Oct/Nov 2025