Global water distribution — Paper 2 — A Level Environmental Management (AS only) 8291 topical questions

Question 1

Fig. 3.1 shows trends in global water use by sector. agriculture domestic industry 3500 3000 2500 extraction of water 2000 / km3 1500 1000 …

Accepted Answer

3(a) similarities: In all sectors extractions have increased and increased at a faster rate as the years go by. For example, between 1900 and 2000 extractions for agriculture have increased by approx. 2000 cubic kilometres, industry by approx. 300 cubic kilometres and domestic by approx. 625 cubic kilometres. An accelerating rate of increase is shown, for example, in agriculture by comparing an increase of approx. 500 cubic kilometres between 1900 and 1950 in a 50-year period, with approx. 600 cubic kilometres between 1975 and 2000, i.e. in only 25 years. More intensive exploitation of water in all sectors is due to increasing population size and increasing demands in all sectors, e.g. improved sanitation. differences: Extraction of water is greater in the agricultural sector and the largest increase occurred 1950–1975. More water is consumed in the agricultural sector with large volumes of fresh water used in irrigation. Increased agricultural output requires more intensive farming, often with increased irrigation requirements. In the domestic sector less water is used than in agriculture and the largest increase occurred 1975–2000. In the domestic sector waste water can be treated, recycled and reused so less is extracted. Overall industry consumes less water than other sectors. The largest increase occurred 1975–2000, e.g. with an increasing demand in newly industrialised countries. Please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) The question requirements are: • to use examples of countries at contrasting levels of economic development • to consider the impact of increasing population on water resources. Indicative content: A shortage of fresh water will be a global crisis as population continues to increase with no increase in freshwater supplies. An increasing population will continue to increase demand for water resources in all sectors. For example, less productive land will need to be cultivated to increase food production and will require even more water for irrigation. The impact of an increasing population on both the quantity and quality of water resources should be considered. A reduction in the quantity of freshwater resources available may result from increased withdrawals of groundwater, leading to diminishing supplies and the depletion of aquifers. Pollution originating from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources will reduce the quality of freshwater resources. Countries at contrasting levels of economic development should be compared in terms of the availability of water resources, the use of resources and increasing demands. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 2

Fig. 5.1 shows some ways groundwater is polluted. precipitation pumping pumping well disposal of well agricultural land disposal septic sol…

Accepted Answer

5(a) Groundwater contamination occurs from metals, nutrients and organic compounds due to leakage, seepage, infiltration, and percolation through permeable layers into the aquifers. For example, metals leak from underground storage, waste disposal sites, from pipes, surface spills or from dumping or disposal of waste. Nutrients from fertilisers in run-off from agricultural land infiltrate into the soil and the permeable layers into the groundwater. Organic compounds, for example from sewage pipes, septic tanks and from farm waste sludge or slurry being discharged, seep or leaking into groundwater. Please use level descriptors 1 10 5(b) The question requirements are: • to give examples of strategies used to manage the groundwater stores • to evaluate these strategies. Indicative content: The difference types of aquifers include confined, unconfined and perched. Groundwater can be supplied using shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells and boreholes. Strategies to manage groundwater include methods to protect the quality and quantity of water in groundwater stores. Methods to reduce losses from groundwater resources include, for example, capping boreholes, managing withdrawals from aquifers, reducing extractions and recycling water. Aquifer recharge can replenish supply. Waste controls and waste management can prevent leakage and seepage into aquifers thus preventing the contamination and pollution of groundwater stores. Please use level descriptors 2 30 Section B descriptor levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level level descriptors 1 Level one, 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer Level two, 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance Level three, 1–4 marks The response: • may contain errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Section B descriptor levels: level descriptors 2 Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poor balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Section B descriptor levels: Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

Question 3

Fig. 3.1 shows the percentage share of total water usage in three countries. Bangladesh UK USA 3.2% 0.7% 2.9% 21.7% 22.3% 9.0% 96.1% 75.4% …

Accepted Answer

3(a) The answer requires a description of the differences in water usage, the use of data to support analysis and suggested reasons for the differences. In Bangladesh most of the water is used in agriculture, as farming is a large part of the economy due to the high population density of the country and the food resources required. This is the highest % overall (96.1%), 27.4% higher than agriculture in the US. As an LEDC, comparatively less water is used in industry, this is the lowest % (0.7%) and domestic use is also low due to the poor water supply and water being used more sparingly. In the UK a higher percentage of water is used for industrial use, the highest % overall (75.4%), e.g. cooling water in power stations. As an MEDC, it has a more significant domestic use of water (21.7%), e.g. for sanitation or in appliances such as washing machines or in swimming pools, which require large quantities of water. Less water is required for agriculture due to a lower population density. In the USA a high amount of water is used for agriculture, the largest % (68.7%). A large percentage of the water is used for irrigation in intensive farming. Domestic use is also high due to water demands similar to the UK (22.3%). Please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) The question requirements are: • to use an example LEDC or MEDC • to consider demand for water in the country • to describe and evaluate water management strategies. Indicative content: The demand for water and the ways in which the water is supplied to meet these demands should be considered for a chosen country. For example, in the UK water is collected from rivers, stored in reservoirs, treated in treatment works and transported using pipes and supplied to homes and industry. Waste water is treated in sewage works and returned to rivers. There are many domestic facilities which demand water. Domestic water may be managed more carefully by monitoring demand using metering, giving advice on water efficiency, or through water efficiency of appliances, by imposing restrictions on the use of hosepipes and sprinklers, and re-use of greywater. In agriculture water irrigation can be mechanised, sprinklers used or irrigation feeds, hydroponics and electronic monitoring of greenhouses can be used to manage water thereby reducing water use. Waste water can be recycled to use on crops. Industrial demand for water, although high, can be highly efficient. Regulations can determine how much water can be used. Industries can also recycle waste water. An assessment should highlight issues with water management, for example, although reservoirs can provide efficient storage of water there are infiltration and evaporation losses and leaks are common in distribution pipes. In Bangladesh, agricultural demand for water is high. Surface water is collected and stored for dry season irrigation. Barrages are used as diversion structures for irrigation and tube wells are used to extract groundwater for irrigation. Surface water is often polluted and requires surface water treatment. Most drinking water is supplied from groundwater. There have been improvements in the supply of piped water and in sanitation facilities but water-related disease and contaminated groundwater are problems. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 4

Fig. 3.1 shows the percentage share of total water usage in three countries. Bangladesh UK USA 3.2% 0.7% 2.9% 21.7% 22.3% 9.0% 96.1% 75.4% …

Accepted Answer

3(a) The answer requires a description of the differences in water usage, the use of data to support analysis and suggested reasons for the differences. In Bangladesh most of the water is used in agriculture, as farming is a large part of the economy due to the high population density of the country and the food resources required. This is the highest % overall (96.1%), 27.4% higher than agriculture in the US. As an LEDC, comparatively less water is used in industry, this is the lowest % (0.7%) and domestic use is also low due to the poor water supply and water being used more sparingly. In the UK a higher percentage of water is used for industrial use, the highest % overall (75.4%), e.g. cooling water in power stations. As an MEDC, it has a more significant domestic use of water (21.7%), e.g. for sanitation or in appliances such as washing machines or in swimming pools, which require large quantities of water. Less water is required for agriculture due to a lower population density. In the USA a high amount of water is used for agriculture, the largest % (68.7%). A large percentage of the water is used for irrigation in intensive farming. Domestic use is also high due to water demands similar to the UK (22.3%). Please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) The question requirements are: • to use an example LEDC or MEDC • to consider demand for water in the country • to describe and evaluate water management strategies. Indicative content: The demand for water and the ways in which the water is supplied to meet these demands should be considered for a chosen country. For example, in the UK water is collected from rivers, stored in reservoirs, treated in treatment works and transported using pipes and supplied to homes and industry. Waste water is treated in sewage works and returned to rivers. There are many domestic facilities which demand water. Domestic water may be managed more carefully by monitoring demand using metering, giving advice on water efficiency, or through water efficiency of appliances, by imposing restrictions on the use of hosepipes and sprinklers, and re-use of greywater. In agriculture water irrigation can be mechanised, sprinklers used or irrigation feeds, hydroponics and electronic monitoring of greenhouses can be used to manage water thereby reducing water use. Waste water can be recycled to use on crops. Industrial demand for water, although high, can be highly efficient. Regulations can determine how much water can be used. Industries can also recycle waste water. An assessment should highlight issues with water management, for example, although reservoirs can provide efficient storage of water there are infiltration and evaporation losses and leaks are common in distribution pipes. In Bangladesh, agricultural demand for water is high. Surface water is collected and stored for dry season irrigation. Barrages are used as diversion structures for irrigation and tube wells are used to extract groundwater for irrigation. Surface water is often polluted and requires surface water treatment. Most drinking water is supplied from groundwater. There have been improvements in the supply of piped water and in sanitation facilities but water-related disease and contaminated groundwater are problems. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 5

Fig. 4.1 shows the sources of water for a city in a developed country in 2005 and 2010. 2005 2010 8% 11% 32% 41% 51% 57% Key water piped fr…

Accepted Answer

4(a) There is a decrease in water sourced from outside of the local drainage basin, 19% less in 2010 but there are increases in recycled water, 3% more and groundwater, 16% more. In 2005 piped water from outside of the local drainage basin provided the largest source of water for the city, 10% more than groundwater but in 2010 groundwater provides a larger percentage 25% more than piped water. The decrease in the supply of water from sources outside of the local drainage basin may be due to the quantity of water becoming increasingly unreliable or as a result of the reduced availability for a number of reasons. There may have been overuse of the water supply through extraction of water for irrigation use. The river supplying the city may have been dammed for hydro-electric power reducing flow or persistent drought or climate change may have reduced the availability of water. Alternatively the quality of the water may have changed due to contamination by pollutants. Due to an increasing urban population with increased demand for water and less water available water from outside of the local drainage basin, a move towards self-sufficiency with the sustainable water use and investment in water treatment has increased the supply of recycled water for the city. Sources of groundwater are used to provide a more reliable and pure source of potable water. Please use level descriptors 1 10 A description of the changes supported with data from Fig.4.1 and reasons for the changes are required. Question Answer Marks Guidance 4(b) The question requirements are: • to describe the supply of water from desalination and groundwater in arid countries • to consider the advantages and disadvantages of supplying water from desalinisation • to consider the advantages and disadvantages of supplying water from groundwater • to use examples of arid countries Indicative content: Advantages of desalination include removing impurities from water to provide potable water. Desalination allows control of a local water supply. Areas which have a poor water supply can improve their own water supply. This reduces the need for pipelines and all the risks involved. However there are disadvantages, it is expensive, has high energy demands and can have ecological consequences with an effect on the marine environment and marine organisms. The disadvantages of groundwater include the risk of over extraction resulting in depletion of the aquifer or saltwater intrusion. Use of groundwater increases the chances of groundwater pollution including salinisation and polluted groundwater is difficult to treat. It can be expensive to extract water from groundwater particularly if deep wells have to be built. Advantages, of groundwater include reliability as it is a renewable source of water provided extraction is not greater than recharge. It may be the only source of freshwater available which is pure and the mineral water is useful for bottled water. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 6

Fig. 4.1 shows the number of free-flowing rivers that were dammed in each decade. 20 15 number of free-flowing 10 rivers dammed 5 0 1890 19…

Accepted Answer

4(a) The number of rivers being dammed increased between 1890 and 1930. During the 1930s there was no further increase with 9 rivers dammed each decade and fewer rivers were being dammed during 1940–1950, only 8 during the decade. During 1950 to1960, 20 free flowing rivers were dammed, more than double the number of large rivers previously dammed in any decade. Since 1960 the number of large rivers being dammed per decade has gradually decreased until 1990. Very few large free flowing rivers have been dammed since1990, only 2 per decade. Reasons for the increases in the number of dams built up to 1960 include a greater dam building capability and investment in dam building projects. Economic development and increasing energy demands has increased the demand for hydroelectric power schemes. Increased demand for a reliable domestic water supply and increasing demand for irrigation water for agriculture has resulted in the need for more reservoirs to store water. Reasons for the decrease in the number of dams built since 1960 may suggest that by 1960 major rivers were already dammed so fewer large rivers have been dammed additionally and more dams were constructed on rivers that were already dammed. Alternatively, even larger but fewer dams have been constructed for example, The Three Gorges Dam in China. Increasing awareness of the disadvantages of building large dams for example, earthquake risk and more opposition to dam building for social, economic and environmental reasons. Please use level descriptors 1 10 Answer requires a description of the changes together with suggested reasons for the changes. Credit manipulation of data e.g. a calculation of change or percentage change as part of the description. Award 4 marks for description and 2 marks for use of data and 4 for explanation. Question Answer Marks Guidance 4(b) The question requirements are: to consider the advantages of dams and reservoirs to consider the disadvantages of dams and reservoirs to evaluate the use of dams and reservoirs to use examples of dams and reservoirs. Indicative content: Advantages of building dams and reservoirs include, for example flood protection, a water store for drinking water and irrigation water for agriculture and recreation activities. Hydroelectric power generation provides a renewable clean energy source. Employment opportunities are provided by dam-building projects. Disadvantages of dams include the fragmentation of rivers and the effect on the natural flow of the water with a change in the amount of water and rate of flow, downstream. Many people can suffer because of the downstream effects of dams. The transport of sediments in the river downstream is restricted and sediment builds up in the dam. There may be a reduction in the fertility of farmlands due to the loss of minerals and irrigation by seasonal floods. Habitats are destroyed, freshwater species and ecosystems are affected. There may be a loss of fisheries with a corresponding loss of livelihood for people dependent on the fisheries. Dams are expensive to build and maintain and dust and noise are problems during dam building. There can be forced displacement of people as many people are evicted from their lands and homes to make way for dams. Specific advantages and disadvantages should be evaluated through the use of examples. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 7

Table 3.1 shows the area of agricultural land that was irrigated in 1973 and 2013 and the percentage of cultivated land that was irrigated …

Accepted Answer

3(a) All regions show an increase in the area of irrigated land. The regions with largest increase by area are Asia (99.9 million ha.) followed by South America and the lowest is Oceania (1.7 million ha.) and Europe. Although North America (7.2 million ha.) and Africa (6.9 million ha) have similar increases in area of land irrigated however the area of land irrigated has almost doubled in Africa. Reasons for the variation in the percentage of cultivated land that is irrigated may include reference to such factors as climate, climate change, population growth, increasing demand, availability of water and economic development. The increased demand for food production with increasing population size has resulted in an increased area of land devoted to agricultural crops in Asia which has the largest percentage of irrigated land. Expanding populations require increased agricultural productivity using high yielding crops which require high levels of irrigation. The scarcity of water available for irrigation in large areas of Africa explains the lower percentage of land irrigated, even though population increase demands increased food production. Although the area of land irrigated has doubled it remains the lowest percentage. Please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) The question requirements are: • to describe the impact of agricultural use on freshwater supplies • to use examples • to describe management strategies aimed at protecting natural supplies of water. Indicative content: Water resources such rivers and groundwater used to supply of water for agricultural use should be considered. The over extraction of water from rivers for agriculture can impact on water flow to other bodies of water. This can result in a river drying-up and salinisation. The over-extraction of water from aquifers can lead to aquifer depletion, salt water intrusion and the salinisation of freshwater supplies. The overuse of water for irrigation can lead to pollution of water supplies due to the use of fertilisers and the increased run-off from land. Examples such as the Aral Sea or the Murray River can be used to exemplify these points. Management strategies can be aimed at protecting the quality or quantity of water supplies. Include strategies for preventing the pollution of rivers and groundwater such as the timing of fertiliser treatment and intercropping. Strategies which reduce the demand for water or conserve water supplies include for example, using drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting and using recycled water for irrigation. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 8

Table 3.1 shows the area of agricultural land that was irrigated in 1973 and 2013 and the percentage of cultivated land that was irrigated …

Accepted Answer

3(a) All regions show an increase in the area of irrigated land. The regions with largest increase by area are Asia (99.9 million ha.) followed by South America and the lowest is Oceania (1.7 million ha.) and Europe. Although North America (7.2 million ha.) and Africa (6.9 million ha) have similar increases in area of land irrigated however the area of land irrigated has almost doubled in Africa. Reasons for the variation in the percentage of cultivated land that is irrigated may include reference to such factors as climate, climate change, population growth, increasing demand, availability of water and economic development. The increased demand for food production with increasing population size has resulted in an increased area of land devoted to agricultural crops in Asia which has the largest percentage of irrigated land. Expanding populations require increased agricultural productivity using high yielding crops which require high levels of irrigation. The scarcity of water available for irrigation in large areas of Africa explains the lower percentage of land irrigated, even though population increase demands increased food production. Although the area of land irrigated has doubled it remains the lowest percentage. Please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) The question requirements are: • to describe the impact of agricultural use on freshwater supplies • to use examples • to describe management strategies aimed at protecting natural supplies of water. Indicative content: Water resources such rivers and groundwater used to supply of water for agricultural use should be considered. The over extraction of water from rivers for agriculture can impact on water flow to other bodies of water. This can result in a river drying-up and salinisation. The over-extraction of water from aquifers can lead to aquifer depletion, salt water intrusion and the salinisation of freshwater supplies. The overuse of water for irrigation can lead to pollution of water supplies due to the use of fertilisers and the increased run-off from land. Examples such as the Aral Sea or the Murray River can be used to exemplify these points. Management strategies can be aimed at protecting the quality or quantity of water supplies. Include strategies for preventing the pollution of rivers and groundwater such as the timing of fertiliser treatment and intercropping. Strategies which reduce the demand for water or conserve water supplies include for example, using drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting and using recycled water for irrigation. Please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 9

(a) Fig. 2.1 shows two types of aquifer. water table well artesian well soil water level unsaturated zone water table unconfined aquifer sa…

Accepted Answer

2(a)(i) underground (water bearing layer / porous rock) in which water is stored and through which it can flow; 1 2(a)(ii) unconfined aquifer: permeable layer above aquifer ; layer of impermeable rock below aquifer; confined aquifer: impermeable rock above the aquifer; impermeable rock below the aquifer; confined aquifer is deeper in the ground / unconfined aquifer is closer to the surface ; max 4 2(a)(iii) any 4 from: in the water table well of the unconfined aquifer: the water level is dependent on the height/level of the water table; in the saturated zone / permeable layer; water level is variable with the height of the water table; the water table is dependent on recharge from rainfall in the local area; percolation into groundwater; in the artesian well of the unconfined aquifer: the water level is higher; dependent on water pressure; recharge of the confined aquifer from outside the local area; through underground flow; max 4 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(i) the largest extent of the saturated zone of the Ogallala Aquifer occurs in the north / under most of the state of Nebraska or the Ogallala Aquifer is less extensive in e.g. Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico / further south; a saturated zone of more than 183 m has less extent; only three states / Nebraska, Wyoming, and Texas contain the saturated zone of the greatest thickness; Nebraska has the largest extent of saturated zone with a thickness of more than 183 metres; a thinner saturated layer of less than 61 m covers a greater area; Kansas / Texas have the largest extent of a saturated zone of less than 61 m; New Mexico only contains a thinner saturated zone; all states have at least one area with a thickness of less than 61 m.; (e.g. South Dakota, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska ,Wyoming and Colorado) have a saturated thickness of between 61–183 metres; max 4 2(b)(ii) any 2 from: output from the aquifer: increased water demand; increased number of wells; over extraction of water; input to the aquifer: decreased precipitation / increased evaporation/increased drought; reduced infiltration to water table; less recharge; reduced surface water flow; water channelled / diverted out of the area; change in land use; climate change; max 2 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(iii) (water management strategies) achieving a balance of inputs and outputs to the aquifer; protect the quantity of water; prevent the over extraction of water from the aquifer; using a safe yield of water; reduce water use; reduce the quantity of irrigation water used in agriculture; local legislation / taxes; grow drought resistant crops; water re-cycling; practice water conservation measures; reduce water loss from the aquifer; cap wells; change irrigation practice to drip-feed irrigation; protect the quality of water; prevent water pollution; prevent contamination of the saturated zone / prevent seepage into aquifer; waste management strategies; groundwater recharge / artificial recharge; max 5

Question 10

Fig. 4.1 shows the changes in the extent of the Aral Sea between 1957 and 2015. 1957 1982 2000 2015 NorthNorth AralAral SeaSea Kok-Aral dam…

Accepted Answer

4(a) The Aral Sea reduced in extent between 1957 and 2015 by approximately 90%. In the 1980’s a decrease in the area of sea is evident. The Aral sea became fragmented into two separate areas – North Aral and South Aral. By the year 2000 the extent of the Aral Sea had decreased considerably and the South Aral Sea was cut-off from the River Amu Darya. The Kok-Aral Dam built in 2005 has allowed water in the North Aral to rise again and by 2015 there is a small increase in the extent of the in the North Aral Sea. Reasons may refer to reduced input from river flow and surface run-off. Reduced input from river flow may be attributed to water being diverted from rivers or through over-extraction of river water for use in irrigation. Reduced surface run-off may be accounted for by climate change, drought, increased rates of evaporation and reduced precipitation levels. Management strategies can reduce the extraction of water from rivers, conserve water and control water flow through the use of dams and reservoirs. These strategies can result in increased water levels in water stores. please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 4(b) The question requirements are: • to consider the need for safeguarding of water supply • to describe the strategies which can be used to safeguard water supply • to assess the strategies • to refer one or more examples. Indicative content: The quality and quantity of a country’s water supply can be affected by a number of issues which impact on water resources. Strategies to safeguard a country’s water supply should be sustainable and aim to prevent over-extraction of water resources and preserve the quality of water supply. Water management strategies to safeguard the quantity of water supply for a country may include for example water the building of dams and reservoirs, desalinisation plants, the recycling of water using green and grey water appropriately and water conservation. Strategies to safeguard water quality should include methods to reduce contamination of water supply for example reducing pollution from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources and the appropriate treatment of black water. Examples should exemplify the water supply issues for a county and describe and assess the strategies employed. please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 11

Fig. 3.1 shows information about fresh water availability for selected regions and the contributions made by these regions to the total sup…

Accepted Answer

3(a) Most desalination, over 50% (53.4%), occurs in the arid areas of the Middle East. These areas have water scarcity, a limited availability of freshwater from surface water and depleted groundwater stores. On average, only 500 cubic metres of freshwater is available per person per year. All other regions collectively account for only 46.6%, of desalination. These regions have on average more freshwater available per person per year, from 1000 to 13 401 cubic metres. Regions with abundant water resources and low population density require minimal desalination for example South America with only 0.6% of desalinisation, as freshwater availability of 7200 cubic metres per person per year, is the second highest of all regions. Regions with a high population density and a high water demand for domestic supply and agriculture, have on average less freshwater available per person and more desalination for example Asia with 2970 cubic metres per person per year and 10.6% desalination. Less economically developed countries have a minimal supply of water from desalination, for example Sub-Saharan Africa with only 6.2% of desalination even though this region has the second lowest freshwater availability, after the Middle East. Although North America has the highest water freshwater availability of 13 401 cubic metres per person per year, it has the second highest amount of desalinisation 17%, due to a high demand for water for intensive agriculture, using irrigation. please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) The question requirements are: • to outline one process of desalinisation • to discuss the advantages of desalinisation • to discuss the disadvantages of desalinisation. Indicative content: Methods of desalination include for example electro dialysis, reverse osmosis, freezing and distillation. Advantages include the provision of potable water and reduced salt content of water. Desalinisation allows the use of brackish borehole water and the treatment of industrial and sewage effluents or polluted river water for reuse. Disadvantages include power consumption, the ecological impact of brine disposal, effectiveness of the process on a large scale and cost implications. please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 12

Fig. 5.1 shows the water demands of different groups of countries for the year 2000 and the predicted water demands for 2050 by sector. 600…

Accepted Answer

5(a) Overall increases in water demand are predicted for both BRICS and LEDCs while in MEDCs an overall decrease in demand is predicted. Increases in water demand are predicted in the electricity sector in both BRICS and LEDCs. The demand for water in both domestic and manufacturing industry sectors is expected to increase in all groups of countries but with greater increases in BRICS and LEDCs. There is a predicted overall decrease in water demand in the agricultural sector in both MEDCs and BRICS. Economic development and industrialisation in BRICS and LEDCs will result in increased demand in electricity and manufacturing sectors. These competing demands for water will leave little scope for water for irrigation. Thus the agricultural sector will have less water and while irrigation use in agriculture is still the largest use of water, a decreasing demand for water for agriculture is predicted due to water scarcity and decreasing supplies. The reduced demand for water in MEDCs may develop from the sustainable use of water, water conservation, the recycling of water, metering of water or legislation. Increasing population in BRIC’s and LEDCs increases the demand for a domestic supply so that overall domestic demand is expected to increase. please use level descriptors 1 10 Question Answer Marks 5(b) The question requirements are: • to use examples of different countries to consider population growth and the growing demand for water • to assess the impact on quality of natural water supplies • to assess the impact on quantity of natural water supplies. Indicative content: Population is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050 and overall water demand will increase by a third, mostly in the economically developing countries. There is growing demand for water with economic development which will continue to increase demand in domestic and industrial sectors. More water is required for energy. This will Impact on the quality of water. Increased domestic use will generate more waste water and more industry, manufacturing and power generation will produce more pollutants resulting in increased water pollution. Increased agricultural output will be required to feed an increasing global population, resulting in the increased use of fertilisers and more eutrophication. Increased water demand will impact upon the quantity of water. The increased of extraction from rivers, and groundwater stores will deplete water resources. For example the overuse of wells for irrigation water will deplete groundwater stores. please use level descriptors 2 30 Section B descriptor levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Section B descriptor levels: Section B (part a) Level descriptors 1 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Section B descriptor levels: Section B (part b): Level descriptors 2 Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Section B descriptor levels: Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

Question 13

(a) Fig. 2.1 shows water use by sector for countries with contrasting levels of economic development. countries with low economic countries…

Accepted Answer

2(a)(i) industrial use rises / increases threefold / use of figures; agricultural use falls / decreases / use of figures; domestic shows a slight rise / use of figures; max 2 2 2(a)(ii) increasing economic development increases demand for goods / services; leads to more industry / manufacturing; which use water for products / cleaning machinery; hence increasing demand; 4 2(b)(i) global warming / climate change; leads to less snow melt into the basin; higher temperature increases evaporation; increasing drought in the area; dam reduces flow; leads to silting / increased evaporation; increasing populations in large cities; increased demand for water; max 4 4 2(b)(ii) pipelines; to supply water; maintenance; to prevent leaks; water transfer by canals / aqueducts; from areas of plenty / to drought areas; education in water saving strategies; named examples; use of natural aquifers; max 4 4 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(iii) Advantages water supply increased; recreation possibilities; power generation; aquatic environment enhanced / created; Disadvantages cost; silting of river lower down / reduced flow; environmental damage during building; loss of habitats; displacement of people; max 6

Question 14

Fig. 4.1 shows a map of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project aims to take water fr…

Accepted Answer

4(a) Advantages Move water from areas of plenty to areas of need, which enables arid regions to support large populations and in turn become productive. Encourages water conservation through education as people learn of the project. Ability to respond to drought resulting from climate change and pollution. Disadvantages Environmental damage including during building of the canals and loss of habitats afterwards. Pollution from Yangtze river enters the Han river. Expensive (more than three gorges dam). Relocation of people and their settlements. Loss of aquatic wildlife populations. please use level descriptors 1 10 4(b) The question requirements are: • to show understanding of the variability of water supply and quality around the world • to understand that different levels of economic development affect ability to manage water supply • to assess the different strategies for managing a sustainable water supply. Indicative content: Understanding of the hydrological cycle is important especially the effects of global climate change on the components. Water supply is affected by drought, changes in snow melt and annual precipitation patterns. We are generally expert in managing surface water and run-off to provide stored water but are less informed regarding aquifers and groundwater stores. Countries with low levels of economic development have problems affording the infrastructure required to access and supply water compared with those with a higher level of economic development who can build reservoirs, pipelines and maintain the quality of supply. Strategies to include capture and storage of surface run-off are tried and tested as are extraction from groundwater sources such as aquifers. More innovative schemes include desalination of salt water (expensive) and water recycling, reduction of waste and water re-use (require education). Rainwater harvesting at source and cloud seeding are other techniques being used (requires wealth). please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 15

Table 4.1 shows the percentage of the total human population that live on arid or semi-arid land for each continent. Table 4.1 percentage o…

Accepted Answer

4(a) Arid and semi-arid areas have low biodiversity and poor soils in general making life difficult. Tend to have subsistence living if low level of economic development. Traditional lifestyles vary from nomadic to settled pastoral. Crop plants are adapted to such conditions as are livestock but continuing arid conditions limit productivity. Fertilisers and drought resistant seeds are expensive, as are irrigation schemes. People face increasing drought, possible salinisation of soil water and further loss of soil fertility because of climate change. please use level descriptors 1 10 4(b) The question requirements are: • to demonstrate understanding of the different problems arising from different levels of natural water supply • to describe different methods of water supply • to assess the relative success of the different strategies used to supply potable water. Indicative content: Lack of water as a result of increasing aridity, climate change alters local precipitation patterns. Local agricultural practices reduce soil water content. Loss of glaciers reduces annual melt flow into areas reliant on this water. Appropriate technology used, e.g. wells, boreholes, gravity fed schemes using natural slopes, harvesting rainwater, waste management (use of grey water), reduction of evaporation techniques, improved irrigation and use of drought tolerant crops. Relative merits and success assessed. Where infrastructure is available water supply still must be both sufficient and safe (disease free) so sanitation is also an issue. Ground water stores need preserving, e.g. aquifers. Dams to provide water reservoirs. Desalination an option if affordable. please use level descriptors 2 30

Question 16

(a) Fig. 2.1 is a graph showing the demand for water by sector in China for 2005, 2015 and predicted demand for 2030. Key domestic industry…

Accepted Answer

2(a)(i) industry; 1 2(a)(ii) growing population; greater consumer demands; increasing industrialisation; growing economy; increasing manufacture for export; max 2 2(a)(iii) build reservoirs; use desalination methods; improve infrastructure; establish water grid system to move water to places in need; import water; reduce waste; education; max 4 2(a)(iv) severe shortage predicted; domestic use affected; (less) for drinking / washing / valid example; Industrial use affected; (less) for use in cooling / manufacturing processes / valid example; Agricultural use affected; (less) for watering crops / livestock / valid example; max 4 2(b)(i) increased release of greenhouse gases; accumulate in upper atmosphere; absorb infra-red / heat; emitted back to Earth; increasing temperatures; max 2 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(ii) affect the supply of drinking water / irrigation water; could lead to drought conditions; due to loss of annual melt flow; leads to rising sea levels; coastal and low-lying areas at risk; loss of reflective areas / decrease in albedo affects global temperatures; contributing to global warming; max 3 2(b)(c) named pollutant e.g. fertiliser / nutrient enrichment / sewage / named chemical; relevant method of pollution e.g. farming run-off / sewage pipes into the sea / chemical spills; relevant environmental impact or impacts; relevant health impact or impacts; 4

Question 17

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows aerial views of the Theewaterskloof Dam and Reservoir near Cape Town, South Africa taken in 2011 and 2018. January 6, 20…

Accepted Answer

1(a)(i) the surface area of open water; has reduced / is less; relative change such as reduced by over 50% / halved; less water is available; the ground at the margins of the reservoir is exposed / the margins are more visible; max 2 1(a)(ii) increased demand for water from Cape Town; for industrial and domestic use; population increase; waste of water; repairs not undertaken; unnecessary use of water; such as gardens / grass features / golf courses / car washing; demand for agricultural / aqua cultural use; puts extra pressure on supply; lack of rainfall; over time leading to drought; climate change; reduction of water flowing into the reservoir; max 4 1(a)(iii) habitat becomes drier as the lake disappears; margin soil more exposed; area has less green growth around the margins; soil quality changes as it dries; food chains disrupted; both on land and aquatic; example described e.g. fish eagles have reduced hunting options; max 4 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(i) reduce the amount people are allowed to use; ban non-essential use; examples e.g. don’t wash taxis or buses; divert supply from agriculture and industry; education; reduce amount in toilets wtte; showers instead of baths; repair leaks quickly; turn off the taps and supply water from tankers / bowsers; consider long term alternatives such as desalination plants / water diversion from areas with surplus; max 4 1(b)(ii) advantages: water supply; potential for recreation; aesthetic appeal; provides habitats; potential to generate power; disadvantages: could be affected by long term climate change / drought; damages habitats when constructed; disrupts / displaces people during construction; noise pollution during construction; max 6

Question 18

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows aerial views of the Theewaterskloof Dam and Reservoir near Cape Town, South Africa taken in 2011 and 2018. January 6, 20…

Accepted Answer

1(a)(i) the surface area of open water; has reduced / is less; relative change such as reduced by over 50% / halved; less water is available; the ground at the margins of the reservoir is exposed / the margins are more visible; max 2 1(a)(ii) increased demand for water from Cape Town; for industrial and domestic use; population increase; waste of water; repairs not undertaken; unnecessary use of water; such as gardens / grass features / golf courses / car washing; demand for agricultural / aqua cultural use; puts extra pressure on supply; lack of rainfall; over time leading to drought; climate change; reduction of water flowing into the reservoir; max 4 1(a)(iii) habitat becomes drier as the lake disappears; margin soil more exposed; area has less green growth around the margins; soil quality changes as it dries; food chains disrupted; both on land and aquatic; example described e.g. fish eagles have reduced hunting options; max 4 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(i) reduce the amount people are allowed to use; ban non-essential use; examples e.g. don’t wash taxis or buses; divert supply from agriculture and industry; education; reduce amount in toilets wtte; showers instead of baths; repair leaks quickly; turn off the taps and supply water from tankers / bowsers; consider long term alternatives such as desalination plants / water diversion from areas with surplus; max 4 1(b)(ii) advantages: water supply; potential for recreation; aesthetic appeal; provides habitats; potential to generate power; disadvantages: could be affected by long term climate change / drought; damages habitats when constructed; disrupts / displaces people during construction; noise pollution during construction; max 6

Question 19

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the various stores of water found in the hydrosphere. freshwater lakes groundwater inland sea 0.009% 0.008% salt water 9…

Accepted Answer

1(a)(i) fresh (water) 1 1(a)(ii) 0.63 (%); 1 1(a)(iii) increased flow of water into streams and rivers; leads to increased flooding; increased flow into seas from rivers; raises sea-level; increases risk of coastal flooding; damage to communities; loss of coastal areas / erosion; loss of land / damage to infrastructure; increased risk of salinisation of coastal soils; loss of land for agriculture; loss of annual melt waters; affects some agricultural practices; affects soil fertility; max 4 4 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(i) description type of aquifer an aquifer which is found above the water table where an impermeable layer of rock or material lies above the regional water table perched an aquifer where the water from the ground above is prevented from seeping in by a layer of impermeable rock or material lying above the aquifer confined an aquifer where water from the ground directly above can seep into the aquifer unconfined one correct; all three correct; 2 1(b)(ii) over-use / demand; for domestic / industrial / agricultural use; lack of rainfall / drought conditions; due to climate change / natural cycles; over-pumping could lead to salt intrusion in coastal aquifers reducing availability of freshwater; max 2 2 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(iii) education; to reduce demand for water; to encourage less wastage; legislation; to limit amounts that can be pumped for industrial / agricultural use; public attitudes; campaigns for reducing water use and waste; named example, e.g. not washing cars; use of grey water; to irrigate plants and gardens; to recycle / re-use water; max 4 4 Question Answer Marks 1(c) population increases; so greater demand for water; change from agricultural use to domestic use; as size of residential areas increases; increase in use for non-essential purposes; described, e.g. watering gardens / cleaning cars; increase in waste of water; larger population more likely to waste water than smaller rural population; max 5 5 1(d) destruction of habitats; noise during construction; displacement of people / loss of traditional jobs; disruption of river flow / annual flooding affected; silting downstream of the dam; max 1 1

Question 20

Fig. 5.1 shows the location of Jordan in the Middle East, and a photograph of the Jordanian Southern Desert, an arid area. Jordan is almost…

Accepted Answer

5(a) The issue with an arid area is the lack of water in a long-term situation so strategies are needed to conserve and use what is available in the best possible way. Arid areas tend to have poor soil so any crops need to be irrigated which is an issue when water is short. Cities by their nature have a huge demand and pressure on water supply and education in conservation is necessary to avoid having to turn the taps off. Industrial demands for water are also a stress to the supply and regulation and control is needed and especially the use of waste (grey) water needs consideration. An increase in population adds pressure to the system of supply and demand and exacerbates the problem. please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks 5(b) The requirements of the question are: • to describe the problems of water supply within countries at different levels of economic development • to discuss different methods of water supply and conservation methods • to assess the relative success of the different methods of supplying water for industrial, domestic and agricultural use. Indicative content: Countries with good natural water supplies may also have well developed economies and can afford the infrastructure to provide adequate water supplies including the water pipe and drainage system, reservoirs and dams and have a population hopefully educated in water conservation. Industrial and agricultural use will be monitored and legislation in place to impose controls where necessary. Countries with poor and limited water supplies may have weak economies and will not have the money to support a significant infrastructure or to build expensive systems such as reservoirs and dams. A rich supply of water means plenty of water to collect and store. Arid conditions mean water is limited and hard to collect and store. Reference to desalination plants can be made but must mention the expense involved in building them and the need for a coastline to access the seawater. Similarly dams and reservoirs are expensive to build and need suitable rivers with reasonable flow rates and natural valleys to form the reservoir. These can be subjected to losses during periods of drought leading to extraction outstripping supply. 30 please use level descriptors 2 Question Answer Marks Section B descriptor levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Section B (part a), Level descriptors 1 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer Question Answer Marks 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Section B (part b): Level descriptors 2 Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Question Answer Marks Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

Question 21

(a) Water withdrawal is the total volume of water removed from a water source. Fig. 1.1 shows water withdrawal as a percentage of total wat…

Accepted Answer

1(a)(i) areas facing shortage are increasing / more countries in highest group; most spread across Middle East / Asia and North Africa; almost entirely northern hemisphere; stays the same / no change in South America / Oceania; USA moves into higher category; use of correct data in support of a change; max 3 1(a)(ii) increasing aridity / less precipitation; persistent drought; climate change; likely poor water management; population not conserving water; increased population; increased industrialisation / increasing number of industries; increased irrigation in agriculture; max 2 2 1(a)(iii) education; not doing things with running water; reduce amount in toilets; not washing cars; repair leaks; improve catchment and storage; provide a new source / alternative source e.g. desalination; method / type of recycling / re-using ‘waste’ water; max 2 2 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(i) Domestic Egypt has less developed infrastructure; Egypt has less sanitation; Egypt arid; USA has increased population / more people; Industrial USA more industrialised; USA is more economically developed; max 2 2 1(b)(ii) sea water is filtered; to remove solids and other unwanted particles; passed through membranes; reverse osmosis occurs; separating dissolved minerals / salts; freshwater treated to health standards; max 4 4 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(iii) Advantages it provides potable water for people / livestock; in arid areas; it provides water for agriculture / horticulture; it uses an available / abundant resource; it isn’t reliant on climate / rainfall; preserves / reduces drawdowns from natural sources e.g. aquifers / reservoirs; Disadvantages costly; consumes a lot of energy / resources; large volume of waste water; has to be built in coastal areas / needs infrastructure / transport; environmental issues; removes some of the taste of water; max 4 4 1(c) increasing temperature / global warming; increases evaporation / groundwater evaporates; more / less rainfall; extreme weather events such as flooding, storm surges, drought; leads to contamination of freshwater supplies; glaciers melt; increased flow in rivers; increased flow to oceans; polar ice melts faster; freshwater to seawater increases; max 3 3

Question 22

Fig. 2.1 is a diagram showing an effect of fertiliser pollution in water. N-P-K dead fish algal bloom excess use of chemical fertilisers de…

Accepted Answer

2(a)(i) eutrophication; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(ii) fertiliser stimulates plant growth; algae grow rapidly; algae die due to lack of sunlight / light energy / due to competition for resources; (decomposing) bacteria / decomposers; use dead algae for nutrients; respiration; consumes oxygen; fish suffocate / die due to lack of oxygen; max 4 4 2(a)(iii) legislation; enforcement / fines; educate; follow instructions; crop rotation; mixed cropping; leguminous plants; fallow land; grow GM crops; which are adapted to poor soils; persuade farmers to use organic rather than inorganic fertilisers; because they are slower release; subsidies for organic farming; use of reed beds to filter water; max 4 4 2(b)(i) A – unconfined (aquifer); B – confined (aquifer); 2 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(ii) pesticides; oil and petroleum products; chemical industrial wastes; detergents; paint; acid; sewage; heavy metals; max 3 3 2(b)(iii) groundwater moves slowly; recharge takes a long time / is slow; little force behind the movement; chemicals take a long time to be washed away; max 2 2 2(b)(iv) encourage clean-up of e.g. oil spills; restrict pesticide / fertiliser use; encourage safe disposal of products; legislate / enforcement; educate; re-use / recycle water to reduce waste water; reduce drainage of wetlands; max 4 4

Question 23

Fig. 3.1 shows a newspaper report about the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. One of the biggest dams in the world The G…

Accepted Answer

3(a) Advantages Water supply is improved, potential for recreation, landscaping, power generation, improved economy and lifestyles, new habitat created, jobs Disadvantages Cost, potential for downriver problems, conflict with other countries, silting, affect seasonal agricultural floods, affect fish migration routes, destruction of habitats, displacement of people, noise and dust from construction, loss of agricultural land 3(b) The requirements for this question are: • to discuss the concept of shared resources • to demonstrate understanding that shared resources can lead to conflict • to evaluate the statement. Candidates should be aware of the difficulty of obtaining international agreements and be able to relate this to the shared resources concept such as the water in rivers that flow through more than one country. Other examples could include marine waters and fishing rights, and international protocols on pollution (shared air). Candidates should provide a balanced argument about the statement and suggest an opinion. 30 please use level descriptors 1 please use level descriptors 2

Question 24

Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds supply. Fig. 5.1 is a bar chart showing total global human population and human populatio…

Accepted Answer

5(a) The source material suggests that as population grows the numbers of people living with severe water stress will increase from 38% to 47%. Causes are expanding population requiring more resources, provided by increased industrialisation and increased agricultural production. As a result, more water is used. Increasing aridity and consequent desertification are factors as is the potential of climate change. Countries with low economic development have few resources to build appropriate infrastructure or provide water catchment and storage systems. 5(b) The requirements for this question are: • to demonstrate a knowledge of issues relating to water supply • to discuss the problems of countries with lower income countries • to describe the different systems needed to supply potable water • to make comparisons between different levels of economic development. The cost, lack of resources and lack of political will to solve issues. Lower income countries often rely on NGO for support and input. Infrastructure to build storage systems and the transport from source to use are all expensive. Borrowing leads to debt and more problems. Lack of water can be offset with desalination plants but again there are cost issues. A well- developed economy has the ability and usually the will to provide these essentials 10 please use level descriptors 2 please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B Descriptor Levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Question Answer Marks Section B Part (a) Level Descriptors 1 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Question Answer Marks Section B Part (b): Level Descriptors 2 Responses: Level One, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level Two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Question Answer Marks Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

Question 25

Fig. 2.1 is a diagram showing an effect of fertiliser pollution in water. N-P-K dead fish algal bloom excess use of chemical fertilisers de…

Accepted Answer

2(a)(i) eutrophication; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(ii) fertiliser stimulates plant growth; algae grow rapidly; algae die due to lack of sunlight / light energy / due to competition for resources; (decomposing) bacteria / decomposers; use dead algae for nutrients; respiration; consumes oxygen; fish suffocate / die due to lack of oxygen; max 4 4 2(a)(iii) legislation; enforcement / fines; educate; follow instructions; crop rotation; mixed cropping; leguminous plants; fallow land; grow GM crops; which are adapted to poor soils; persuade farmers to use organic rather than inorganic fertilisers; because they are slower release; subsidies for organic farming; use of reed beds to filter water; max 4 4 2(b)(i) A – unconfined (aquifer); B – confined (aquifer); 2 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(ii) pesticides; oil and petroleum products; chemical industrial wastes; detergents; paint; acid; sewage; heavy metals; max 3 3 2(b)(iii) groundwater moves slowly; recharge takes a long time / is slow; little force behind the movement; chemicals take a long time to be washed away; max 2 2 2(b)(iv) encourage clean-up of e.g. oil spills; restrict pesticide / fertiliser use; encourage safe disposal of products; legislate / enforcement; educate; re-use / recycle water to reduce waste water; reduce drainage of wetlands; max 4 4

Question 26

Fig. 3.1 shows a newspaper report about the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. One of the biggest dams in the world The G…

Accepted Answer

3(a) Advantages Water supply is improved, potential for recreation, landscaping, power generation, improved economy and lifestyles, new habitat created, jobs Disadvantages Cost, potential for downriver problems, conflict with other countries, silting, affect seasonal agricultural floods, affect fish migration routes, destruction of habitats, displacement of people, noise and dust from construction, loss of agricultural land 3(b) The requirements for this question are: • to discuss the concept of shared resources • to demonstrate understanding that shared resources can lead to conflict • to evaluate the statement. Candidates should be aware of the difficulty of obtaining international agreements and be able to relate this to the shared resources concept such as the water in rivers that flow through more than one country. Other examples could include marine waters and fishing rights, and international protocols on pollution (shared air). Candidates should provide a balanced argument about the statement and suggest an opinion. 30 please use level descriptors 1 please use level descriptors 2

Question 27

Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds supply. Fig. 5.1 is a bar chart showing total global human population and human populatio…

Accepted Answer

5(a) The source material suggests that as population grows the numbers of people living with severe water stress will increase from 38% to 47%. Causes are expanding population requiring more resources, provided by increased industrialisation and increased agricultural production. As a result, more water is used. Increasing aridity and consequent desertification are factors as is the potential of climate change. Countries with low economic development have few resources to build appropriate infrastructure or provide water catchment and storage systems. 5(b) The requirements for this question are: • to demonstrate a knowledge of issues relating to water supply • to discuss the problems of countries with lower income countries • to describe the different systems needed to supply potable water • to make comparisons between different levels of economic development. The cost, lack of resources and lack of political will to solve issues. Lower income countries often rely on NGO for support and input. Infrastructure to build storage systems and the transport from source to use are all expensive. Borrowing leads to debt and more problems. Lack of water can be offset with desalination plants but again there are cost issues. A well- developed economy has the ability and usually the will to provide these essentials 10 please use level descriptors 2 please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B Descriptor Levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Question Answer Marks Section B Part (a) Level Descriptors 1 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Question Answer Marks Section B Part (b): Level Descriptors 2 Responses: Level One, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level Two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Question Answer Marks Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

Question 28

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows information about water needed to produce cotton for clothing. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 1.1 (…

Accepted Answer

1(a)(i) 240 000; 1 1(a)(ii) 75; 2500 / 2.5 = 1000; 75 000 / 1000; 2 1(a)(iii) large scale use of water; reduction in ground water stores; diversion of natural water flows; (groundwater depletion) leads to salt water intrusion / salinisation; land subsidence; 4 1(b)(i) most cotton producing countries have some water stress; no pattern to ranking and stress level; Uzbekistan has extremely high water stress; Brazil has the lowest water stress; cotton production is not the main cause of water stress ; 3 1(b)(ii) 21.059 / 21.06 / 21.1; 1 1(c)(i) any number between 20 and 35%; 1 1(c)(ii) loss of fishing industry; salinisation / desertification of soil; can’t grow crops; poverty related illness; migration away; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(c)(iii) cost; silting of river lower down / reduced flow; environmental damage during building; displacement of people; noise / visual pollution; loss of habitat; leads to loss of biodiversity; will flood some areas; 3 1(d) loss of insects; beneficial insects affected; biomagnification - increased concentration the higher the animal is in a food chain; bioaccumulation - accumulation of chemical in a particular species affects non-target species as alternative to loss of insects; harms other species; pollution risk to water stores / air; 3

Question 29

Fig. 1.1 is a map of Mongolia. Mongolia has a total land area of 1 560 000 km2. N RUSSIA CHINA Ulaanbaatar MONGOLIA CHINA Desert Gobi 0 200…

Accepted Answer

Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) 2 / 2.03; 1 1(a)(ii) any four from: 4 difficult to find a partner / low marriage rates; leads to low birth rate; leads to population decline; fewer jobs in rural areas; leads to abandonment of, rural areas / agricultural land; leads to urbanisation; less economically active people / fall in GDP; less people to purchase products / services, reduces economy of country; lack of available healthcare / supply of goods / accessing amenities due to large distances between people; people have to travel large distances / transportation more costly / not enough transport available; less technological advancement / create ideas to boost economy; reduction in tourism; AVP; 1(b) any three from: 3 1960–1973: increasing age dependency ratio / decreasing number of working age people / increasing number of dependents; 1973–1975: age dependency ratio plateaus / just above 100 / number of dependents exactly the same / slightly higher than number of working-age people; 1975–2010: decreasing age dependency ratio / increasing number of working age people / decreasing number of dependents; 2010–2018: increasing age dependency ratio / decreasing number of working age people / increasing number of dependents; 1(c) any two from (for 1975): 2 narrower at old age / top; lower life expectancy; improved medical care in 2020; wider for young dependents / base; birth rate higher; 1(d) any three from: 3 winter long; cold / snowfall; temperature between –2 to –14 °C; lower rainfall; summer short; hot; low rainfall (higher than the winter); (moderately) warm summer; temperature between 21 to 26 °C; 1(e)(i) seeds / spores; 2 carried by wind / insects / animals / birds / humans; 1(e)(ii) any two from: 2 fungi / lichen; high stress tolerance / hardy / withstands harsh environment; grow quickly; tough outer layer; adapted to conserve water, e.g. waxy outer layer / spiny leaves; short / shallow roots; 1(e)(iii) any two from: 2 adds organic matter / humus; adds nutrients through decomposition; reduces competition / free up space; increases water holding capacity; 1(f)(i) 0.677 / 0.68 / 0.7; 1 1(f)(ii) any two from: 2 landlocked; few existing water sources; increased temperatures / global warming; leads to drought; climate change alters rainfall patterns; 1(f)(iii) any four from: 4 reduced crop yield / crop failure; livestock death; leads to food shortages / malnutrition / famine; leads to poverty / increase in cost of food; farmers lose income from their crops; reduced water for industrial processes / loss of manufactured goods; disrupts education (particularly girls) as take time out to collect water; dehydration from lack of water to drink; limited access to clean drinking water / forced to drink contaminated water; leads to water related illnesses / cholera / typhoid / diarrhoea; migration / refugees; 1(g)(i) mirrors in space / stratosphere; 2 reflect or reduce the amount of incoming solar radiation (reaching Earth); which reduces temperature of Earth’s surface / reduces greenhouse effect / reduces global warming; 1(g)(ii) any one from: 1 we can continue to use fossil fuels / no changes needed to our way of life; hard to reduce combustion of fossil fuels;

Question 30

(a) Spraying aerosols into the stratosphere and growing crops with shiny leaves are two geo-engineering methods that can counteract climate…

Accepted Answer

Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) any two from: 2 reflect (incoming) solar radiation / (sun)light, back into space; before it reaches the Earth’s surface; reduces global temperatures; 1(a)(ii) any two from: 2 increases, albedo / reflectivity (of plants / Earth’s surface); reflect (incoming) solar radiation / (sun)light, back into space; reduces global temperatures; 1(b)(i) any two from: 2 changed (wind/atmospheric) circulation; adverse effect on rainfall / too much rain / too little rain; changed temperatures; more extreme weather conditions e.g. hurricanes / storms / heatwaves; 1(b)(ii) any two from: 2 Positives: both strategies reduce global temperatures; Negatives: both strategies cause adverse effects e.g. floods / drought; many people adversely impacted (due to floods / droughts) e.g. relocation; more people adversely impacted by spraying aerosols than growing crops with shiny leaves / 3 billion (aerosols) versus 1.4 billion (shiny leaves); but need to fix climate change regardless of cost; 1(b)(iii) any one from: 1 laboratory / small scale testing; field testing; repeat the (computer) models with different parameters e.g. measure, humidity / greenhouse gas concentration or named greenhouse gas; 1(c) axis labels: y-axis number of people / million AND x-axis country; 4 sensible linear scale to cover at least half the grid; bars equal width AND not touching; four or five correct plots; 1(d) any three from: 3 (flooding) contaminates / pollutes, water bodies; stated examples of contamination / pollution e.g. sewage / industrial waste / domestic waste / agricultural waste / fertilisers; water, cannot be drunk / is unsafe; (flooding can lead to) saltwater / seawater intrusion; damage to, infrastructure / distribution pipes / tanks (so distribution adversely affected); 1(e) any three from: 3 plants / crops, need water for growth; by photosynthesis; (lack of water) reduces crop yield / loss of crops / loss of livestock; leads to famine / starvation; leads to food insecurity; 1(f) any three from: 3 majority south of Tropic of Cancer; some north of Tropic of Cancer; between Tropic of Cancer and equator; underweight children in Africa / (South) Asia; relevant quoted country / data e.g. high in India or Indian sub-continent / low in Americas;

Question 31

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows water usage by sector in the USA and Nigeria. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 1.1 Suggest reasons fo…

Accepted Answer

1(a) any two from: comparative idea of different level of economy; Nigeria, recycles water / wastes less water / ora USA; Nigeria large(r) agriculture sector / economy based on agriculture / ora USA; Nigeria small(er) industry sector / less reliant on industrialisation / less industrialisation / less investment in industry / ora USA; idea of restrictions on water usage in stated sector AND country / ora; idea of more efficient appliances in stated sector AND country / ora; 2 1(b) any three from: causes illness or named illness / diarrhoea / cholera / named disease; cannot farm or work / leads to loss of earnings; time is needed to find clean drinking water; idea of cost of, buying clean water or treating water; idea of cost of medical treatment; idea of shortage of water leading to conflict; idea of contaminated water cannot be used to grow crops AND link to impact e.g. which then have to purchased or cannot be sold or food prices increase; idea of needing to move to a different area; 3 1(c) well that starts in surface layer and ends in either water layer; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(d) any two from: collects or uses rain water / rain water is recycled / rain water catchment / stores water; can be used for, irrigation / crops / washing clothes; reduces use of domestic water supply / reduces use of ground water; can be used for drinking water after treatment; water can be used during a drought; idea of lower cost as not buying treated water or paying for water; 2 1(e) ice sheets / glaciers / lakes / rivers / permafrost; 1 1(f) axes labelled with unit for y-axis: x-axis: year AND y-axis: (mean) concentration AND (arbitrary) units; sensible linear scale for both axes with plotted points that cover at least half of grid; 89 plots correct; all 10 plots correct; straight line drawn with ruler between each point AND not extrapolated back to zero or beyond year 10; 5

Question 32

(a) More than 3 billion people every year are affected by water insecurity. (i) Define the term water insecurity. .........................…

Accepted Answer

4(a)(i) the inability to access sufficient quantities of clean water; any two from: (to maintain adequate standards of) food; manufacturing goods; sanitation; (sustainable) health care; 4(a)(ii) any three from: reduced crop yield / crop failure; livestock death; food shortages / malnutrition / famine; illness due to drinking contaminated water; 3 4(b)(i) 40; 1 4(b)(ii) 500 000 000 / 500 million / 5  108; 1 4(c)(i) any four from: large amounts of energy are needed; water needs to be pumped from sea to plant; cost of pipelines; membrane must be replaced every 3 years; cost of disposing of wastewater; cost of maintenance; large area of land needed; AVP; e.g. low efficiency 4 Question Answer Marks 4(c)(ii) any two from: impact on future desalination of sea water / sea water becomes more salty; costs more to remove the salt from sea water; becomes toxic to marine organisms; disrupts food chains / reduces biodiversity; alters abiotic component of ecosystem; AVP; 2 4(d) any two from: location / land-locked; cost; lack of expertise; limited availability of fossil fuel to run the desalination; existing availability of fresh water supplies e.g. lakes; AVP; 2 4(e) any one from: people unwilling to leave homes; people have to leave jobs; AVP; 1 4(f) dam / reservoir; 1 4(g) ice sheets / glaciers / lakes / rivers / marshes / permafrost; 1

Question 33

(a) More than 3 billion people every year are affected by water insecurity. (i) Define the term water insecurity. .........................…

Accepted Answer

4(a)(i) the inability to access sufficient quantities of clean water; any two from: (to maintain adequate standards of) food; manufacturing goods; sanitation; (sustainable) health care; 4(a)(ii) any three from: reduced crop yield / crop failure; livestock death; food shortages / malnutrition / famine; illness due to drinking contaminated water; 3 4(b)(i) 40; 1 4(b)(ii) 500 000 000 / 500 million / 5  108; 1 4(c)(i) any four from: large amounts of energy are needed; water needs to be pumped from sea to plant; cost of pipelines; membrane must be replaced every 3 years; cost of disposing of wastewater; cost of maintenance; large area of land needed; AVP; e.g. low efficiency 4 Question Answer Marks 4(c)(ii) any two from: impact on future desalination of sea water / sea water becomes more salty; costs more to remove the salt from sea water; becomes toxic to marine organisms; disrupts food chains / reduces biodiversity; alters abiotic component of ecosystem; AVP; 2 4(d) any two from: location / land-locked; cost; lack of expertise; limited availability of fossil fuel to run the desalination; existing availability of fresh water supplies e.g. lakes; AVP; 2 4(e) any one from: people unwilling to leave homes; people have to leave jobs; AVP; 1 4(f) dam / reservoir; 1 4(g) ice sheets / glaciers / lakes / rivers / marshes / permafrost; 1

Question 34

Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical aquaculture farm. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 1.1 In Fig. 1.1, seaweed grows from ropes u…

Accepted Answer

Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) any three from: 3 increasing global temperatures / global warming; extreme or severe weather; examples of extreme weather, e.g. drought / flooding / hurricanes; rising sea levels; (leading to) loss of land (for crops or agriculture); non-optimum conditions for crop growth (due to climate change); crop failure / reduced crop yield / less food; 1(a)(ii) any three from: 3 seaweed act as carbon sinks / stores / shellfish act as carbon sinks / stores; seaweed absorbs or uses carbon dioxide during photosynthesis; seaweed is fast growing so large volumes of carbon dioxide removed; provide an alternate food source other than meat based diet; (acts as raw ingredient in many products so) reduces need to extract other raw ingredients; (biofuels) reduce need for fossil fuels; 1(a)(iii) any one from: 1 habitat for marine wildlife; storm-surge protection; improved food security; high (aquatic) crop density or yield; 1(b)(i) any three from: 3 overall increase; 1978 to (1987–)1990 no change or little change / stable; decrease (2005–)2006 to 2007; relevant quoted data trend; 1(b)(ii) any one from: 1 extreme weather or description, e.g. storms / hurricanes; disease; unfavourable growing conditions or description; outcompeted by other species; competition from other ocean activities / industries; 1(c) any two from: 2 large area of ocean needed; limits (other) activities that can take place in ocean; competition with fishing / traditional marine harvesting; concern over impact on native species; increase in pollution (from boats); 1(d) any three from or developed: 3 legislation / international agreement; sustainable harvesting; protected areas; stated fisheries regulation: quotas / catch limits / closed seasons; changes to net size (protects juveniles) / changes to fishing method such as pole and line (reduces bycatch); 1(e)(i) any three from: 3 ice sheets; glaciers; lakes; rivers / streams; swamps; marshes; permafrost; 1(e)(ii) any three from: 3 nitrogen; oxygen; carbon dioxide; argon / noble gases; 1(f) any three from: 3 temperature; humidity; oxygen; carbon dioxide; salinity; (sun)light; pH;

Question 35

(a) Fig. 5.1 shows the ‘Firelight Toilet’ system. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 5.1 The system heats and dries toilet…

Accepted Answer

5(a)(i) any three from: 3 treated toilet waste: M1 better sanitation / reduces risk of diseases / reduces risk of contamination of water sources; M2 named disease or illness e.g. diarrhoea / cholera / dysentery; clean water produced: M3 clean water can be used for named purpose; e.g., irrigation / household use closed system: M4 reduces risk of leakage into water sources; M5 reduces open defecation (prevents water contamination); M6 water (for flushing), is produced from toilet waste / is recycled; M7 less water is used; 5(a)(ii) any two from: 2 M1 provides source of electricity or energy; M2 no chemicals added to toilet (which could contaminate water sources); M3 no pit needs to be dug to store waste; M4 ash can be used as a fertiliser; 5(b) any two from: 2 M1 water demand in increasing; M2 water availability is decreasing; M3 rate of increase and decrease the same; M4 demand exceeds availability in or after 2040; 5(c)(i) M1 axes labels and units: volume of water / billion m3 and all years indicated / year; 3 M2 suitable linear scale whereby plotted data occupies at least half the grid; M3 5 correct plots; 5(c)(ii) any two from: 2 M1 data is for, USA / one country; M2 not all countries are HICs; M3 differing, amounts of industrialisation or needs between rural and urban areas; M4 no data after 2010; M5 unpredictable events (may change industry usage by 2030); 5(d) any three from: 3 M1 improved irrigation / named improvement e.g. trickle drip; M2 growing crops less dependent on high water supply / GM modified drought resistant crops; M3 recycling water; M4 rainwater catchment; M5 mulching / covering soil (to reduce evaporation); M6 wind breaks (to reduce evaporation); M7 limits on water volume (legally) allowed to be used / legislation; 5(e) ground water and permafrost 2nd and 3rd box ticked; 1 5(f) any four from: 4 M1 water source or intake uphill from village; M2 idea of small dam that raises water level locally; M3 idea of source protected from contamination e.g. limited agriculture / no housing; M4 settlement tank / sediments or solids fall to bottom of a tank; M5 pressure break tank; M6 pipes to village; M7 idea of water treatment; e.g. add iodine tablets / chlorination / storage tank / water stand posts / taps M8 not all water taken from source (to maintain the system);

Question 36

Fig. 5.1 shows the annual volume of fresh water extracted for agriculture, industry and domestic uses in Germany from 1992 to 2017. Germany…

Accepted Answer

5(a) any two from: 2 M1 data is only for, Germany / one country; M2 not all countries are HICs / different water needs between HICs and LICs; M3 different countries use or extract differing amounts of water; M4 different countries have different amounts of available water; M5 no data after 2017 / data ends in 2017; M6 unpredictable events (may change usage by 2030); 5(b) glaciers, permafrost and swamps 1 1st, 3rd and 4th boxes ticked; 5(c) any four from: 4 M1 shaft or (bore)hole, dug or drilled; M2 to, (confined) aquifer / layer of permeable rock / porous rock / sandstone / limestone; M3 no pump needed (to bring water to surface) / natural pressure (brings water to surface); M4 idea of restricting or controlling flow of water (from well head); M5 pipes to village; M6 idea of water treatment; e.g. add iodine tablets / chlorination M7 not all water taken from source (to maintain the system); 5(d) any three from: 3 M1 education on sustainable water use; M2 poverty reduction; M3 international agreement / laws / legislation; M4 water–related aid; M5 rationing; M6 desalination; M7 improved irrigation or agricultural practices; M8 repairing leaks from water supply / improved supply or distribution; M9 reduce water pollution; 5(e)(i) any two from: 2 M1 generates electricity; M2 heats the wet sewage waste; M3 idea of, water recycled / closed system / no extra water used; M4 (treatment) creates safe drinking water; 5(e)(ii) idea of waste, being contaminated / containing diseases / could lead to diarrhoea or cholera; 1 5(e)(iii) M1 [30  7000]  3800; 2 M2 16;

Question 37

(a) Fig. 5.1 shows the ‘Firelight Toilet’ system. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 5.1 The system heats and dries toilet…

Accepted Answer

5(a)(i) any three from: 3 treated toilet waste: M1 better sanitation / reduces risk of diseases / reduces risk of contamination of water sources; M2 named disease or illness e.g. diarrhoea / cholera / dysentery; clean water produced: M3 clean water can be used for named purpose; e.g., irrigation / household use closed system: M4 reduces risk of leakage into water sources; M5 reduces open defecation (prevents water contamination); M6 water (for flushing), is produced from toilet waste / is recycled; M7 less water is used; 5(a)(ii) any two from: 2 M1 provides source of electricity or energy; M2 no chemicals added to toilet (which could contaminate water sources); M3 no pit needs to be dug to store waste; M4 ash can be used as a fertiliser; 5(b) any two from: 2 M1 water demand in increasing; M2 water availability is decreasing; M3 rate of increase and decrease the same; M4 demand exceeds availability in or after 2040; 5(c)(i) M1 axes labels and units: volume of water / billion m3 and all years indicated / year; 3 M2 suitable linear scale whereby plotted data occupies at least half the grid; M3 5 correct plots; 5(c)(ii) any two from: 2 M1 data is for, USA / one country; M2 not all countries are HICs; M3 differing, amounts of industrialisation or needs between rural and urban areas; M4 no data after 2010; M5 unpredictable events (may change industry usage by 2030); 5(d) any three from: 3 M1 improved irrigation / named improvement e.g. trickle drip; M2 growing crops less dependent on high water supply / GM modified drought resistant crops; M3 recycling water; M4 rainwater catchment; M5 mulching / covering soil (to reduce evaporation); M6 wind breaks (to reduce evaporation); M7 limits on water volume (legally) allowed to be used / legislation; 5(e) ground water and permafrost 2nd and 3rd box ticked; 1 5(f) any four from: 4 M1 water source or intake uphill from village; M2 idea of small dam that raises water level locally; M3 idea of source protected from contamination e.g. limited agriculture / no housing; M4 settlement tank / sediments or solids fall to bottom of a tank; M5 pressure break tank; M6 pipes to village; M7 idea of water treatment; e.g. add iodine tablets / chlorination / storage tank / water stand posts / taps M8 not all water taken from source (to maintain the system);

Question	Answer	Marks	From
1	see sheet	40	8291/21 May/June 2017
2	see sheet	40	8291/21 May/June 2017
3	see sheet	40	8291/22 May/June 2017
4	see sheet	40	8291/23 May/June 2017
5	see sheet	40	8291/21 Oct/Nov 2017
6	see sheet	40	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2017
7	see sheet	40	8291/22 May/June 2018
8	see sheet	40	8291/23 May/June 2018
9	see sheet	20	8291/21 Oct/Nov 2018
10	see sheet	40	8291/21 Oct/Nov 2018
11	see sheet	40	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2018
12	see sheet	40	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2018
13	see sheet	20	8291/21 Oct/Nov 2019
14	see sheet	40	8291/21 Oct/Nov 2019
15	see sheet	40	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2019
16	see sheet	20	8291/21 May/June 2020
17	see sheet	20	8291/22 May/June 2020
18	see sheet	20	8291/23 May/June 2020
19	see sheet	20	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2020
20	see sheet	40	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2020
21	see sheet	20	8291/21 May/June 2021
22	see sheet	20	8291/22 May/June 2021
23	see sheet	40	8291/22 May/June 2021
24	see sheet	40	8291/22 May/June 2021
25	see sheet	20	8291/23 May/June 2021
26	see sheet	40	8291/23 May/June 2021
27	see sheet	40	8291/23 May/June 2021
28	see sheet	20	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2021
29	see sheet	29	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2022
30	see sheet	22	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2023
31	see sheet	14	8291/21 May/June 2024
32	see sheet	17	8291/22 May/June 2024
33	see sheet	17	8291/23 May/June 2024
34	see sheet	25	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2024
35	see sheet	15	8291/21 Oct/Nov 2025
36	see sheet	15	8291/22 Oct/Nov 2025
37	see sheet	15	8291/23 Oct/Nov 2025

Questions79 pages

Mark scheme37 answers

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Questions as text

Q1 · Trends in global water use by sector 8291/21 May/June 2017

Q2 · Some ways groundwater is polluted 8291/21 May/June 2017

Q3 · The percentage share of total water usage in three countries 8291/22 May/June 2017

Q4 · The percentage share of total water usage in three countries 8291/23 May/June 2017

Q5 · The sources of water for a city in a developed country in 2005 and 2010 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2017

Q6 · The number of free-flowing rivers that were dammed in each decade 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2017

Q7 · The area of agricultural land that was irrigated in 1973 and 2013 and the percentage of… 8291/22 May/June 2018

Q8 · The area of agricultural land that was irrigated in 1973 and 2013 and the percentage of… 8291/23 May/June 2018

Q9 · Two types of aquifer 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2018

Q10 · The changes in the extent of the Aral Sea between 1957 and 2015 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2018

Q11 · Information about fresh water availability for selected regions and the contributions… 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2018

Q12 · The water demands of different groups of countries for the year 2000 and the predicted… 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2018

Q13 · Water use by sector for countries with contrasting levels of economic development 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2019

Q14 · A map of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2019

Q15 · The percentage of the total human population that live on arid or semi-arid land for each… 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2019

Q16 · A graph showing the demand for water by sector in China for 2005, 2015 and predicted… 8291/21 May/June 2020

Q17 · Aerial views of the Theewaterskloof Dam and Reservoir near Cape Town, South Africa taken… 8291/22 May/June 2020

Q18 · Aerial views of the Theewaterskloof Dam and Reservoir near Cape Town, South Africa taken… 8291/23 May/June 2020

Q19 · The various stores of water found in the hydrosphere 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2020

Q20 · The location of Jordan in the Middle East, and a photograph of the Jordanian Southern… 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2020

Q21 · Water withdrawal is the total volume of water removed from a water source 8291/21 May/June 2021

Q22 · A diagram showing an effect of fertiliser pollution in water 8291/22 May/June 2021

Q23 · A newspaper report about the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 8291/22 May/June 2021

Q24 · Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds supply 8291/22 May/June 2021

Q25 · A diagram showing an effect of fertiliser pollution in water 8291/23 May/June 2021

Q26 · A newspaper report about the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 8291/23 May/June 2021

Q27 · Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds supply 8291/23 May/June 2021

Q28 · Information about water needed to produce cotton for clothing 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2021

Q29 · A map of Mongolia 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2022

Q30 · Spraying aerosols into the stratosphere and growing crops with shiny leaves are two… 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2023

Q31 · Water usage by sector in the USA and Nigeria 8291/21 May/June 2024

Q32 · More than 3 billion people every year are affected by water insecurity 8291/22 May/June 2024

Q33 · More than 3 billion people every year are affected by water insecurity 8291/23 May/June 2024

Q34 · A vertical aquaculture farm 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2024

Q35 · The ‘Firelight Toilet’ system 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2025

Q36 · The annual volume of fresh water extracted for agriculture, industry and domestic uses in… 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2025

Q37 · The ‘Firelight Toilet’ system 8291/23 Oct/Nov 2025