Industry — Paper 2 · IGCSE Geography 0460

6 Study Fig. 8, which shows five features of globalisation. Feature 1 Feature 2 International population migration Western fashions, music and has been increased. products are found all over the world. English has fewer native speakers than Mandarin or Spanish but it is becoming the main international language. Globalisation Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 5 The threat of International organisations, such There has been a global warming as the European Union, United change in location of and atmospheric Nations and Commonwealth some manufacturing pollution show how of Independent States, involve industries from MEDCs the actions of one co-operation between countries in such as the UK, USA country may affect economic and military activities. and Japan to LEDCs. others. Fig. 8 (a) Which one of features 1–5 shown in Fig. 8: (i) has been a result of the work of transnational corporations; feature number … [1] (ii) shows how the environments of separate countries are linked? feature number … [1] (b) Suggest how the features of globalisation shown in Fig. 8 may affect the life of a young person in an LEDC. … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 8 marks] Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 5 1 6(a)(ii) 3 1 6(b) Effects on the young person as follows: 6 Go / migrate to live / work in another country, remittances, adopt different culture / traditions, listen to other music / wear other fashions, learn / speak English / international / another language, specific effect of / be concerned about global warming / rising sea levels e.g. global warming linked to flooding or food shortages, specific effect of air pollution e.g. poor health, specific benefit from international aid / help, find work in a newly developed / manufacturing industry / factory / TNC, develop new skills, be paid low wages / have poor working conditions / rights, become more wealthy / improved living standards / quality of life / higher pay Take the points in the mark scheme independently. No specific reference to a young person is necessary but the points must be relevant to young person.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2017

2 Study Photographs A, B and C (Insert), which show different urban land use zones of Vancouver, Canada. (a) (i) Identify the land use zone shown in Photograph A. … [1] (ii) Give two pieces of evidence shown in Photograph A to support your answer to (a)(i). 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) State the evidence in Photograph B that it is a zone of mixed land use. … … … … [2] (c) Explain why the area to the right of the river in Photograph C is a good location for industrial land use. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) central business district/CBD 1 2(a)(ii) tall buildings/skyscrapers, 2 high building density/little open space, name on buildings, 2(b) variable heights, 2 One mark for each pair of items from the following list: roads/railway/helicopter landing pad, flats/apartments/houses/residential, stadium/area, offices/hotels, park/grass/trees, car park, 2(c) flat, 3 main/wide road, railway, residential area for labour, residential area for market, river for transport/navigable river/port, river for water supply/waste disposal/cooling, space for development,

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2017

5 Employment can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. (a) Give one example of each type of employment. Choose from the following list: designing mining manufacturing transport Primary … Secondary … Tertiary … Quaternary … [3] (b) Fig. 8 shows how employment structure changes as a country becomes more economically developed. 80 60 (%) 40 employment 20 0 stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 time Key primary secondary tertiary and quaternary Fig. 8 Describe the changes shown by Fig. 8. … … … … … … … [3] (c) Fig. 9 shows the employment structure of two countries X and Y. For each country, give its stage of economic development, 1, 2 or 3, as shown on Fig. 8. country X country Y tertiary secondary and quaternary primary tertiary and quaternary secondary primary Fig. 9 Country X stage … Country Y stage … [2] [Total: 8 marks]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) mining, 3 manufacturing, transport, designing, All correct = 3 2/3 correct = 2 1 correct = 1 5(b) primary decreases 3 tertiary increases, secondary increases then decreases, 5(c) 2, 2 1,

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2017

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which is a photograph showing part of an urban area. Suggest which urban zone is shown in the photograph and give four reasons for your choice. Urban zone … Reasons 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … 4 … … [5] (b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), which is a photograph showing the industrial zone of an urban area. Using evidence from the photograph, explain why industry has developed here. … … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) CBD/shopping centre = 1 5 Also allow commercial, city centre, zone 1, inner city, inner zone, transition zone/twilight zone. tall buildings/high rise/multi-storey/skyscrapers, high density buildings, some lower/not very high, traffic congestion/much traffic/many parked cars, many pedestrians, glass fronts/windows, many/ground floor shops, offices, adverts/billboards, petrol station, building site, telecommunications, = 4. 3(b) large area, Allow open space/space for expansion 3 flat/gentle land, many roads, wide/main roads/motorway/highway, street lights, many other firms in the area (agglomeration), similar buildings may mean sites provided in advance, market/labour from urban area/nearby (in background), away from residential therefore less noise/air pollution/traffic, etc.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2018

6 Figs. 6.1 and 6.2 give information about Kenya, one of the main manufacturing countries in East Africa. Kenya – location, imports and export routes Republic Indian Ocean of South Ethiopia Somalia Central Sudan African Republic From overseas N Democratic Uganda Kenya Republic of manufactured goods Rwanda Congo Burundi 0 800 Tanzania crude oil km Key imports exports Fig. 6.1 Kenya – manufacturing centres and materials produced within the country N Lake Turkana From within Kenya wheat and maize tea coffee sugar Kisumu limestone Lake Victoria Nairobi Indian Mombasa 0 100 200 Ocean km Key manufacturing centre Fig. 6.2 (a) Using Figs. 6.1 and 6.2, suggest three advantages of Kenya for the development of manufacturing industry. 1 … … … 2 … … … 3 … … … [3] (b) Using Figs. 6.1 and 6.2, suggest one disadvantage of Kenya for the development of manufacturing industry. … … … [1] (c) Using Figs. 6.1 and 6.2, suggest why an oil refinery is located at Mombasa. … … … … [2] (d) Fig. 6.3 shows the employment structure of Kenya. 0 100 90 10 20 80 30 40 industry 60 70 % tertiary 50 50 secondary industry 60 % 40 70 30 Kenya 80 20 90 10 100 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % primary industry Key primary secondary tertiary Fig. 6.3 What percentage of Kenya’s employment is in: (i) secondary industry … % [1] (ii) tertiary industry? … % [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) coast/ports/lake for import/export, 3 export market in surrounding countries/named surrounding country, raw materials local/within country, lakes for water supply, limestone therefore cement/steel, agricultural materials therefore food processing (or example.) 6(b) competition from imported manufactured goods, 1 needs to import oil, lacks mineral resources, large distances between places. 6(c) port/coastal, allow near the sea 2 receive (crude oil) imports, no further transport (of crude oil) needed. 6(d)(i) 20%. 1 6(d)(ii) 50%, 1 Allow a tolerance of ± 2% in each part of (d).

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2018

6 Study Fig. 6.1, which shows countries in which Nestlé, a transnational corporation, has factories. 1818 23 77 29 23 Key number of factories 1–5 6–10 11–15 23 16 and over (actual number shown by figures) no factories Switzerland – headquarters and 11 factories Fig. 6.1 (a) Describe how Fig. 6.1 shows that Nestlé is typical of a transnational corporation. … … … … [2] (b) (i) Suggest three advantages for a country of having a transnational corporation factory. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest three disadvantages for a country that a transnational corporation factory might cause. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8] Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) headquarters/administration in Europe/an MEDC, 2 very large organisation/lots of factories, (ignore location) factories in many/most countries/world-wide, 6(b)(i) employment/income for people, 3 raises standard of living/improved quality of life/or example e.g. health, housing, leads to setting up of more industry/multiplier effect, foreign exchange for the country, improves skills/education of workforce, improves technology in the country, (may lead to) infrastructure development/improvements/example of, may supply social facilities/schools/clinics/medical care for workers, people have access to the product/products for local market, may lead to development of mineral wealth/energy/commercial agriculture/company buys local raw materials, country becomes known/prestige, boosts economy/GDP/GNP/income of country, tax income, 6(b)(ii) factory could close at any time, 3 job/income lost, water/air/noise pollution/waste from factory/specified adverse environmental effect, loss of agricultural land, employs relatively few local people, usually low wages, poor workers’ rights/or example, few local people occupy skilled roles, most of profits leave the country, mechanisation leads to fewer workers, effect on local culture,

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2018

1 Study the map extract for Kristianstad, Sweden. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the south of the map extract. 41 42 43 44 45 46 06 06 A 05 05 B 04 04 E D C 03 03 02 02 41 42 43 44 45 46 Fig. 1.1 (a) Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1.1: (i) feature A … [1] (ii) the type of road B … [1] (iii) the width of the watercourse C … [1] (iv) the feature at D … [1] (v) the feature at E. … [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows three types of natural vegetation, F, G and H, in grid square 5007 in the east of the map extract. F 50 51 08 08 G 07 07 50 51 H Fig. 1.2 Complete the table to identify the types of natural vegetation F, G and H, shown in Fig. 1.2. Letter Natural vegetation F … G … H … [3] (c) (i) What is the grid reference of the centre of the triangulation point near Björkhäll in the south east of the map extract? … [1] (ii) Identify the settlement pattern in the grid square in which Björkhäll is located. … … [1] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows the location of one of the industrial areas in Kristianstad. 46 48 10 10 Key industrial area Udden 07 07 46 48 Fig. 1.3 Describe the advantages for industry of the location of this industrial area. … … … … … … … … [4] (e) Which three of the statements about Kristianstad are correct? Tick three correct statements below. Tick (3) high-rise buildings are found only in the town centre it is a village it is between 5 and 10 metres above sea level sport and leisure are important functions of the settlement the CBD is on the east side of the river Helge å there are areas of forest within the town [3] (f) Fig. 1.4 shows an area in the north west part of the map extract, divided into two parts, K and L. 40 42 10 10 L K Skepparslöv 08 08 40 42 Fig. 1.4 Give two differences between the relief of areas K and L. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (g) What is the name of the small settlement which is 1200 metres from, and on a bearing of 90° from, the small settlement Stensborg in grid square 4004? … [1] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) (tractor) track, 1 1(a)(ii) public road, 1 1(a)(iii) less than 6m, 1 1(a)(iv) mast, 1 1(a)(v) farm, 1 1(b) F – deciduous forest, 3 G – marsh, H – marsh liable to flooding, 1(c)(i) 491/2 024, 1 1(c)(ii) linear / nucleated, 1 1(d) railway, 4 motorway, roads / routes in all / many directions / route centre / bridge point, water supply from sea/river, labour from town, market in town, flat land, space for expansion, cheap marshland, port/sea/river for transport, agricultural raw materials, 1(e) sport and leisure are important functions of the settlement, 3 the CBD is on the east side of the river Helge å, there are areas of forest within the town, Deduct one mark for every tick more than 3. 1(f) K higher / L lower / K high and L low / K 15 – 75m and L 5–20m (any figure 2 between), K steeper / L flatter / K steep and L gentle / flat, 1(g) Strömdalen, 1

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2019

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the two stages in the production of aluminium from bauxite. STAGE 1 5 tonnes of bauxite containing 40% aluminium oxide small amount of caustic soda and lime small refinery amount of electricity 3 tonnes of waste material (red mud) 2 tonnes of alumina STAGE 2 2 tonnes of alumina cryolite for flux very large smelter amount of electricity waste 1 tonne of aluminium (in ingots or sheets) Fig. 5.1 (a) (i) How many tonnes of bauxite are needed to make one tonne of aluminium? … tonnes [1] (ii) Name one output of refining bauxite, apart from alumina. … [1] (iii) What is mixed with bauxite in the refinery? … [1] (iv) Which substance on Fig. 5.1 is both an output of the refinery and an input of the smelter? … [1] (b) Fig. 5.2 shows information about countries producing aluminium and mining bauxite for 2014. 90 Key 1 80 bauxite 70 aluminium 60tonnes) 2 rank in world production 2(million 50 40 3 30production 1 4 5 20 10 8 2 4 3 7 9 0 5 0 0 0 Australia China Brazil Guinea India Russia Canada UAE country Fig. 5.2 (i) Name the country with the same ranks for bauxite mining and aluminium production. … [1] (ii) State the quantity of bauxite mined in Guinea in 2014. … [1] (iii) Suggest one reason why Guinea, an LEDC, does not manufacture aluminium. … … [1] (c) Use Fig. 5.1 to explain why a country with no bauxite deposits usually imports alumina rather than bauxite to manufacture aluminium. … … [1] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 5, 1 5(a)(ii) waste/red mud, 1 5(a)(iii) caustic soda/lime, 1 5(a)(iv) alumina, 1 5(b)(i) India, 1 5(b)(ii) 19.0–19.3 million tonnes, 1 5(b)(iii) lacks (cheap) electricity, 1 lacks capital/expensive process, shortage of technology, shortage of skilled workforce, 5(c) less tonnage needed so it is cheaper to import/transport alumina, 1

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2019

6 Fig. 6.1 gives information about industry in Japan. Key City Industries Hokkaidō 1 Sapporo chemicals, machinery, vehicles 2 Tokyo textiles, engineering, steel, 3 Yokohama chemicals, shipbuilding 4 Nagoya textiles, machinery, 11 vehicles, aircraft 5 Osaka textiles, shipbuilding, 6 Kyoto steel, electrical 7 Kobe 8 Kitakyushu shipbuilding, steel, 9 Nagasaki machinery, glass industrial region city Honshū sea 0 300 km 22 33 44 7 66 55 88 N Shikoku 9 Kyūshū Fig. 6.1 (a) Describe the distribution of industrial regions shown in Fig. 6.1. … … … … … … … [3] (b) What type of industries are shown in Fig. 6.1? Circle one answer below. primary secondary tertiary quaternary [1] (c) Fig. 6.2 shows Japan’s relief, imports and exports. Key land between 500 m and 4000 m above sea level sea 0 300 N km imported raw materials exported finished products Fig. 6.2 Using evidence from Figs. 6.1 and 6.2 only, explain the factors which have influenced the location of industrial regions in Japan. … … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) in south, 3 coastal, around cities, mainly/3 on largest island/Honshū, 1 in north/Hokkaidō, 1 on Kyūshū, none in Shikoku, textiles on Honshū, glass on Kyūshū, 6(b) secondary, 1 6(c) in lowlands/avoids highlands, 4 ease/difficulty of building/transport, in south/coastal location for imports/exports, save land transport costs/break of bulk, industrial areas around cities/densely populated, provides labour, provides market for goods, but industry may have caused population growth,

This question in 0460/21 Oct/Nov 2020

6 Fig. 6.1 shows an industrial zone in the city of Manchester, UK. MediaCityUK M602 ell w city centre Ir er M62 iv R Trafford Park N M60 Carrington Key M60 motorway road Manchester ship canal M56 development area Manchester airport retail park Manchester Piccadilly rail station 0 2 River Irwell km Trafford Park Development area MediaCityUK flour milling BBC (UK state broadcaster) cosmetics TV production companies breakfast cereals Salford University Manchester United FC communications technology food and beverages Lowry Centre theatre chemicals war museum Fig. 6.1 (a) Using Fig. 6.1, identify an example of each of the following types of industry in the area: (i) secondary industry … [1] (ii) tertiary or quaternary industry … [1] (b) The local council wishes to encourage further development in the area. Fig. 6.2 shows part of its marketing material. TRAFFORD – A FANTASTIC LOCATION FOR GROWTH Over 120 000 businesses within a 30 minute Direct motorway access drive 2 hours to London by rail from ManchesterPopulation of 2 million people in the local area Piccadilly The largest inland freight terminal in North West Manchester airport has direct flights to 200 England destinations Linked to the sea by canal Fig. 6.2 Using Figs. 6.1 and 6.2, explain the advantages of this area for industrial development. … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 8] Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) flour milling, 1 cosmetics, breakfast cereals food and beverages, chemicals, 6(a)(ii) transport (rail, road, air), 1 theatre, museum, TV/broadcaster, university, communications technology, retail, professional sport, 6(b) Advantages for industrial development to include: 6 canal linked to raw materials/distribution/goods/trade, rail linked to raw materials/distribution/goods/trade/customers/commuters, motorways linked to raw materials/distribution/goods/trade/ customers/commuters, freight terminal linked to raw materials/distribution/goods/trade, airport linked to raw materials/distribution/goods/trade, city/large population linked to labour/market, other (technological) industries for labour/market/raw materials, university for research/graduate labour, sites available for development, theatre/museum/football/retail park to attract workers/tourists, council support, canal/river for water supply

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2020

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a systems diagram of an aluminium parts manufacturing company. Inputs Processes Outputs capital casting waste metal workers forging aluminium tanks land packaging alumina … … … … … … Fig. 6.1 (a) Complete Fig. 6.1 using the following: • electricity • car parts. [1] (b) Fig. 6.2 (Insert) is a photograph showing aluminium tanks being moved along the Erie Canal in New York State, USA. Using Fig. 6.2, suggest why these aluminium tanks are transported by boat. … … … … … … [3] (c) The aluminium tanks are manufactured in China, but are then exported to the USA. Give reasons why manufactured goods made in one area are often transported long distances to other parts of the world. … … … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 8] Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) input electricity and output car parts, 1 6(b) heavy/large/big/bulky, 3 too large for roads/no railway available/move multiple loads, avoids congestion, (road or canal) cheaper, safe(r), less labour needed, time not important, 6(c) raw materials/resources/inputs, 4 cheaper labour/land, availability of labour/skill, more technologically advanced, improved communication by internet or cell phone, government investment/availability of capital, economies of scale/mass production/large scale production, export/import duty/tariff free trade, less adherence to health and safety/labour laws, home of company, demand/need/market in other country/no local market, imports cheaper (than local goods), containerisation,

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2021

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the three largest exports for four continents. Asia share of global export value market (%) US $ (billions) electronics 86 540 phones 75 424 processed oil 50 421 Europe share of global export value market (%) US $ (billions) cars 53 404 medicine 81 266 processed oil 38 248 South America share of global export value market (%) US $ (billions) cars 19 142 crude oil 11 97 processed oil 14 92 Africa share of global export value market (%) US $ (billions) crude oil 14 116 gold 8 26 petroleum gases 9 25 Fig. 5.1 (a) Using Fig. 5.1, identify the following: (i) Africa’s most important export … [1] (ii) the export from Asia which has the highest global market share … [1] (iii) the total value of South America’s top three exports. … US $ [1] (b) Using Fig. 5.1, compare the exports of Europe and Africa. Do not use statistics in your answer. … … … … … … [3] (c) Asia earns a large amount of money from its exports. State two different ways this might benefit the development of countries in Asia. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) crude oil 1 5(a)(ii) electronics 1 5(a)(iii) 331 billion (US dollars) 1 5(b) each produce different products; 3 more finished/manufactured/secondary/processed/tertiary (goods) in Europe; more natural resources/raw materials/primary/mined/mineral in Africa; (OR finished v. raw materials = 1) e.g., crude oil v. processed oil; most valuable is cars in Europe compared with crude oil in Africa; higher value of exports in Europe/lower value of exports in Africa; greater market share in Europe/lower market share in Africa. 5(c) pays for improvements/modernisation/more 2 schools/education/roads/airports/hospitals/healthcare telecommunications/sanitation/housing/electricity/water supply (named infrastructure); pays for automation/mechanisation/technology; increases wages (which increases taxes); pays for loans to industry; repayment of loans/reduces the balance of payments deficit; creates more jobs (in manufacturing/tertiary industry); pays for imports;

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2022

6 Fig. 6.1 (Insert) shows the location of high technology industries on a science park in England. (a) State an example of a high technology product. … [1] (b) (i) Describe the industrial units shown at A on Fig. 6.1. … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 6.1, suggest two reasons why this area was chosen for the location of high technology industries. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (c) Explain why transport costs are not the most important factor when locating high technology industry. … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8] Additional pages If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) mobile phone/computer/aircraft/electric car/medicine/vaccines/armaments 1 etc. 6(b)(i) one/two storey; 2 modern/new; large; flat roofs; white/grey; glass/metal; rectangular; car parking; landscaped; 6(b)(ii) accessible/close to road links; 2 flat area; room for expansion; cheaper land on edge of urban area; workers from nearby housing/urban area; market in nearby urban area; raw materials from nearby industries; visually attractive area (for workers); 6(c) small/light raw materials; 3 small/light finished goods; high value finished goods; research facilities; to be near other firms to share ideas/competition; need skilled workforce; need power supply/available telecommunications; need for pleasant working environment for their (highly paid/skilled) workers;

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2022

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows how the employment structure of Bangladesh (an LEDC) has changed over time. 100 0 10 90 20 80 30 70 40 % 60 industry 50 50 tertiary 60 40 secondary industry % 70 30 2019 80 20 90 10 1970 100 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % primary industry Key primary secondary tertiary Fig. 6.1 (i) What percentage of Bangladesh’s employment was in: primary industry in 1970 … % [1] tertiary industry in 2019? … % [1] (ii) Suggest another type of graph that could be used to show the information in Fig. 6.1. … [1] (b) How has the percentage in secondary industry changed? Tick (✓) one box below. tick (✓) stayed the same decreased increased [1] (c) Suggest two reasons why the number of people working in agriculture has declined in countries such as Bangladesh. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (d) Less agricultural employment can lead to rural-urban migration. Suggest two ways in which rural-urban migration may affect the population structure in the rural areas. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8] Additional pages If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 52–54 (%) 1 40 (%) 1 6(a)(ii) bar/divided/compound bar graph/pie graph 1 6(b) increased 1 6(c) import of food; 2 mechanisation; labour force more educated/skilled/prefer/more manufacturing jobs/tertiary jobs/less primary sector jobs/better paid jobs/poorly paid in countryside/ moved to towns for work/less physical jobs; land degradation/soil erosion/exhaustion/overcultivation; flooding/cyclones/drought; land taken for expansion of cities/build houses/urban sprawl; 6(d) loss of working age/less economically active/less 16–65 (or ages in 2 between)/ageing workforce; ageing population/older dependents remain/more older dependent population; less children born/lower BR/less young(er) people; less males/more females/gender imbalance;

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2022

6 Fig. 6.1 shows information about a global coffee shop company. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 6.1 (a) Using Fig. 6.1 only, identify the evidence that this is a transnational company which has undergone globalisation. … … … … … … … … … … … … [5] (b) Fig. 6.2 shows the support the coffee company offers local coffee farmers. Explain how each of these types of support can help sustainable development. • education about soil management techniques • agreed prices for coffee beans • research into disease-resistant trees Fig. 6.2 … … … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8] Additional pages If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) majority of raw materials from LEDCs; 5 paper sourced from MEDCs/N America/Europe; raw materials/sugar/coffee beans from many/several continents/many countries/named examples (at least two); coffee shops in many/several continents/many countries/named examples (at least two); (Note: ‘number of coffee shops worldwide’ similar to graph Y axis, so look for context); Valid statistic from the map (1 mark max) e.g., over 1000 coffee shops in the US, 25–99 in Australia; number of shops has increased/rapid expansion of coffee shops; Valid statistic from the graph quoting years (1 mark max) e.g. the number of coffee shops has increased from 200 in 1987 to 5800(almost 6000) in 2003 (any two years); 6(b) Education about soil management techniques 3 ensures soil fertility/healthy soil; educates about contour ploughing/crop rotation/cover cropping /preventing/slowing down soil erosion/soil degradation /prevents overuse of fertilizer; Agreed prices for coffee beans ensure economic stability for farmers/stable/guaranteed /fair price/trade; means farmers can support their families adequately /afford goods and services; maintains farming as an occupation; enables forward planning/stimulates further economic development; Research into disease resistant trees ensure crops and farmers income can be maintained/increases or maintains yields; less need to clear land to plant new trees/yield more reliable /prevents loss of crop; reduces use of pesticides;

This question in 0460/23 May/June 2022

6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows the employment structures in France (an MEDC) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (an LEDC) in 2019. 0 100 10 90 Democratic Republic of 20 80 the Congo 30 70 % 40 60 primary 50secondary 50 % 60 40 70 30 80 20 90 10 100 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 France tertiary % Fig. 6.1 (i) What percentage of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s employment is in secondary industry? … % [1] (ii) Plot and label China on Fig. 6.1, using the information below: Primary 25% Secondary 25% Tertiary 50% [1] (iii) Using Fig. 6.1 only, identify three ways in which the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s employment structure is different from France’s. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) Why do MEDCs have a high proportion of people employed in tertiary industry? … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8] Additional pages If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a)(i) 10 (%) 1 6(a)(ii) Plot and label. Must have both. 1 6(a)(iii) Democratic Republic of the Congo: 3 Primary higher/ 65% and 2/3%; Secondary lower/ 10% and 20%; Tertiary lower/ 25% and 77/78%; Congo largest sector is primary and France largest sector is tertiary; Congo smallest sector is secondary and France smallest sector is primary. Credit correct statements even if any figures quoted are incorrect. If only figures are used, then these must be accurate and not estimates, e.g. France ˂10% primary, DRC >60% = 0; Ignore numbering; Can score 1–3 marks on any two-line section of answer booklet. 6(b) Mechanisation of agriculture; 3 Depletion/lack of natural resources/loss of agricultural land/ urbanisation; Increase in distribution centres (due to increasing demand for products); Import (of food/products); Mechanisation of manufacturing; (‘mechanisation’ on its own = 1) High demand for services; Increased incomes to spend on services; Higher level of education/skills/training (more people qualified for tertiary jobs)/skilled workforce increases; Greater need for education/skills/training (so more jobs in education); More free time to spend on leisure services/tourism/development of tourism requires more services; People living longer so need for health services; Advancements in high technology/ICT/opportunities for R&D; Tertiary jobs are higher paid/less physical (so attract more people); Tertiary jobs allow people to work from home; Tertiary industry earns more profit for the country/increases GDP/GNP. Points should be relevant to MEDCs. Too vague: More chance of promotion in tertiary; More/many job opportunities. Faster rate of development so more workers needed.

This question in 0460/22 Feb/March 2023

3 Fig. 3.1 (Insert), is an aerial view of a river port in Germany. (a) Describe how the land is being used in the river port. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (b) Using evidence from Fig. 3.1 (Insert), suggest why this river port is a good location for manufacturing industry. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 3(a) Warehousing/buildings for storage; 5 Factories/industry/manufacturing; Containers/container storage/storage units/crates; Wharves/docks/docking/piers/quays/jetties/berths for ships/loading areas/unloading areas; (Lorry/car/vehicle) parking; Road(s); Housing/offices; Trees (adjacent to road); Bridge; Vacant/derelict land/free/open space; Cranes. 3(b) Flat land so easier to build; 3 Rural land so cheaper/land available for building since empty; Warehousing present for storage of materials; Large area of land for wide berths/large buildings/factories/expansion/storage/car parks; Wide/large river/canal/area of water so easy to navigate/for large ships; River/canal provides access to transport (raw) materials/products/goods/water for manufacturing processes; Roads provide access to transport (raw) materials/products/goods/for worker access; Road/river for transportation/for accessibility; Constant arrival of ships makes it easy to receive materials; Low cost of transportation.

This question in 0460/22 May/June 2023

6 Study Fig. 6.1, showing the locations of the headquarters of the largest transnational corporations (TNCs) in the world. 0 % 90 10 Key Asia Western Europe 80 20 North America Other 70 30 60 40 50 Fig. 6.1 (a) Complete Fig. 6.1 using the following information: North America 29% Other 6%. [2] Study Fig. 6.2, which shows the ten most wealthy transnational corporations (TNCs) in the world in 2006 and 2016. 2006 name of TNC ExxonMobil General Electric Gazprom Microsoft Citigroup Bank of America Royal Dutch Shell BP PetroChina HSBC 0 200 400 600 wealth of TNC (billions of $USD) 2016 name of TNC Apple Alphabet Microsoft Berkshire Hathaway Exxon Mobil Amazon Facebook Johnson & Johnson General Electric China Mobile 0 200 400 600 wealth of TNC (billions of $USD) Key sector type energy finance health care manufacturing technology Fig. 6.2 (b) Complete the following passage to describe the changes shown between 2006 and 2016 in Fig. 6.2. In 2006 half of the wealthiest TNCs were in the … sector, whereas in 2016 most of the TNCs were in the … sector. Only … named TNCs were in the top ten for both 2006 and 2016. The overall wealth of TNCs had … in 2016 and all TNCs earned more than $USD … billion. A new sector, … , joined the top ten in 2016, but no TNCs in this sector were listed in 2006. [3] (c) Study Fig. 6.3 (Insert), which shows a high-tech industry. Describe the features of the high-tech industry shown in Fig. 6.3. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) Correctly plotted – line at 94%; 2 Both sections correctly shaded according to key. Note: 1 mark if in wrong order but correctly shaded. 6(b) In 2006 half of the wealthiest TNCs were in the energy sector whereas in 3 2016 most of the TNCs were in the technology sector. Only three named TNCs were in the top ten for both 2006 and 2016. The overall wealth of TNCs had increased in 2016 and all TNCs earned more than $USD 200 (allow tolerance up to 280) billion. A new sector healthcare joined the top ten in 2016 but no TNCs in this sector were listed in 2006. Note: 5 or 6 correct = 3 marks 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark. 6(c) Computerised/computer controlled; 3 Automated/mechanised/machines; Robotic arms/robots/Artificial Intelligence(AI); Assembly; Modern/new/advanced; Car/vehicle manufacturing; Few people/workers; Clean/sterile/white room/brightly lit; Information on screen/monitors/LED displays/televisions; Camera/projector (on roof).

This question in 0460/23 Oct/Nov 2023

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows information about the production of bread. sector A research and development sector B sector C sector D farm sector D factory turns sector D supermarket grows wheat transport wheat into transport sells bread bread Fig. 6.1 Identify the industrial sectors shown in Fig. 6.1. Choose your answers from: primary secondary tertiary quaternary sector A … sector B … sector C … sector D … [3] (b) Table 6.1 shows the percentage of workers employed in primary industries in 21 of the lowest income countries. Table 6.1 country percentage of workers in primary industry (2021) Afghanistan 44 Burkina Faso 90 Central African Republic 80 Chad 79 DR Congo 60 Eritrea 80 Ethiopia 73 Republic of The Gambia 75 Guinea-Bissau 82 Liberia 70 Madagascar 75 Mali 79 Mozambique 74 Niger 79 Rwanda 75 Sierra Leone 61 Somalia 71 Sudan 79 Togo 65 Uganda 71 Yemen 80 Which one of the following statements is correct? Tick (✓) one box. tick (✓) In all of the countries more than 50% of workers are employed in primary industries. In all of the countries fewer than 90% of workers are employed in primary industries. In most of the countries between 70 and 80% of workers are employed in primary industries. In most of the countries more than 80% of workers are employed in primary industries. [1] (c) Fig. 6.2 shows the distribution of the 21 low-income countries shown in Table 6.1. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Fig. 6.2 (i) Describe the distribution of the countries shown in Fig. 6.2. … … … … [2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why the countries shown in Table 6.1 and Fig. 6.2 have low incomes. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 8] © UCLES 2024 0460/22/O/N/24

8 marks

Mark scheme: 6(a) A quaternary 3 B primary C secondary D tertiary 4 correct = 3 2/3 correct = 2 1 correct = 1 6(b) In most of the countries between 70 and 80% of workers are employed in the 1 primary sector. 6(c)(i) African countries/centre of Africa/E/SE/W Africa; 2 Clustered/in a group/next/close to each other; Uneven: Only two non-African: Tropical/equatorial/between the tropics/close/near to the Equator/between either Tropic and the Equator; Majority are landlocked/inland. 6(c)(ii) Harsh climate/extreme heat/droughts/land dry/desertification; 2 Low food production/lack of food to sell; Crop disease/pests ruin crops; Poor soils; Lack of natural resources/minerals/energy reserves; Less working age people compared to proportion of young people/elderly/migration of highly educated/working age people/shortage of workers; Constraints on female employment; Lack of funds/investment for mechanisation/industry/businesses; Lack of education/low literacy rates/unskilled workforce; Poor medical facilities/spread of disease/reduced workforce due to illness; War/civil war/political instability; Overpopulation/high population leading to a lack of resources to go round/unemployment; Poorly paid jobs so not much money raised through taxes; Dominated by primary industry/little secondary or tertiary industry/few jobs in multi-nationals; Low level/lack of technology/mechanisation/industrialisation; Limited value added good produced/value of imports higher than exports; Poor transport/communications/land-locked make it difficult to trade/export/import goods.

This question in 0460/22 Oct/Nov 2024

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 (Insert) shows the global distribution of car production. (i) Using Fig. 2.1, describe the global distribution of car production. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest one reason for the pattern of distribution. … … [1] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows the top 10 car-producing countries in Europe. 6 5 4 cars produced 3 (million) 2 1 0 Germany Spain France UK Republic Slovakia Italy Poland Hungary Romania Czech Fig. 2.2 (i) Complete Fig. 2.2 to show that Germany produced 5.6 million cars. [1] (ii) Fig. 2.3 (Insert) shows a car factory in Germany. Using Fig. 2.3 only, state three reasons for the location of this factory. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) • Uneven; 3 • Highest numbers in (east) Asia; • High numbers in (central) North America; • High numbers/across/throughout Europe/second highest in Europe; • Higher in western Europe than eastern Europe; • In parts of South America/some of South America; • Few/not many/very low/lowest in Africa/few countries in Africa; • Low in Oceania/Australasia. Note: Primarily in Asia and Europe/North America = 1 Only if lines 2 and 3 have not been awarded, otherwise REP. 2(a)(ii) • Most in wealthy/rich countries; 1 • Where demand is high/people can afford cars/close to market; • Near component suppliers; • In countries with high levels of education; • In countries with high levels of technology; • Coastal countries (for export); • Cheap labour; • Investment by TNCs. 2(b)(i) Bar drawn at 5.6 million 1 2(b)(ii) • Flat land; 3 • Large area/spacious; • Outside of settlement/city; • Room to expand; • Road network/many roads/main road(s)/motorway/highway; • Settlements/housing for workforce; • Pleasant surroundings (fields/trees); • Near other industry (for parts).

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2025

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the employment structure of three countries in 2019. Tanzania 28% 65% 7% Mexico 12% Key percentage employed in each industry (%) primary 26% secondary tertiary Netherlands 82% Fig. 4.1 (i) What percentage of Mexico’s employment was in the tertiary industry? … % [1] (ii) Complete the pie graph for the Netherlands using the following data: primary 2% secondary 16% [2] (iii) State one piece of evidence from Fig. 4.1 that indicates that the Netherlands is an MEDC. … … [1] (iv) In some MEDC countries, there are also quaternary industries. Which one of the following is an example of a quaternary industry? Tick (3) one box. tick (3) airline pilot biotechnician school teacher veterinary surgeon [1] (b) Give three reasons for the large amount of primary industry employment in Tanzania, an LEDC. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) 62 (%) 1 4(a)(ii) 1 mark for accurate line at 7° (allow 6–8°) 2 1 mark for correct shading (in correct order) 4(a)(iii) High tertiary/low primary/more tertiary than primary 1 4(a)(iv) Biotechnician 1 4(b) • (Subsistence) farming/agriculture; 3 • Land available to farm/fertile soil/climate suitable for farming; • Demand for food/minerals/raw materials for export/cash crops/named export crop; • Not industrialised/no factories/lack of mechanisation (due to cost/availability); • Less educated/skilled (so unable to work in secondary/tertiary); • Lack of investment by TNCs/other countries/government (in secondary/tertiary); • Mining/amount of minerals.

This question in 0460/21 May/June 2025