Alloys and their properties — Paper 3 · IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654

2 (a) Complete Table 2.1 by choosing numbers from the list. Each number may be used once, more than once or not at all. 0 1 2 3 10 13 19 26 39 64 Use the information in the Periodic Table on page 28. Table 2.1 the atomic number of iron, Fe … the group number of aluminium, Al … the number of electrons in one atom of potassium, K … the number of neutrons in one atom of hydrogen, H … the number of protons in one atom of neon, Ne … [5] (b) The relative mass of a proton is 1 atomic mass unit. State the relative mass of a neutron and of an electron. relative mass of neutron … relative mass of electron … [2] (c) One type of steel is a mixture containing iron and cobalt. This steel is used to make tools. (i) Name the collection of metals in the Periodic Table that contains iron and cobalt. … [1] (ii) State the term used for a mixture containing metals. … [1] (iii) Suggest one reason why steel, rather than iron, is used to make tools. … … [1]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) 26 ; 3 ; 19 ; 0 ; 10 ; 5 Question Answer Marks 2(b) 1 ; zero / negligible / 1 / 2000 ; 2 2(c)(i) transition ; 1 2(c)(ii) alloy ; 1 2(c)(iii) harder / less malleable / takes a sharper edge / stronger ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2017

8 Table 8.1 shows the percentage composition by mass of an alloy of iron. Table 8.1 percentage by mass element symbol in the alloy carbon C 1.0 chromium Cr 4.0 iron Fe molybdenum Mo 8.8 tungsten W 1.7 vanadium V 2.0 (a) (i) Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in the alloy. Show your working. percentage of iron = … % [2] (ii) Iron is in the fourth period of the Periodic Table. The Periodic Table is shown on page 28. Identify the two other elements in the alloy that are in the same period as iron. 1 … 2 … [1] (iii) Name the collection of metals in the fourth period that contains iron. … [1] (b) Fig. 8.1 shows apparatus a student uses to investigate the rate of rusting. single piece of small pieces of iron single piece of iron the alloy of iron 20.0 g 20.0 g 20.0 g Fig. 8.1 She compares the rate of rusting of small pieces of iron, a single piece of iron and a single piece of the alloy of iron. She places 20.0 g of each sample onto separate electronic balances. She records the masses of the samples after ten days. Table 8.2 shows some of her results. Table 8.2 mass at the start of the sample mass after ten days / g experiment / g small pieces of iron 20.0 21.2 single piece of iron 20.0 single piece of the alloy 20.0 20.0 of iron (i) Calculate the gain in mass of the small pieces of iron after ten days. gain in mass = … g [1] (ii) Calculate the average gain in mass per day of the small pieces of iron. average gain in mass per day = … g [1] (iii) Explain why the mass increases when iron rusts. … … … [1] (iv) Suggest the mass of the single piece of iron after ten days. … [1]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) 1.0 + 4.0 + 8.8 + 1.7 + 2.0 = 17.5 ; 100 – 17.5 / 82.5 ; 2 8(a)(ii) chromium, vanadium ; 1 8(a)(iii) transition (metals) ; 1 8(b)(i) (21.2 − 20.0 =) 1.2 (g) ; 1 8(b)(ii) (1.2 ÷ 10) = 0.1(2) (g) ; 1 8(b)(iii) reference to a reaction with oxygen / water ; the idea that oxygen / water (in rust) is added material ; max 1 8(b)(iv) greater than 20.0 g and smaller than 21.2 g ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2018

8 Most elements in the Periodic Table are metals. (a) State a physical test and the result which shows that a solid has a metallic property. physical test … … result … … [2] (b) (i) State the term used for a mixture of metals. … [1] (ii) Table 8.1 shows the melting temperatures of solid X and solid Z. Table 8.1 solid melting temperature / °C X 327 Z 183 to 250 Use the information in Table 8.1 to decide whether solid X and solid Z are mixtures of metals or pure metals. Explain your answers. X is … Z is … explanation … … … [2] (c) The elements below are listed in order of reactivity. calcium (most reactive) aluminium carbon iron copper (least reactive) Fig. 8.1 shows apparatus a student uses to investigate the reaction between powdered carbon and powdered copper oxide. mixture of carbon and copper oxide solution S heat Fig. 8.1 When the student heats carbon with copper oxide, a gas bubbles through solution S. Solution S turns cloudy. (i) State the name of the gas given off and deduce the identity of solution S. gas … solution S … [2] (ii) Identify the type of chemical reaction that occurs between carbon and copper oxide. Explain your answer. type of reaction … explanation … … [2] (iii) When carbon is heated with calcium oxide, no reaction occurs. Explain this observation. … (d) (i) Name an ore from which aluminium is extracted. … [1] (ii) State one reason, other than cost, why aluminium is recycled. … … [1] [Total: 12]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a) suitable test for electrical conductivity / thermal conductivity / malleability ; metals conduct electricity / metal conduct thermal energy / metals are malleable ; 2 8(b)(i) alloy ; 1 8(b)(ii) X is a pure metal and Z is a mixture / alloy ; pure metal has unique melting point / a mixture melts over a range of temp ; 2 8(c)(i) carbon dioxide / CO2 ; limewater / aqueous calcium hydroxide ; 2 8(c)(ii) redox / reduction / oxidation ; copper oxide is reduced / loses oxygen / carbon oxidised / gains oxygen ; 2 8(c)(iii) calcium is more reactive than carbon ; 1 8(d)(i) bauxite ; 1 8(d)(ii) saves energy / saves bauxite; 1

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2019

5 (a) Meteorites fall to Earth from space. Some meteorites are mixtures of iron, nickel and other metals. (i) State the term used for a mixture of metals. … [1] (ii) Metals tend to be shiny and some are sonorous (make a ringing sound when struck). State two other physical properties of metals. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Name the collection of metals in the Periodic Table that contains iron and nickel. … [1] (b) A teacher uses the apparatus shown in Fig. 5.1 to heat four different mixtures containing a powdered metal oxide and powdered carbon. mixture of powdered metal oxide and powdered carbon strong heat Fig. 5.1 His observations are shown in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 mixture observation calcium oxide + carbon no reaction copper oxide + carbon exothermic reaction lead oxide + carbon exothermic reaction magnesium oxide + carbon no reaction Use ideas about reactivity to explain the observations. … … … [2] (c) The symbol equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and carbon is shown. 2ZnO + C 2Zn + CO2 Use the substances involved in this reaction to describe reduction and oxidation. … … … … [2] [Total: 8]

8 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) alloy ; 1 5(a)(ii) two from: malleable ; ductile ; good electrical conductors ; good thermal conductors ; high m.pt / b.pt. ; high density ; max 2 2 5(a)(iii) transition elements / metals ; 1 5(b) calcium and magnesium more reactive than carbon (so no reaction) ; carbon more reactive than copper and lead (so reaction observed) ; 2 5(c) zinc oxide has lost oxygen and so is reduced ; carbon has gained oxygen and so is oxidised ; 2

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2019

2 (a) Copper and sodium are metals. Copper is a transition element. Sodium is not a transition element. It is found in Group I of the Periodic Table. Some properties of metallic elements are listed. A act as a catalyst B form coloured compounds C good conductor of electricity D good conductor of thermal energy E malleable F non-magnetic State the letters (A to F) of the two properties that describe copper but do not describe sodium. … and … [2] (b) Copper(II) oxide is heated with carbon. Copper and carbon dioxide are made. (i) Construct the word equation for the reaction between copper(II) oxide and carbon. + + [1] (ii) State the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas and the observation for a positive result. test … observation … [2] (iii) Explain why copper(II) oxide is described as a basic oxide. … … [1] (c) Metals can be coated with a layer of copper using electroplating. Electroplating uses the process of electrolysis. Use words from the list to complete the sentence to define the term electrolysis. Each word may be used once or not at all. covalent electricity gas ionic molten solid solution time water Electrolysis always involves the breakdown of … compounds when … or in aqueous … by the passage of … . [2] (d) Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin. (i) State the term used to describe a mixture of metals. … [1] (ii) Apart from cost, suggest why bronze is used to make coins but pure copper is not used to make coins. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a) A; B; 2 2(b)(i) copper oxide + carbon → copper + carbon dioxide; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(ii) (bubble through) limewater; goes cloudy / milky; 2 2(b)(iii) produces solution with pH above 7 / copper(II) oxide is a metal oxide; 1 2(c) ionic molten solution electricity;; 2 2(d)(i) alloy; 1 2(d)(ii) tougher / stronger; 1

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2021

5 (a) Iron is an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table. (i) Name the collection of metals in Period 4 that contains iron. … [1] (ii) An atom of iron has a proton number of 26 and a nucleon number of 56. State the number of electrons in this atom. number of electrons … [1] (iii) Iron is obtained from iron oxide by reaction with carbon. The word equation for the reaction is shown. iron oxide + carbon iron + carbon dioxide Name the substance that is reduced in this reaction. Explain your answer. substance reduced … explanation … … [2] (b) Steel is an alloy of iron. (i) State what is meant by an alloy. … … [1] (ii) State why steel is used rather than pure iron for making cars. … … [1] (iii) Table 5.1 shows the percentage composition of an alloy. Table 5.1 element percentage copper 33 iron nickel 60 Calculate the percentage of iron in the alloy. percentage of iron = … % [1] (c) A student investigates the rusting of iron nails. Fig. 5.1 shows the student’s experiments. X Y Z dry air air and air and water water vapour vapour painted nail cotton wool water water drying agent removes water vapour Fig. 5.1 Table 5.2 shows the student’s observations after one week. Complete Table 5.2 to explain the student’s observations. Table 5.2 test-tube rusts/does not rust explanation X does not rust Y rusts Z does not rust [3] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) transition elements / transition metals ; 1 5(a)(ii) 26 ; 1 5(a)(iii) iron oxide ; loses oxygen ; 2 5(b)(i) mixture of metals / mixture of metal and other element ; 1 5(b)(ii) stronger ; 1 5(b)(iii) 7% ; 1 5(c) (tube X does not rust) – no water present ; (tube Y rusts) – oxygen (air) and water present ; (tube Z does not rust) – no air and water can reach nail ; 3

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2021

8 (a) An atom of aluminium has a proton number of 13 and nucleon number of 27. (i) State what is meant by the term nucleon number. … … [1] (ii) Describe the electronic structure of an atom of aluminium. You may wish to draw a diagram to help your answer. … … [2] (b) Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis. (i) Name one ore from which aluminium is extracted. … [1] (ii) Electrolysis results in a chemical change. Explain what is meant by a chemical change. … … [1] (c) Aluminium alloys are used in aircraft parts. (i) State what is meant by the term alloy. … … [1] (ii) State why aluminium alloys are used in aircraft parts. … … [1] (iii) State why aluminium is used in the form of alloys rather than as pure aluminium. … … [1] (iv) Describe and explain one other use of aluminium. use … explanation … [2] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) number of protons and neutrons in an atom ; 1 8(a)(ii) 13 electrons ; 2.8.3 ; 2 8(b)(i) bauxite ; 1 8(b)(ii) new substance(s) produced ; 1 8(c)(i) mixture of metals / mixture of a metal and another element ; 1 8(c)(ii) low density ; 1 8(c)(iii) stronger ; 1 8(c)(iv) food containers / drink cans ; resistant to corrosion ; 2

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2021

5 (a) An atom of iron has a proton number of 26 and a nucleon number of 56. (i) State the number of electrons in this atom of iron. number of electrons = … [1] (ii) State the number of neutrons in this atom of iron. number of neutrons = … [1] (iii) Another atom of iron has a nucleon number of 54. State the proton number of this atom of iron. proton number = … [1] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows an aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride. Fig. 5.1 A student tests the solution to confirm that the label is correct. State the test for aqueous iron(III) ions (Fe 3+) and give the observation for a positive result. test … observation … … [2] (c) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron. (i) Define the term alloy. … … [1] (ii) State one use for stainless steel. … [1] (iii) State the two conditions needed for the rusting of iron. 1 … 2 … [2] (iv) Describe and explain one method of rust prevention. … … … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) 26; 1 5(a)(ii) 30; 1 5(a)(iii) 26; 1 5(b) sodium hydroxide solution; orange / brown ppt; 2 5(c)(i) mixture of metals / mixture of a metal and another element; 1 5(c)(ii) cutlery / chemical plant; 1 5(c)(iii) (presence of) oxygen; (presence of) water; 2 Question Answer Marks 5(c)(iv) painting / galvanising / plating / greasing; relevant explanation for method chosen (e.g. stops water / oxygen); 2

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2022

5 (a) Aluminium is a metal. Two physical properties of metals are that they are good thermal conductors and good electrical conductors. State two other physical properties of metals. 1 … 2 … [2] (b) Duralumin is an alloy of 95% aluminium and 5% copper. (i) Calculate the mass of aluminium used in 1000 kg of duralumin. mass = … kg [1] (ii) State why aluminium alloys are used in aircraft parts. … … [1] (c) Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis. (i) State the name of the ore of aluminium used. … [1] (ii) Define electrolysis. … … … [2] (iii) Aluminium cannot be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon. Name one metal which can be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon. … [1] (d) Aluminium ores must be conserved. (i) State why aluminium ores must be conserved. … … [1] (ii) Suggest how aluminium ores may be conserved. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) high melting point; high boiling point; malleable; ductile; Max 2 marks 2 5(b)(i) 950 (kg); 1 5(b)(ii) low density / high tensile strength; 1 5(c)(i) bauxite; 1 5(c)(ii) breakdown of an ionic compound; when molten or in aqueous solution; by the passage of electricity; Max 2 marks 2 5(c)(iii) iron; 1 5(d)(i) finite resource / material being used at a faster rate than it can be replaced; 1 5(d)(ii) recycling; 1

This question in 0654/31 May/June 2022

2 (a) Table 2.1 shows a list of six elements. Table 2.1 name of element copper helium magnesium nitrogen oxygen sodium (i) State the names of two metallic elements from Table 2.1. … and … [1] (ii) State the name of an element from Table 2.1 which is 78% of clean air. … [1] (iii) State the name of a noble gas from Table 2.1. … [1] (iv) State the name of a transition element from Table 2.1. … [1] (b) Excess magnesium powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. During this reaction, a gas and an aqueous solution of a salt are made. (i) State the chemical formula of the gas made. … [1] (ii) State the name of the salt made. … [1] (iii) Some solid magnesium remains unreacted. State the method used to remove the unreacted solid magnesium from the reaction mixture. … [1] (iv) The rate of reaction is decreased by decreasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. State two other ways of decreasing the rate of this reaction. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) Table 2.2 shows the composition of an alloy of magnesium. Table 2.2 element percentage by mass aluminium 4% cerium 3% lanthanum 1% magnesium 92% (i) State what is meant by the term alloy. … … [1] (ii) Calculate the mass of magnesium in 2000 kg of this alloy. mass = … kg [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) any two from copper, magnesium and sodium; 1 2(a)(ii) nitrogen ; 1 2(a)(iii) helium; 1 2(a)(iv) copper; 1 2(b)(i) H2; 1 2(b)(ii) magnesium chloride; 1 2(b)(iii) filtration; 1 2(b)(iv) decrease surface area / increase particle size of magnesium; decrease temperature (of acid); 2 Question Answer Marks 2(c)(i) mixture of metals / mixture of a metal and another element; 1 2(c)(ii) 1840 (kg) ; 1

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2022

2 (a) Table 2.1 shows a list of six elements. Table 2.1 name of element copper helium magnesium nitrogen oxygen sodium (i) State the names of two metallic elements from Table 2.1. … and … [1] (ii) State the name of an element from Table 2.1 which is 78% of clean air. … [1] (iii) State the name of a noble gas from Table 2.1. … [1] (iv) State the name of a transition element from Table 2.1. … [1] (b) Excess magnesium powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. During this reaction, a gas and an aqueous solution of a salt are made. (i) State the chemical formula of the gas made. … [1] (ii) State the name of the salt made. … [1] (iii) Some solid magnesium remains unreacted. State the method used to remove the unreacted solid magnesium from the reaction mixture. … [1] (iv) The rate of reaction is decreased by decreasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. State two other ways of decreasing the rate of this reaction. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) Table 2.2 shows the composition of an alloy of magnesium. Table 2.2 element percentage by mass aluminium 4% cerium 3% lanthanum 1% magnesium 92% (i) State what is meant by the term alloy. … … [1] (ii) Calculate the mass of magnesium in 2000 kg of this alloy. mass = … kg [1] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) any two from copper, magnesium and sodium; 1 2(a)(ii) nitrogen ; 1 2(a)(iii) helium; 1 2(a)(iv) copper; 1 2(b)(i) H2; 1 2(b)(ii) magnesium chloride; 1 2(b)(iii) filtration; 1 2(b)(iv) decrease surface area / increase particle size of magnesium; decrease temperature (of acid); 2 Question Answer Marks 2(c)(i) mixture of metals / mixture of a metal and another element; 1 2(c)(ii) 1840 (kg) ; 1

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2022

11 Fig. 11.1 shows the apparatus and reagents used to make a salt. process A powdered copper carbonate dilute sulfuric acid gentle heat Fig. 11.1 (a) (i) State the name of process A shown in Fig. 11.1. … [1] (ii) State the name of the salt made in this experiment. … [1] (iii) Carbon dioxide gas is also made. Explain why the bonds between the carbon atoms and the oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide are covalent. … … [1] (iv) The temperature of the reacting mixture increases during the reaction. State the name given to all chemical reactions that release heat. … [1] (v) The experiment is repeated using large pieces of copper carbonate instead of powdered copper carbonate. State what happens to the rate of reaction. … … [1] (b) Copper carbonate is green. Copper is a transition metal. One of the properties of transition metals is that they form coloured compounds. State two other properties of transition metals which are not properties of all metals. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) Brass is a mixture containing copper and zinc. (i) State the name given to a mixture of metals. … [1] (ii) State one advantage of brass compared to copper. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 11(a)(i) filtration ; 1 11(a)(ii) copper sulfate ; 1 11(a)(iii) two non-metals bonding / electrons are shared ; 1 11(a)(iv) exothermic ; 1 11(a)(v) (rate of reaction) decreases ; 1 11(b) any two from: 2 high density ; catalyst ; variable valency ; 11(c)(i) alloy ; 1 11(c)(ii) stronger / any valid point ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2022

11 (a) State the name given to mixtures made from a metal with other elements. … [1] (b) Iron is an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table. State the name of the collection of metals in Period 4 that contains iron. … [1] (c) Describe the test used to identify iron(II) ions and give the observation for a positive result. test … … observation … … [2] (d) State the two substances that react with iron to make rust. 1 … 2 … [2] (e) An isotope of iron has a proton number of 26 and a nucleon number of 58. (i) Deduce the number of neutrons and the number of electrons in this isotope of iron. neutrons = … electrons = … [2] (ii) State the meaning of the term isotope. … … [1] (f) A teacher reacts dilute hydrochloric acid with four metals. The observations are shown in Table 11.1. Table 11.1 metal observation calcium bubbles quickly iron only a few bubbles lithium bubbles very quickly silver no bubbles Place the four metals in order of their reactivity from the most reactive to the least reactive. most reactive … … … least reactive … [2] [Total: 11]

11 marks

Mark scheme: 11(a) alloy ; 1 11(b) transition elements / metals ; 1 11(c) aqueous sodium hydroxide ; 2 green precipitate ; 11(d) oxygen ; 2 water ; 11(e)(i) neutrons = 32 ; 2 electrons = 26 ; 11(e)(ii) atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons ; 1 11(f) lithium 2 calcium iron silver lithium and / or silver correct ; all else correct ;

This question in 0654/32 Feb/March 2023

2 (a) The list gives the names of six compounds. aluminium oxide ammonium nitrate carbon dioxide lead bromide sodium chloride sulfur dioxide Answer the questions about these compounds. Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all. State which compound: (i) has the formula PbBr2. … [1] (ii) is a salt from which ammonia can be displaced. … [1] (iii) is an acidic oxide. … [1] (iv) is a greenhouse gas. … [1] (v) is the main constituent of bauxite. … [1] (b) Aluminium, copper and iron are all solid metals. State three general physical properties of solid metals. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) (i) Duralumin is an alloy of aluminium. Table 2.1 shows the percentage composition of duralumin. Table 2.1 percentage by mass in the alloy metal / % aluminium 95 copper 4 magnesium 1 Calculate the mass of aluminium in 20 kg of duralumin. mass of aluminium = … kg [1] (ii) Table 2.2 shows the melting points of aluminium, copper, magnesium and duralumin. Table 2.2 melting point metal / °C aluminium 660 copper 1085 magnesium 650 duralumin 550–660 Duralumin does not have a precise melting point but melts over a range of temperatures. Explain why duralumin does not have a precise melting point. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) lead bromide ; 1 2(a)(ii) ammonium nitrate ; 1 2(a)(iii) carbon dioxide / sulfur dioxide ; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(iv) carbon dioxide ; 1 2(a)(v) aluminium oxide ; 1 2(b) any three from: conducts heat ; conducts electricity ; malleable ; high melting/boiling point ; 3 2(c)(i) 95 / 100  20 = 19 (kg) ; 1 2(c)(ii) because it is not a pure substance / it is a mixture ; 1

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2023

2 (a) The list gives the names of six compounds. aluminium oxide ammonium nitrate carbon dioxide lead bromide sodium chloride sulfur dioxide Answer the questions about these compounds. Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all. State which compound: (i) has the formula PbBr2. … [1] (ii) is a salt from which ammonia can be displaced. … [1] (iii) is an acidic oxide. … [1] (iv) is a greenhouse gas. … [1] (v) is the main constituent of bauxite. … [1] (b) Aluminium, copper and iron are all solid metals. State three general physical properties of solid metals. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) (i) Duralumin is an alloy of aluminium. Table 2.1 shows the percentage composition of duralumin. Table 2.1 percentage by mass in the alloy metal / % aluminium 95 copper 4 magnesium 1 Calculate the mass of aluminium in 20 kg of duralumin. mass of aluminium = … kg [1] (ii) Table 2.2 shows the melting points of aluminium, copper, magnesium and duralumin. Table 2.2 melting point metal / °C aluminium 660 copper 1085 magnesium 650 duralumin 550–660 Duralumin does not have a precise melting point but melts over a range of temperatures. Explain why duralumin does not have a precise melting point. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) lead bromide ; 1 2(a)(ii) ammonium nitrate ; 1 2(a)(iii) carbon dioxide / sulfur dioxide ; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(iv) carbon dioxide ; 1 2(a)(v) aluminium oxide ; 1 2(b) any three from: conducts heat ; conducts electricity ; malleable ; high melting/boiling point ; 3 2(c)(i) 95 / 100  20 = 19 (kg) ; 1 2(c)(ii) because it is not a pure substance / it is a mixture ; 1

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2023

8 (a) Aluminium is obtained from its ore. Aluminium ore is a finite resource, so conserving aluminium is important. (i) Explain what is meant by the term finite resource. … … [1] (ii) State the name of the ore from which aluminium is extracted. … [1] (b) Aluminium is a metal. State two physical or chemical properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use as food containers. Explain your answers. 1 … explanation … 2 … explanation … … [3] (c) (i) Aluminium is often used in alloys. State the meaning of the term alloy. … … [1] (ii) Table 8.1 shows the composition of elements by mass of 100 g of an aluminium alloy. Table 8.1 element mass / g aluminium copper 1.3 iron 0.6 magnesium 1.1 nickel 2.3 silicon 10.9 Calculate the mass of aluminium in 100 g of the alloy. mass of aluminium = … g [1] (iii) Identify the three transition elements listed in Table 8.1. 1 … 2 … 3 … [2] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) no longer being made or made extremely slowly ; 1 8(a)(ii) bauxite ; 1 8(b) any two from: 3 unreactive / resists corrosion ; malleable ; low density ; AVP ; suitable explanation for at least one property ; 8(c)(i) Mixture of two or more metals / metal and other elements ; 1 8(c)(ii) 83.8 (g) ; 1 8(c)(iii) copper 2 iron nickel ;; 2 correct – 1 mark 3 correct – 2 marks

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2023

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus a student uses to investigate the rate of reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen gas is collected in the measuring cylinder. The other product is aqueous magnesium chloride. hydrogen measuring cylinder dilute hydrochloric acid water magnesium Fig. 8.1 (i) Construct the word equation for this reaction. … + … … + … [2] (ii) State two changes to the reaction conditions that increase the rate of reaction. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) The reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid is exothermic. State the meaning of exothermic. … [1] (iv) The student repeats the experiment using three different metals, copper, iron and calcium. The observations are shown in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 metal observation copper does not react iron reacts slowly calcium reacts rapidly magnesium reacts moderately Place the four metals in order of their reactivity from the most reactive to the least reactive. … most reactive … … … least reactive [1] (b) Table 8.2 shows information about the four metals in a magnesium alloy. Table 8.2 percentage by mass in element the alloy / % aluminium 9.0 magnesium manganese 1.0 zinc 1.0 (i) Calculate the percentage of magnesium contained in the alloy. percentage of magnesium = … % [1] (ii) Calculate the mass of aluminium contained in 20 kg of the alloy. mass of aluminium = … kg [1] (iii) Suggest why, apart from cost, this alloy of magnesium is used rather than pure magnesium for making parts for car engines. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen ; 2 8(a)(ii) any two from: 2 increase temperature (of acid) ; increase concentration (of acid) ; decrease particle size / increase surface area of magnesium ; 8(a)(iii) releases thermal energy ; 1 8(a)(iv) calcium 1 magnesium iron copper ; 8(b)(i) 89 (%) ; 1 8(b)(ii) 1.8 (kg) ; 1 8(b)(iii) stronger ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2023

11 (a) Iron is a metal. Circle three physical properties which are characteristic of metals. good electrical conductor high melting point low boiling point malleable poor thermal conductor [2] (b) Fig. 11.1 shows a spanner made from an alloy of iron. Fig. 11.1 The composition of the alloy is shown in Table 11.1. Table 11.1 element percentage composition % carbon chromium 2 iron 95 manganese 1 (i) Calculate the percentage of carbon in the alloy. percentage = … % [1] (ii) The mass of the spanner is 80 g. Calculate the mass of chromium contained in the spanner. mass of chromium = … g [1] (iii) Suggest why the spanner is made from an alloy of iron and not pure iron. … … [1] (c) Iron is extracted from iron oxide using carbon monoxide. iron oxide + carbon monoxide iron + carbon dioxide State the substance that is reduced in this reaction. … [1] (d) Iron reacts with two substances to make rust. (i) Name the element and the compound that react with iron to make rust. element … compound … [2] (ii) Barrier methods are used to stop iron rusting. Name one substance used in a barrier method of rust prevention. … [1] (e) Recycling iron costs less than extracting iron from iron ore. Suggest one other reason why iron needs to be recycled. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 11(a) good electrical conductor high melting point malleable 1 correct ; 3 correct ; 11(b)(i) 2% ; 1 11(b)(ii) 1.6 (g) ; 1 11(b)(iii) stronger ; 1 11(c) iron oxide ; 1 11(d)(i) element–oxygen ; compound–water ; 2 11(d)(ii) paint / oil / grease ; 1 11(e) iron is a finite resource ; 1

This question in 0654/32 May/June 2024

11 (a) Iron is a metal. Circle three physical properties which are characteristic of metals. good electrical conductor high melting point low boiling point malleable poor thermal conductor [2] (b) Fig. 11.1 shows a spanner made from an alloy of iron. Fig. 11.1 The composition of the alloy is shown in Table 11.1. Table 11.1 element percentage composition % carbon chromium 2 iron 95 manganese 1 (i) Calculate the percentage of carbon in the alloy. percentage = … % [1] (ii) The mass of the spanner is 80 g. Calculate the mass of chromium contained in the spanner. mass of chromium = … g [1] (iii) Suggest why the spanner is made from an alloy of iron and not pure iron. … … [1] (c) Iron is extracted from iron oxide using carbon monoxide. iron oxide + carbon monoxide iron + carbon dioxide State the substance that is reduced in this reaction. … [1] (d) Iron reacts with two substances to make rust. (i) Name the element and the compound that react with iron to make rust. element … compound … [2] (ii) Barrier methods are used to stop iron rusting. Name one substance used in a barrier method of rust prevention. … [1] (e) Recycling iron costs less than extracting iron from iron ore. Suggest one other reason why iron needs to be recycled. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 11(a) good electrical conductor high melting point malleable 1 correct ; 3 correct ; 11(b)(i) 2% ; 1 11(b)(ii) 1.6 (g) ; 1 11(b)(iii) stronger ; 1 11(c) iron oxide ; 1 11(d)(i) element–oxygen ; compound–water ; 2 11(d)(ii) paint / oil / grease ; 1 11(e) iron is a finite resource ; 1

This question in 0654/33 May/June 2024

5 (a) Table 5.1 shows the observations for the reactions of four metals with water. Table 5.1 metal observation copper no reaction lithium reacts quickly potassium reacts very quickly calcium reacts slowly (i) Place the four metals in order of reactivity from the most reactive to the least reactive. … most reactive … … … least reactive [2] (ii) Name one metal from Table 5.1 that is found in Group I of the Periodic Table. … [1] (iii) Name one metal from Table 5.1 that is a transition element. … [1] (b) Copper is extracted from its ore. Copper(II) oxide is made and then copper. (i) The extraction of copper involves an endothermic reaction. State what is meant by an endothermic reaction. … … [1] (ii) Explain why copper(II) oxide is described as a basic oxide. … … … [1] (c) Copper is also extracted from its ore by electrolysis. Define electrolysis by completing the sentence. Electrolysis is the breakdown of an ionic compound when … or in aqueous solution by the passage of … . [2] (d) Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. (i) Apart from cost, suggest why brass is used to make keys but pure copper is not used to make keys. … … … [1] (ii) Copper has a melting point of 1084 °C. Zinc has a melting point of 420 °C. The brass alloy has a range of melting points from 905 °C to 932 °C. Explain why brass does not have a single melting point. … … … [1] [Total:10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) potassium 2 lithium calcium copper potassium and copper correct ; lithium and calcium correct ; 5(a)(ii) lithium / potassium ; 1 5(a)(iii) copper ; 1 5(b)(i) temperature decreases / thermal energy is absorbed (from the surroundings) ; 1 5(b)(ii) is a metal oxide ; 1 5(c) molten / liquid ; 2 electricity ; 5(d)(i) brass is more hardwearing / stronger ; 1 5(d)(ii) brass is a mixture ; 1

This question in 0654/31 Oct/Nov 2024

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure aluminium metal and in a mixture of aluminium and magnesium. pure aluminium mixture of aluminium and magnesium Fig. 7.1 (i) State the name used to describe a mixture of metals. … [1] (ii) Calculate the percentage of magnesium atoms in the mixture of metals shown in Fig. 7.1. percentage of magnesium atoms = … % [2] (b) The metals in the list are extracted from their ores. copper iron magnesium potassium sodium Identify one metal from the list that is not able to be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon. Explain your answer. metal … explanation … … [2] (c) A student investigates the reaction, if any, of four metals W, X, Y and Z with dilute hydrochloric acid. The student places pieces of the different metals into separate test‑tubes containing dilute hydrochloric acid. Bubbles of gas are observed as shown in Fig. 7.2. W X Y Z Fig. 7.2 The four metals are copper, iron, magnesium and zinc. Use the information in Fig. 7.2 and your knowledge of the reactivity series to identify the metals W, X, Y and Z. metal W … metal X … metal Y … metal Z … [2] (d) The symbol equation for one of the reactions observed in Fig. 7.2 is Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g) (i) Complete the word equation for this reaction. … + hydrochloric acid … + … [2] (ii) State what (aq) means in the symbol equation. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) alloy ; 1 7(a)(ii) 3 magnesium atoms out of 20 total or 3 / 20 ; 2 15(%) ; 7(b) sodium or magnesium or potassium ; 2 more reactive than carbon / higher than carbon in the reactivity series ; 7(c) W magnesium 2 X zinc Y iron Z copper magnesium and copper correct – 1 mark zinc and iron correct – 1 mark 7(d)(i) magnesium + (hydrochloric acid) → magnesium chloride + hydrogen 2 all three correct – 2 marks one or two correct – 1 mark 7(d)(ii) aqueous or (in) solution or dissolved in water ; 1

This question in 0654/32 Oct/Nov 2025

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure aluminium metal and in a mixture of aluminium and magnesium. pure aluminium mixture of aluminium and magnesium Fig. 7.1 (i) State the name used to describe a mixture of metals. … [1] (ii) Calculate the percentage of magnesium atoms in the mixture of metals shown in Fig. 7.1. percentage of magnesium atoms = … % [2] (b) The metals in the list are extracted from their ores. copper iron magnesium potassium sodium Identify one metal from the list that is not able to be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon. Explain your answer. metal … explanation … … [2] (c) A student investigates the reaction, if any, of four metals W, X, Y and Z with dilute hydrochloric acid. The student places pieces of the different metals into separate test‑tubes containing dilute hydrochloric acid. Bubbles of gas are observed as shown in Fig. 7.2. W X Y Z Fig. 7.2 The four metals are copper, iron, magnesium and zinc. Use the information in Fig. 7.2 and your knowledge of the reactivity series to identify the metals W, X, Y and Z. metal W … metal X … metal Y … metal Z … [2] (d) The symbol equation for one of the reactions observed in Fig. 7.2 is Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g) (i) Complete the word equation for this reaction. … + hydrochloric acid … + … [2] (ii) State what (aq) means in the symbol equation. … … [1] [Total: 10]

10 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) alloy ; 1 7(a)(ii) 3 magnesium atoms out of 20 total or 3 / 20 ; 2 15(%) ; 7(b) sodium or magnesium or potassium ; 2 more reactive than carbon / higher than carbon in the reactivity series ; 7(c) W magnesium 2 X zinc Y iron Z copper magnesium and copper correct – 1 mark zinc and iron correct – 1 mark 7(d)(i) magnesium + (hydrochloric acid) → magnesium chloride + hydrogen 2 all three correct – 2 marks one or two correct – 1 mark 7(d)(ii) aqueous or (in) solution or dissolved in water ; 1

This question in 0654/33 Oct/Nov 2025