Waste management — Paper 2 · A Level Environmental Management (AS only) 8291

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the major types of waste found in marine ecosystems and information about the potential threats. types of waste found in marine ecosystems 1.20% 3.80% 6.00%6.00% 6.00%6.00% Key plastic clothing paper metal wood 83%83% Threats from marine debris Over 100 million marine animals are killed each year due to plastic waste in the ocean. It is estimated that there are 100 million tonnes of plastic waste in oceans around the world. It is expected that at least another 60 billion kilograms will be produced every year. In some areas, the build-up of plastic waste is estimated to cover 8 million square kilometres, approximately the area of the USA. Eighty percent of the plastic waste comes from land. It is washed out to sea from our roads, storm drains, rivers and beaches. Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, suggest the likely effects of plastic waste on marine species. [10] (b) Using examples evaluate the strategies used to manage the problems caused by different sources of marine pollution. [30] [Total: 40]

40 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) Plastics in the form of bottles, bags (look like jellyfish to a turtle), fishing nets and lines and plastic pellets are the main types. Death caused by ingesting plastics, accumulating in the digestive systems, reducing the ability to feed, or reducing the amount eaten, plastic becomes entangled around limbs impeding mobility. Plastics accumulate in huge masses in the centre of ocean gyres making passage difficult and interfering with migration routes. Plastics interfere with reproduction. Plastics can reduce visibility and reduce the chances of successful predation and reproduction. 10 4(b) The question requirements are: • to show understanding of the range of marine pollutants both point and non-point in origin • to suggest strategies to reduce the pollution of the marine environment • to evaluate the success of such strategies. Indicative content: Point sources can be traced and are usually factories, oil refineries, paper mills and farms discharging waste into water bodies or via sewage treatment plants. Also, there is direct dumping from vessels. Non-point sources are harder to trace and are usually the result of run-off water from rainfall or snow melt collecting pollutants as they flow into the water ways. Plastics and chemicals from landfill sites. Strategies for point sources include regulation and legislation with sources expected to use technology to clean effluent before it enters the water. Licensing schemes exist to control release of pollutants. Fines for breaches of regulations. Strategies for non-point include education to encourage people to not allow accidental spills of the pollutants and to discourage illegal dumping. Controls over landfills to ensure the plastics are dealt with and not allowed to leach into the waterways and hence the seas Encouraging the reduction in packaging in consumer goods, the charging for plastic bags at supermarkets, encouraging people to cut up plastics such as those rings from a six pack of cans. Encouraging the removal of plastic micro-beads from cosmetics and related products. Making oil tankers more secure from spills such as double hulls, and increasing legislation with regards to safety in the off- shore oil industry. Organising clean-up campaigns, NGOs have campaigns and publicity to educate and inform. Named examples such as Greenpeace and Surfers against sewage. 30 Please Use Level Descriptors 1 Please Use Level Descriptors 2

This question in 8291/21 May/June 2020

5 Fig. 5.1 is a suggested model for the establishment of marine conservation areas worldwide. No-Use Zone No-Take Zone Buffer Zone Multiple-Use Zone No activities allowed. Measures are taken to Transitional zones from All tourism, fishing protect species whose no-take zones to and activities allowed. populations may be multiple-use zones. affected in other zones / Moderate activities, such areas. Examples include as hook-and-line fishing spawning and nursery and limited tourism are grounds. allowed. Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe and explain how each of the four zones in the suggested model shown in Fig. 5.1 will contribute to marine conservation. [10] (b) The control of marine pollution is a big factor in the success of marine conservation. Evaluate different strategies used to manage the causes and effects of marine pollution. [30] [Total: 40]

40 marks

This question in 8291/22 May/June 2020

5 Fig. 5.1 is a suggested model for the establishment of marine conservation areas worldwide. No-Use Zone No-Take Zone Buffer Zone Multiple-Use Zone No activities allowed. Measures are taken to Transitional zones from All tourism, fishing protect species whose no-take zones to and activities allowed. populations may be multiple-use zones. affected in other zones / Moderate activities, such areas. Examples include as hook-and-line fishing spawning and nursery and limited tourism are grounds. allowed. Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe and explain how each of the four zones in the suggested model shown in Fig. 5.1 will contribute to marine conservation. [10] (b) The control of marine pollution is a big factor in the success of marine conservation. Evaluate different strategies used to manage the causes and effects of marine pollution. [30] [Total: 40]

40 marks

This question in 8291/23 May/June 2020

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is an extract from a scientific report published on the internet. A group of pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are present at ‘dangerously high levels’ in Europe’s killer whales and dolphins, scientists say. PCBs were once used in electrical equipment, paints and flame-retardants, but were banned from the 1970s because of their toxic effect in humans and animals. PCBs are found in landfill sites awaiting safe disposal. However, PCBs have persisted in the environment, and are now accumulating in the blubber (fatty tissue) of top predators such as killer whales and dolphins. The contamination is so high that some populations of killer whales are facing extinction. Fig. 2.1 (i) Suggest how pollutant PCBs have moved from landfill sites to the sea. … … … … [2] (ii) Explain how pollutant PCBs are accumulating in top predators such as the killer whale and dolphins. … … … … … … … … [4] (iii) Suggest two ways the problem of pollutant PCBs could be reduced. … … … … [2] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows the percentage composition of marine litter by its major types. percentage composition of marine litter 1.20% 6.00% 3.80% 6.00% 83% Key plastic clothing paper metal wood Fig. 2.2 (i) Suggest two sources of the major types of marine litter shown in Fig. 2.2. … … … … [2] (ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by the major types of marine litter shown in Fig. 2.2. … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] (iii) Describe two strategies to prevent the increase in marine litter. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) move through the soil; leaching; move into streams / rivers; rivers drain into the sea; max 2 2 2(a)(ii) PCBs enter water; accumulate in the tissues of small fish; pass along the food chain; as predators feed on them; become more concentrated along the food chain; large amounts found in top predators; bioaccumulation; max 4 4 2(a)(iii) do not put in landfill; remove from landfill sites; recover, reuse or recycle; prevent leaching from landfill sites; max 2 2 2(b)(i) thrown / dumped into the sea from land / boats; washed into waterways from landfill / industrial / agriculture sources; blown into waterways; max 2 2 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(ii) plastic accumulates in huge quantities; blocking migration routes; plastic enters marine animal’s digestive systems; causing feeding problems; plastics interfere with fishing nets / boat propellers; wood floats and is a maritime hazard; metal can injure marine animals; marine litter can lead to the death of seabirds / marine animals; because of tangling / trapping; marine litter can wash up on beaches; and be hazardous; max 6 6 2(b)(iii) legislation / government initiatives; e.g. charging for plastic bags; reducing the number of plastic nurdles / micro-beads in products; education; engaging with the fishing / maritime industry; NGO action; max 4 4

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2020

4 Fig. 4.1 is a map showing the river Ganges as it flows from the Himalayas, through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal. Brahmaputra Kathmandu River Rishikesh G New Riha Gandak v g Jamuna h e r River Delhi G ar a River Dhaka anges Y Patna a m Kanpur Varanasi unaRiver Kolkata Prayagraj key river industry livestock farming bathing area industrial effluent from Kolkata port crop farming town / city Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, explain why the river Ganges has large areas of severely polluted water. [10] (b) To what extent can strategies to manage waste control reduce pollution of rivers? Use examples of local and regional policies. [30] [Total: 40]

40 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) The river Ganges flows from the Himalayas through the top of India and into Bangladesh. On its route through India, it passes many large cities which pour a great deal of untreated sewage into the water leading to hypoxic (dead) zones downriver with areas deemed severe and critical. There is a lot of industry along the river especially polluting ones such as dyeing, leatherworks and sugar processing. The river also passes through agricultural areas and experiences eutrophic areas from the run-off from the fields. Candidates may also refer to disposal of bodies and bathing practices. 4(b) The requirements for this question are: • to demonstrate knowledge of the methods of pollution control • to show understanding of local and regional strategies • to assess the relative success of chosen examples. A range of different methods described including sewage treatment plants, legislation, education and reinforcement measures. Control of industrial discharge and steps to reduce agricultural run-off. Provision of infrastructure. Some understanding of the difficulties involved in implementation and enforcement and the difference between local and regional policies. Financial and political will issues. Assessment of the relative success of strategies. 30 please use level descriptors 1 please use level descriptors 2

This question in 8291/21 May/June 2021

1 (a) Table 1.1 shows the number of marine wildlife affected by marine debris in one year. Table 1.1 marine debris wildlife bottles cans lobster fishing fishing fishing plastic string other group and hooks lines nets bags and fish rope traps amphibians 1 0 0 0 3 1 6 0 1 birds 2 0 0 5 45 53 19 10 4 fish 5 1 2 1 48 11 11 7 3 invertebrates 6 2 1 1 14 12 6 13 0 mammals 0 0 0 3 6 1 6 6 1 reptiles 0 0 0 0 10 4 1 3 1 (i) State which wildlife group is affected by every type of marine debris shown in Table 1.1. … [1] (ii) State which wildlife group is most affected by marine debris shown in Table 1.1. … [1] (iii) Suggest two sources of the marine debris shown in Table 1.1. … … [2] (iv) Calculate the percentage of all mammals in Table 1.1 affected by plastic bags. … % [1] (b) Fig. 1.1 shows part of an ocean food web. killer whale tiger shark green sea turtle leatherback sea turtle squid jellyfish shrimp zooplankton sea grass phytoplankton Fig. 1.1 (i) State what the arrows in the food web shown in Fig. 1.1 represent. … … [1] (ii) Sea turtles are under threat because of plastic bag pollution in the sea. The turtles mistake the bags for jellyfish. Explain the effects of a reduction in sea turtle numbers on the food web shown in Fig. 1.1. … … … … … … … … [4] (iii) Suggest strategies to prevent plastic bag pollution reaching oceans. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Fig. 1.2 shows the net primary productivity of different aquatic ecosystems. open ocean coastal waters lakes and streams estuaries 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 net primary productivity / arbitrary units Fig. 1.2 (i) Complete the bar chart in Fig. 1.2 to show a net primary productivity of 23 arbitrary units for lakes and streams. [1] (ii) Suggest why net primary productivity is low in open oceans. … … … … [2] (iii) An estuary is found where a river meets coastal waters. The net primary productivity of an estuary is high because there is a high concentration of nutrients. Suggest reasons why the concentration of nutrients is high. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) fish; 1 1(a)(ii) birds; 1 1(a)(iii) thrown / fallen from boats; thrown / lost by fishermen; blown from land; lost from landfill; carried by streams and rivers; 2 1(a)(iv) 26 / 26.1 / 26.09; 1 1(b)(i) (the) transfer / flow / movement of energy; 1 1(b)(ii) less food for top predators; numbers decrease; less feeding on seagrass; seagrass increases; less predation on squid / jellyfish; increased numbers of squid / jellyfish; long term effect – populations stabilise; 4 1(b)(iii) education; to use plastic bags more ecologically / about their effects on sea life; charging for bags at shops; to reduce use; change to paper bags; to reduce number of bags used; legislation to reduce single-use bags; to force consumers and shops to change habits; improved recycling / re-use; to prevent them getting in the sea; 4 Question Answer Marks 1(c)(i) correct plot + correct width + shading; 1 1(c)(ii) organic material sinks to bottom of ocean floor; sunlight cannot penetrate into ocean; so no photosynthesis; cold restricts enzymes / photosynthesis (RHS); 2 1(c)(iii) river flows from land to sea; collects nutrients as it crosses the land; named example; minerals from eroding rocks; excess fertilisers; sewage spilt into rivers / septic tanks leak / waste from cattle; tides mix seawater and freshwater; churning by tidal waters; 3

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2021

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the mass of waste generated per person in seven countries in Europe in 2016. 24 000 22 000 20 000 18 000 16 000 14 000 mass of waste 12 000 generated / kg per 10 000 person 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Finland Germany Iceland Italy Portugal Sweden UK country Fig. 2.1 (i) The average mass of waste generated per person in Europe is 5000 kg. State the number of the countries shown in Fig. 2.1 that generated more than this value. … [1] (ii) A report stated that in 2016 Germany recycled 65% and Finland recycled 40% of the waste they generated. Use Fig. 2.1 to calculate: • the mass of waste recycled in Germany in 2016 … kg per person • the mass of waste not recycled in Finland in 2016. … kg per person [2] (iii) State two strategies to increase the percentage of waste that is recycled in a country. 1 … 2 … [2] (iv) Incineration is used to dispose of waste. Suggest benefits and negative impacts of waste incineration. benefits … … … … negative impacts … … … … [4] (v) In 2019, more than 1.8 million tonnes of plastic waste were exported from Europe as a waste disposal strategy. Most of this plastic waste went to China and Hong Kong. Evaluate the impacts of this waste disposal strategy. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows a penguin colony in Antarctica. Fig. 2.2 The Antarctic Treaty is an international agreement that protects the Antarctic. Some of the treaty’s aims include: • protection of the Antarctic environment • conservation of plants and animals • management of tourism • management of protected areas. (i) All waste, other than sewage and food waste, is removed from Antarctica. Suggest why sewage and food waste are not removed from Antarctica. … … [1] (ii) Suggest why all other waste is removed from Antarctica. … … … … [2] (c) Approximately 30 000 tourists visit Antarctica each year. Describe how tourism can be controlled in protected environments such as Antarctica. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 19]

19 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 2; 1 2(a)(ii) Germany: 3120; Finland: 13 440; 2 2(a)(iii) any two from: education / advertising / raise awareness; economic incentive / economic penalty; legislation / laws / regulations; increase, availability of recycling points / accessibility; idea of simple / easy recycling, system; 2 2(a)(iv) max [4] total: max three benefits: can be used for, heating / electricity or provides a form of energy; idea of gets rid of large quantities of waste / doesn’t take up (land) space / land can be used for other purpose; avoids landfill / landfills full; idea of reduces named pollution e.g. water pollution / leaching / plastics in ocean / soil pollution / smell / visual pollution; reduces methane production (compared to landfills); max three negative impacts: release of toxic / poisonous / acid(ic), gases or substances or chemicals; produces ash / particulates / smoke / smog; produces carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas ; leads to respiratory / breathing problem / lung problem / named condition e.g. asthma; some things cannot be burnt; 4 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(v) any four or developed argument from: benefits: Europe, has disposed of its waste / has less need for landfill; waste can be reused or repurposed or recycle in import country import country gains money; more jobs (in import country); negatives: import country has to pay for disposal; increases waste in import country / waste still hasn’t been disposed of; creates imbalance between HICs and LICs / shifting the responsibility onto LIC; stated pollution event related to waste disposal in import country e.g. increased air pollution / increased carbon footprint; transport costs / energy implication of transport; e.g. uses fossil fuels stated pollution event related to transporting e.g. produces CO2 during transport / leakage / increases carbon footprint 4 2(b)(i) any one from: sewage is hazardous / contains diseases / leakage during transport / ocean pollution; food decomposes / biodegradable; smell; quantities too large to transport; 1 2(b)(ii) any two from: part of (Antarctic) treaty / international agreement; stated pollution e.g. visual / plastics in ocean / pristine environment; stated example of harm to animals or plants e.g. reduce biodiversity / disrupts food chains; introduce diseases; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(c) any three from: permit for travel; rules on what can be taken in or out; restricted / limited, numbers / restrictions on who can enter; restrictions on time of year; restricted areas / zoning of areas / controlled areas / areas for just scientists / no go areas / limited entry points / named method of zoning / create national park; regulated tour providers only / guides needed; state or government-controlled facilities; high cost to enter area; controlled method of transport; fines; 3

This question in 8291/21 May/June 2022

2 (a) The bar chart in Fig. 2.1 shows the mass of waste disposed of using landfill and recycling for seven countries in Europe in 2016. 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 mass of 80 waste / million 70 tonnes 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Finland Germany Italy Malta Serbia Sweden UK country Key landfill recycling Fig. 2.1 (i) Identify the number of countries in 2016 that disposed of more of their waste using landfill than recycling. … [1] (ii) The total mass of waste disposed of in Germany in 2016 was 380 million tonnes. Calculate the percentage of waste disposed of using landfill. Give your answer to the nearest whole percentage. percentage = … [2] (iii) Suggest a limitation of using the data in Fig. 2.1 to compare waste disposal methods in different countries. … … [1] (iv) Describe the impacts of using landfill as a method of waste disposal. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (v) State one strategy to increase the amount of waste recycling. … … [1] (b) Table 2.1 shows the percentage of waste produced by different economic activities in some European countries in 2016. Table 2.1 economic activity percentage construction 37 rock extraction 26 manufacturing 13 water treatment 10 domestic 9 other 5 (i) Draw a pie chart of the data in Table 2.1. Complete the key. Key 0 [3] (ii) Suggest why investment in strategies to reduce domestic waste is unlikely to reduce Europe’s overall waste production. … … [1] (c) Explain how waste incineration can benefit a country. … … … … [2] [Total: 16]

16 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 4; 1 2(a)(ii) 18(.421)); % given to whole number; 2 2(a)(iii) any one from: doesn’t take into account the number of people in each country; only includes landfill and recycling / there are other methods of waste disposal; different countries have different ways of describing recycling; 1 2(a)(iv) any five or developed from: contamination of soil / soil pollution; leading to leaching; contamination of (ground water) / water pollution; build-up and/or release of the greenhouse gas/methane; leading to danger of explosions; visual pollution / noise pollution / odour; risk of spread of disease; release of, toxic substances / toxins / heavy metals / mercury; bioaccumulation; biomagnification; animals harmed if waste, ingested / trapped; take up space; 5 2(a)(v) any one from: education / advertising / raise awareness; economic incentive / economic penalty; legislation / laws / regulations; increase, availability of recycling points / accessibility; idea of simple / easy recycling, system; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(i) sectors in rank order largest first beginning at noon and proceeding clockwise; correct plotting  1%; sectors match key; 3 2(b)(ii) (only) 9% is from domestic / 91% from other sources / small amount from domestic; 1 2(c) any two from: can be used for, heating / electricity or provides a form of energy; idea of gets rid of large quantities of waste / doesn’t take up (land) space / land can be used for other purpose; avoids landfill / landfills full; idea of reduces named pollution e.g. water pollution / leaching / plastics in ocean / soil pollution / smell / visual pollution; reduces methane production (compared to landfills); 2

This question in 8291/22 May/June 2022

2 (a) The bar chart in Fig. 2.1 shows the mass of waste disposed of using landfill and recycling for seven countries in Europe in 2016. 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 mass of 80 waste / million 70 tonnes 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Finland Germany Italy Malta Serbia Sweden UK country Key landfill recycling Fig. 2.1 (i) Identify the number of countries in 2016 that disposed of more of their waste using landfill than recycling. … [1] (ii) The total mass of waste disposed of in Germany in 2016 was 380 million tonnes. Calculate the percentage of waste disposed of using landfill. Give your answer to the nearest whole percentage. percentage = … [2] (iii) Suggest a limitation of using the data in Fig. 2.1 to compare waste disposal methods in different countries. … … [1] (iv) Describe the impacts of using landfill as a method of waste disposal. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (v) State one strategy to increase the amount of waste recycling. … … [1] (b) Table 2.1 shows the percentage of waste produced by different economic activities in some European countries in 2016. Table 2.1 economic activity percentage construction 37 rock extraction 26 manufacturing 13 water treatment 10 domestic 9 other 5 (i) Draw a pie chart of the data in Table 2.1. Complete the key. Key 0 [3] (ii) Suggest why investment in strategies to reduce domestic waste is unlikely to reduce Europe’s overall waste production. … … [1] (c) Explain how waste incineration can benefit a country. … … … … [2] [Total: 16]

16 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 4; 1 2(a)(ii) 18(.421)); % given to whole number; 2 2(a)(iii) any one from: doesn’t take into account the number of people in each country; only includes landfill and recycling / there are other methods of waste disposal; different countries have different ways of describing recycling; 1 2(a)(iv) any five or developed from: contamination of soil / soil pollution; leading to leaching; contamination of (ground water) / water pollution; build-up and/or release of the greenhouse gas/methane; leading to danger of explosions; visual pollution / noise pollution / odour; risk of spread of disease; release of, toxic substances / toxins / heavy metals / mercury; bioaccumulation; biomagnification; animals harmed if waste, ingested / trapped; take up space; 5 2(a)(v) any one from: education / advertising / raise awareness; economic incentive / economic penalty; legislation / laws / regulations; increase, availability of recycling points / accessibility; idea of simple / easy recycling, system; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(i) sectors in rank order largest first beginning at noon and proceeding clockwise; correct plotting  1%; sectors match key; 3 2(b)(ii) (only) 9% is from domestic / 91% from other sources / small amount from domestic; 1 2(c) any two from: can be used for, heating / electricity or provides a form of energy; idea of gets rid of large quantities of waste / doesn’t take up (land) space / land can be used for other purpose; avoids landfill / landfills full; idea of reduces named pollution e.g. water pollution / leaching / plastics in ocean / soil pollution / smell / visual pollution; reduces methane production (compared to landfills); 2

This question in 8291/23 May/June 2022

5 Approximately 623 million people practise open defecation. Open defecation is going to the toilet outside in fields, water bodies and open spaces. (a) A recent report said: ‘Eliminating open defecation is an important part in the effort to eliminate poverty.’ Suggest why stopping open defecation can help reduce poverty. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows the EcoSan toilet used in rural locations in India. fly screen vent pipe ventilation toilet lid access cover pipe for urine waste urine outlet pipe turning and removal of to collection pot solid waste by hand Fig. 5.1 (i) The EcoSan toilet does not use any water. Suggest reasons why a toilet that does not use water is a benefit to rural communities in India. … … … … [2] (ii) Urine and solid waste are separated in the EcoSan. Every time the toilet lid is opened, the solid waste is automatically moved. The solid waste is regularly turned by hand. This process dries the waste. After 25 days the dried waste is reduced in mass by 5 –10% and can be collected in bags. Suggest why drying the waste is a benefit of the EcoSan. … … [1] (iii) Suggest why some local people do not use the EcoSan even though it is available in their community. … … … … [2] (iv) Suggest a use for the dried solid waste from the EcoSan. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) any three from: 3 reduces / prevents contamination of drinking water; (contaminated drinking water) leads to diseases / cholera / diarrhoea; leads to lost time at work / reduction in earnings; less health issues reduces need for medical care / economic considerations; no cleaning up of open area required / money saved can be used to fund other projects; 5(b)(i) reduces water scarcity / water insecurity / conserves water; 2 saves water for other uses, e.g. drinking / bathing / not wasted; saves time collecting water; 5(b)(ii) reduces mass of waste / reduces odour / easier to store / transport waste; 1 can be used as a source of energy (biomass); 5(b)(iii) any two from: 2 solid waste has to be removed by hand; cultural practices / lack of awareness may stop people using it; not enough EcoSan to meet need / may not have access to one; lack of cleanliness; 5(b)(iv) compost / fertiliser / on the fields / fuel; 1

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2022

4 Approximately 623 million people practise open defecation. This is going to the toilet outside in fields, water bodies and open spaces. (a) Suggest why urbanisation makes open defecation more of a problem. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 4.1 shows a Tiger Worm Toilet, TWT. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 4.1 A TWT contains tiger worms that digest the faeces (toilet waste). Tiger worms eat the equivalent of their own body weight each day. Fig. 4.2 shows a tiger worm. 30 – 130 mm Fig. 4.2 (i) Tiger worms digest faeces. Name this type of feeding relationship. … [1] (ii) The wood chip bedding layer in the TWT must be kept moist to enable the worms to digest the faeces aerobically. Users of the TWT are required to flush the toilet with a cup of water after each use. The wood chip bedding layer must not become flooded. Suggest why these requirements of the TWT limit its use in some locations. … … … … [2] (iii) Suggest why chemical cleaning products must not be used to clean a TWT. … … [1] (c) The authorities in a rural community want to build more TWTs for the local people. They use a questionnaire to find out local people’s opinions on TWTs. (i) Describe a sampling method for selecting the local people for the questionnaire that reduces bias. … … … … [2] (ii) The authorities consider two types of questions for the questionnaire. type 1: questions require a yes or no answer only type 2: questions allow people to write their own answers Outline one benefit and one limitation with type 1 questions compared with type 2 questions. benefit of type 1 … … limitation of type 1 … … [2] (iii) Table 4.1 shows part of the questionnaire used to find out local people’s opinions on TWTs. Table 4.1 date: location: response question yes no Do you use a TWT? … … … In Table 4.1, write one other suitable question for this questionnaire. [1]

12 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a) any three from: 3 less open spaces (for privacy to open defecate); more people living in an area / increased population density; leads to increased risk of disease; from contaminated water / from contact with faeces; 4(b)(i) decomposer / decomposition; 1 4(b)(ii) any two from: 2 high ground water level / high water table (result in flooding); area prone to floods; area prone to drought / dry conditions; no access to water / not enough water to flush; 4(b)(iii) any one from: 1 kills the tiger worms; leaches into soil; products would kill bacteria and fungi which aid the decomposition; 4(c)(i) random; 2 (random) number generator / draw names out of a ‘hat’; OR systematic; assign everyone a number; e.g. every third house / every nth person; 4(c)(ii) any one benefit: 2 (type 1) easier to process / less data to process / less time consuming; any one limitation: limited by question asked / no idea of their opinion; 4(c)(iii) suitable yes / no question: 1 Is the TWT easy to use? Would you recommend the TWT to other people? 4(d) any one advantage: 2 cheaper / worms not needed; no need for water after use; familiar technology; easier or simpler to build; any one disadvantage: needs to be moved once full / faeces is not digested or broken down; increased risk of disease as faeces is left in the ground; difficult to dig a hole if ground rocky; pit must be deeper than TWT;

This question in 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2022

5 Approximately 623 million people practise open defecation. Open defecation is going to the toilet outside in fields, water bodies and open spaces. (a) A recent report said: ‘Eliminating open defecation is an important part in the effort to eliminate poverty.’ Suggest why stopping open defecation can help reduce poverty. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows the EcoSan toilet used in rural locations in India. fly screen vent pipe ventilation toilet lid access cover pipe for urine waste urine outlet pipe turning and removal of to collection pot solid waste by hand Fig. 5.1 (i) The EcoSan toilet does not use any water. Suggest reasons why a toilet that does not use water is a benefit to rural communities in India. … … … … [2] (ii) Urine and solid waste are separated in the EcoSan. Every time the toilet lid is opened, the solid waste is automatically moved. The solid waste is regularly turned by hand. This process dries the waste. After 25 days the dried waste is reduced in mass by 5 –10% and can be collected in bags. Suggest why drying the waste is a benefit of the EcoSan. … … [1] (iii) Suggest why some local people do not use the EcoSan even though it is available in their community. … … … … [2] (iv) Suggest a use for the dried solid waste from the EcoSan. … … [1] [Total: 9]

9 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) any three from: 3 reduces / prevents contamination of drinking water; (contaminated drinking water) leads to diseases / cholera / diarrhoea; leads to lost time at work / reduction in earnings; less health issues reduces need for medical care / economic considerations; no cleaning up of open area required / money saved can be used to fund other projects; 5(b)(i) reduces water scarcity / water insecurity / conserves water; 2 saves water for other uses, e.g. drinking / bathing / not wasted; saves time collecting water; 5(b)(ii) reduces mass of waste / reduces odour / easier to store / transport waste; 1 can be used as a source of energy (biomass); 5(b)(iii) any two from: 2 solid waste has to be removed by hand; cultural practices / lack of awareness may stop people using it; not enough EcoSan to meet need / may not have access to one; lack of cleanliness; 5(b)(iv) compost / fertiliser / on the fields / fuel; 1

This question in 8291/23 Oct/Nov 2022

1 Oil sands contain deposits of oil. Fig. 1.1 is an enlarged sketch of an oil sands sample. Each grain of sand is surrounded by a layer of water and a type of oil called bitumen. Key bitumen water sand 1 mm Fig. 1.1 (a) Oil is a fossil fuel. State two other fossil fuels. 1 … 2 … [2] (b) Extracting oil from oil sands uses large volumes of water. The waste water is stored in tailing ponds. 75% of the water in the tailing ponds is recycled back into the extraction process. (i) Suggest why the water is recycled back into the extraction process. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest why some people are concerned about the storage of waste water in tailing ponds. … … … … … … [3] (c) Fig. 1.2 shows the location of oil sands deposits in Canada. These are some of the largest deposits of oil on Earth. Key N oil sands deposit river ALBERTA Edmonton Calgary Fig. 1.2 Use Fig. 1.2 to suggest the challenges of exporting oil from these oil sands locations. Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … [3] (d) (i) Fig. 1.3 shows the oil production from oil sands and conventional oil sources in Canada from 2006 to 2019. Key oil production oil sands conventional oil sources 3.0 2.5 2.0 oil production / million barrels 1.5 per day 1.0 0.5 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 year Fig. 1.3 Use Fig. 1.3 to compare the trends in oil production from oil sands and oil production from conventional oil sources. … … … … … … [3] (ii) These oil sands deposits cover 142 200 km2. 4800 km2 of the oil sands deposits can be mined. The remaining area currently cannot be mined. Calculate the percentage of the oil sands deposits that can be mined. Give your answer to one decimal place. … % [2] (iii) Explain how a reliance on fossil fuels, such as oil, can lead to energy insecurity. … … … … [2] (e) A report stated that from 2000 to 2018 the emission rate of greenhouse gases in Canada from oil sands extraction decreased by 36%. These emissions account for 12% of Canada’s total greenhouse gas emissions. (i) Explain why greenhouse gas emissions are a concern. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Canada was one of the countries that signed the Paris Agreement in 2016. Explain why international agreements help to control greenhouse gas emissions. … … … … [2] (iii) International agreements have helped to reduce the emission rate of greenhouse gases. Suggest two other reasons why the emission rate of greenhouse gases from oil sands extraction has decreased. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (f) A pipeline for transporting oil was planned to run from Canada to the USA. Many people objected to the building of this pipeline. Suggest reasons why some people were in favour of building this pipeline. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 28]

28 marks

Mark scheme: 1(a) M1 natural gas; M2 coal; 2 1(b)(i) any three from: M1 reduce, use / wastage of water; M2 reduce risk of water insecurity; M3 reduce energy used; M4 reduce risk of energy insecurity; M5 reduce costs; 3 1(b)(ii) any three suggestions: M1 contamination of soil; M2 water pollution / pollution of named water source e.g. rivers / reservoir / drinking water supplies / groundwater; M3 (water pollution) toxic contents (to wildlife) / reduce biodiversity / disrupt food chains; M4 bioaccumulation; M5 description e.g. build up of toxins in an organism; M6 biomagnification; M7 description e.g. build up of toxins up a food chain; M8 (tail ponds) risk of collapse / flooding / stated flooding impact; 3 1(c) any three from: M1 land locked / not near a port / can’t export by sea; M2 (road transport) leads to congestion; M3 (road transport) leads to noise/visual/air, pollution or increased carbon emissions; M4 currently no pipeline; M5 (pipeline or oil spill) causes habitat / biodiversity, loss; M6 cost of oil to consumer becomes expensive / transport expensive (as remote location/transport); M7 risk of oil spills / risk of water pollution; M8 stated other negative reference to the rivers: idea of lots of rivers / surrounded by rivers / need to cross rivers / difficult to cross in winter / disruption to flow of rivers; M9 public / political, opposition; M10 idea of long distance to export country / crossing international borders; 3 Question Answer Marks 1(d)(i) any three comparisons from: M1 oil sands, starts lower / ends higher (than conventional) / ora; M2 similar trend / both have an (overall) increase; M3 oil sands increased AND conventional remains constant; M4 from 2011 oil sands increase more / ora; M5 both peak in 2019; M6 both fluctuate; M7 equal production in (end of) 2010 or 2011; M8 comparative paired quoted data; e.g. comparative, number of barrels / specific year trends 3 1(d)(ii) M1 4 800  142 200 (100) / 3.375527 / 3.376 / 3.38; M2 3.4; 2 1(d)(iii) M1 oil, is non-renewable / finite / will run out; M2 prices will increase as availability decreases / demand will be greater than supply; M3 idea of having to rely on imported fossil fuels or imported electricity / dependence on another country; 2 1(e)(i) any three from: M1 greenhouse gases absorb (infrared) radiation; M2 lead to enhanced greenhouse effect / increased global, temperatures / (global) warming; M3 causes climate change; M4 stated effect of climate change e.g. sea level rise, animal extinction / increased migration, reduction of ice sheets / wildfires / disrupt weather patterns; 3 1(e)(ii) any two from: M1 idea of, working together / global cooperation; M2 idea of, no borders in atmosphere / (greenhouse) emissions or pollutants are global; M3 finance / support, needed for LIC; M4 raises awareness; M5 incentive to follow agreement due to: financial penalties for countries who break the agreement / (international) enforcement / international standards / targets or limits or rules everyone must follow / international accountability / political or international pressure to follow the agreement; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(e)(iii) any two from: M1 improved or newer technology; M2 idea of more efficient extraction; M3 pressure from environmental groups (for emission reduction); M4 reduced extraction / limits on extraction; M5 AVP;; 2 1(f) any three from: M1 increased jobs; M2 greater availability of oil / increased energy security / more consistent supply of oil; M3 leading to lower oil prices / reduces import cost; M4 improved, local facilities / infrastructure; M5 reduces impacts of overland transport / less vehicles needed / less risk of stated pollution related to transport e.g. oil spill, air pollution, noise pollution; M6 reduces cost of transport; M7 idea of benefitting economy of country or company; 3

This question in 8291/21 May/June 2023

1 Plants use chlorophyll to capture light energy for photosynthesis. (a) State the word equation for photosynthesis. … [2] (b) Chemists have developed a chemical that can be added to the roots of plants to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis. In laboratory studies, the chemical increased crop yield by 20%. Suggest why increasing crop yield can improve global food security. … … … … [2] (c) Maize is a food crop. Table 1.1 shows data for world maize yield in tonnes per hectare for two years. Table 1.1 yield year / tonnes per ha 1961 1.94 2018 5.92 Calculate the percentage increase in world maize yield from 1961 to 2018. … % [2] (d) Globally, 1.3 billion tonnes of food are wasted each year. 40% of all foods require refrigeration (cold temperatures) to maintain freshness. (i) Suggest why countries with low‑income economies are less likely to use refrigeration. … … … … [2] (ii) It is estimated that 15% of fossil fuel energy is used in the global transport of refrigerated food. Describe one strategy to reduce the use of fossil fuels in transporting food. … … … … [2] (e) Genetically modified (GM) crops can help improve food security. (i) ‘Roundup Ready’ soya is a GM crop grown in North and South America. This GM crop allows farmers to spray soya plants with herbicide. The GM crop is not harmed by herbicides. Suggest the benefits and limitations of using herbicide‑resistant GM crops, such as ‘Roundup Ready’ soya. benefits … … … limitations … … … [4] (ii) GM crops are being developed to have lighter and brighter coloured leaves than other crops. The lighter and brighter leaves increase the overall albedo of the plant. Explain how increased albedo can help to counteract climate change. … … … … [2] [Total: 16]

16 marks

Mark scheme: 1(a) reactants: carbon dioxide + water; products: glucose + oxygen; 2 1(b) any two from: provides enough food to feed the current / increasing population; more food can be grown in same area of land / intensification of food production; enables, stockpiling of food / surplus food; enables (improved) distribution of food; 2 1(c) 5.92  1.94 or 3.98; 205; 2 1(d)(i) any two from: lack of money; limited access to energy / electricity / energy insecure; lack of (refrigeration), equipment / vehicles / infrastructure; less access to technological knowledge; 2 1(d)(ii) max [1] strategy stated or described: max [1] description to match strategy: switch to low-carbon fuels; e.g. hydrogen use of hybrid vehicles / electric vehicles invest in renewable fuels; e.g. biofuel / bioethanol use of electric vehicles; reduces combustion of carbon-based fuel; reduces carbon dioxide emissions; grow food locally; no need for food to be transported; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(e)(i) benefits: improved crop yield / quality; as less competition from weeds; less herbicides needed; as weeds are quickly killed; easier management for farmer e.g. no selective / special herbicide required; limitations: encourages increased used of herbicides; leads to run-off; superweeds / weeds resistant to herbicide; loss of biodiversity as fewer weeds survive / reduces food or shelter for animals; contamination / cross pollination, between non-GM plants; GM seed is more expensive; farmers can’t save GM seed, need to purchase again following year; 4 1(e)(ii) any two from: light surfaces reflect more heat than dark surfaces; greater albedo means more of the incoming solar radiation is reflected back into space; ORA less incoming solar radiation is absorbed reduces (Earth’s absorbed) heat (energy); temperature of planet decreases; 2

This question in 8291/22 May/June 2023

1 Plants use chlorophyll to capture light energy for photosynthesis. (a) State the word equation for photosynthesis. … [2] (b) Chemists have developed a chemical that can be added to the roots of plants to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis. In laboratory studies, the chemical increased crop yield by 20%. Suggest why increasing crop yield can improve global food security. … … … … [2] (c) Maize is a food crop. Table 1.1 shows data for world maize yield in tonnes per hectare for two years. Table 1.1 yield year / tonnes per ha 1961 1.94 2018 5.92 Calculate the percentage increase in world maize yield from 1961 to 2018. … % [2] (d) Globally, 1.3 billion tonnes of food are wasted each year. 40% of all foods require refrigeration (cold temperatures) to maintain freshness. (i) Suggest why countries with low‑income economies are less likely to use refrigeration. … … … … [2] (ii) It is estimated that 15% of fossil fuel energy is used in the global transport of refrigerated food. Describe one strategy to reduce the use of fossil fuels in transporting food. … … … … [2] (e) Genetically modified (GM) crops can help improve food security. (i) ‘Roundup Ready’ soya is a GM crop grown in North and South America. This GM crop allows farmers to spray soya plants with herbicide. The GM crop is not harmed by herbicides. Suggest the benefits and limitations of using herbicide‑resistant GM crops, such as ‘Roundup Ready’ soya. benefits … … … limitations … … … [4] (ii) GM crops are being developed to have lighter and brighter coloured leaves than other crops. The lighter and brighter leaves increase the overall albedo of the plant. Explain how increased albedo can help to counteract climate change. … … … … [2] [Total: 16]

16 marks

Mark scheme: 1(a) reactants: carbon dioxide + water; products: glucose + oxygen; 2 1(b) any two from: provides enough food to feed the current / increasing population; more food can be grown in same area of land / intensification of food production; enables, stockpiling of food / surplus food; enables (improved) distribution of food; 2 1(c) 5.92  1.94 or 3.98; 205; 2 1(d)(i) any two from: lack of money; limited access to energy / electricity / energy insecure; lack of (refrigeration), equipment / vehicles / infrastructure; less access to technological knowledge; 2 1(d)(ii) max [1] strategy stated or described: max [1] description to match strategy: switch to low-carbon fuels; e.g. hydrogen use of hybrid vehicles / electric vehicles invest in renewable fuels; e.g. biofuel / bioethanol use of electric vehicles; reduces combustion of carbon-based fuel; reduces carbon dioxide emissions; grow food locally; no need for food to be transported; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(e)(i) benefits: improved crop yield / quality; as less competition from weeds; less herbicides needed; as weeds are quickly killed; easier management for farmer e.g. no selective / special herbicide required; limitations: encourages increased used of herbicides; leads to run-off; superweeds / weeds resistant to herbicide; loss of biodiversity as fewer weeds survive / reduces food or shelter for animals; contamination / cross pollination, between non-GM plants; GM seed is more expensive; farmers can’t save GM seed, need to purchase again following year; 4 1(e)(ii) any two from: light surfaces reflect more heat than dark surfaces; greater albedo means more of the incoming solar radiation is reflected back into space; ORA less incoming solar radiation is absorbed reduces (Earth’s absorbed) heat (energy); temperature of planet decreases; 2

This question in 8291/23 May/June 2023

2 (a) ‘Climate TRACE’ is a global organisation that collects and shares data on greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. (i) Table 2.1 shows data from Climate TRACE for carbon dioxide emissions from six different sectors. Table 2.1 carbon dioxide emissions sector / billion tonnes power 13 manufacturing 10 transport 7 agriculture 6 oil and gas 5 production waste disposal 3 Plot the data as a bar chart on the grid. [4] (ii) Climate TRACE uses data from more than 300 satellites and measurements from 11 000 sensors to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. Climate TRACE uses artificial intelligence to build computer models for sectors with less access to data. Suggest how Climate TRACE can positively impact the reporting of climate change. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 2.1 shows Climate TRACE data for the transport sector from 2015 to 2020. 7.40 7.30 carbon 7.20 dioxide emissions / 7.10 billion tonnes 7.00 6.90 6.80 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 year Fig. 2.1 (i) Calculate the percentage change in carbon dioxide emissions for the transport sector from 2015 to 2020. Give your answer to three significant figures. … % [3] (ii) Suggest reasons for the change in carbon dioxide emissions for the transport sector shown in Fig. 2.1 from 2019 to 2020. … … … … [2] (c) Waste disposal contributes 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions. State four methods of waste disposal on land. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4] (d) Waste from farmed chickens can be used to generate energy. Chicken litter is a mixture of wood shavings, straw and chicken manure. Straw is the dried parts of cereal plants. Farmed chickens eat a plant-based diet. The chicken litter is combusted in a furnace and the heat is used to convert water in pipes to steam. The steam is used to turn a turbine and a generator. (i) Explain why combusting chicken litter does not increase the overall net concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. … … … … [2] (ii) Chicken litter is a renewable fuel. Name this type of renewable fuel. … [1] (iii) Fast-growing trees such as eucalyptus are used instead of chicken litter to generate electricity. Suggest the negative impacts of growing eucalyptus trees. … … … … [2] [Total: 21]

21 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) axis labels: y-axis and unit carbon dioxide emissions / billion tonnes and x-axis sector; 4 sensible linear scale with data that occupies at least half the grid; bars equal width and not touching; correct plots; 2(a)(ii) any three from: 3 provides reliable data; provides a large quantity of data / big data; increases confidence in data; predicts emissions where data is not available; data can be used in climate models; shows which sectors are most polluting; targeted strategies for each sector; increase (public) awareness; idea that it is a global organisation so includes all countries / produces global averages for emissions; 2(b)(i) correct readings from graph: 3 2015: 7.11 and 2020: 6.85; correct manipulation of 2015 and 2020 data; [(7.11 − 6.85)  7.11]  100 3.6568; answer to three significant figures (−)3.66; 2(b)(ii) any two from: 2 decreased use of vehicles; increase use of: public transport; electric cars; biofuel; low-carbon fuels; 2(c) any four from: 4 landfill sites; incineration / burning (of waste); storage; exporting to other countries; recycling; 2(d)(i) any two from: 2 chicken litter content are plant based; plants took in carbon dioxide (during photosynthesis); this carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere; 2(d)(ii) biomass / biofuel; 1 2(d)(iii) any two from: 2 could become invasive / could outcompete native plants; replace food crops / use land that could be used for agriculture or crops; could lead to food insecurity; (grown for biofuel so) short lived habitat; reduces biodiversity; require a lot of water;

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2024

2 (a) ‘Climate TRACE’ is a global organisation that collects and shares data on greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. (i) Table 2.1 shows data from Climate TRACE for carbon dioxide emissions from six different sectors. Table 2.1 carbon dioxide emissions sector / billion tonnes power 13 manufacturing 10 transport 7 agriculture 6 oil and gas 5 production waste disposal 3 Plot the data as a bar chart on the grid. [4] (ii) Climate TRACE uses data from more than 300 satellites and measurements from 11 000 sensors to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. Climate TRACE uses artificial intelligence to build computer models for sectors with less access to data. Suggest how Climate TRACE can positively impact the reporting of climate change. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 2.1 shows Climate TRACE data for the transport sector from 2015 to 2020. 7.40 7.30 carbon 7.20 dioxide emissions / 7.10 billion tonnes 7.00 6.90 6.80 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 year Fig. 2.1 (i) Calculate the percentage change in carbon dioxide emissions for the transport sector from 2015 to 2020. Give your answer to three significant figures. … % [3] (ii) Suggest reasons for the change in carbon dioxide emissions for the transport sector shown in Fig. 2.1 from 2019 to 2020. … … … … [2] (c) Waste disposal contributes 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions. State four methods of waste disposal on land. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4] (d) Waste from farmed chickens can be used to generate energy. Chicken litter is a mixture of wood shavings, straw and chicken manure. Straw is the dried parts of cereal plants. Farmed chickens eat a plant-based diet. The chicken litter is combusted in a furnace and the heat is used to convert water in pipes to steam. The steam is used to turn a turbine and a generator. (i) Explain why combusting chicken litter does not increase the overall net concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. … … … … [2] (ii) Chicken litter is a renewable fuel. Name this type of renewable fuel. … [1] (iii) Fast-growing trees such as eucalyptus are used instead of chicken litter to generate electricity. Suggest the negative impacts of growing eucalyptus trees. … … … … [2] [Total: 21]

21 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) axis labels: y-axis and unit carbon dioxide emissions / billion tonnes and x-axis sector; 4 sensible linear scale with data that occupies at least half the grid; bars equal width and not touching; correct plots; 2(a)(ii) any three from: 3 provides reliable data; provides a large quantity of data / big data; increases confidence in data; predicts emissions where data is not available; data can be used in climate models; shows which sectors are most polluting; targeted strategies for each sector; increase (public) awareness; idea that it is a global organisation so includes all countries / produces global averages for emissions; 2(b)(i) correct readings from graph: 3 2015: 7.11 and 2020: 6.85; correct manipulation of 2015 and 2020 data; [(7.11 − 6.85)  7.11]  100 3.6568; answer to three significant figures (−)3.66; 2(b)(ii) any two from: 2 decreased use of vehicles; increase use of: public transport; electric cars; biofuel; low-carbon fuels; 2(c) any four from: 4 landfill sites; incineration / burning (of waste); storage; exporting to other countries; recycling; 2(d)(i) any two from: 2 chicken litter content are plant based; plants took in carbon dioxide (during photosynthesis); this carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere; 2(d)(ii) biomass / biofuel; 1 2(d)(iii) any two from: 2 could become invasive / could outcompete native plants; replace food crops / use land that could be used for agriculture or crops; could lead to food insecurity; (grown for biofuel so) short lived habitat; reduces biodiversity; require a lot of water;

This question in 8291/23 Oct/Nov 2024

1 A report stated that people who live near waste incineration plants are less likely to recycle their waste. (a) A student uses a questionnaire to investigate this statement. Suggest three reasons why the student carries out a pilot survey before the questionnaire. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) The student considers two different question styles for the questionnaire. style 1: tick (✓) yes or cross (✗) no Do you agree that living near to a waste incineration plant means you are less likely to recycle your waste? style 2: 1 = strongly agree 2 = agree 3 = neither agree nor disagree 4 = disagree 5 = strongly disagree To what extent do you agree that living near to a waste incineration plant means you are less likely to recycle your waste? Describe the benefits of the two different question styles. … … … … … … … [3] (c) The student then decides to carry out recorded interviews with some of the people in the survey. (i) Suggest the benefits of using recorded interviews. … … … … … [2] (ii) The student selects only women aged 40–50 years for the recorded interviews. State a limitation of this sampling method. … … … [1] (d) The student concludes that a lack of recycling facilities is the main reason people do not recycle their waste. (i) Suggest two reasons for a lack of recycling facilities. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (ii) Explain how financial incentives and legislation encourage more people to recycle their waste. … … … … … [2] (e) Explain the impacts of landfill as a method of waste disposal. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 18]

18 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) any three from: 3 M1 smaller sample / easy to analyse / easy to process; M2 shows whether questions, are valid / are relevant / meet objectives / are successful / need changing / are understandable / can be answered / contain limitations / contain mistakes / are biased; M3 checks, response rate / target group is met / sampling strategy (is suitable) / sample location (is suitable); M4 shows, whether the questionnaire takes too long / how long questionnaire takes; 1(b) any three from: 3 style 1: M1 less data to analyse; M2 quick(er) (to analyse or complete); M3 simple(r) / more straightforward (to answer); style 2: M4 more information available / range of answers will be given / get an opinion / get a personal view; M5 quantitative data; 1(c)(i) any two from: 2 M1 reduces chance of altering results / permanent record / can go back and listen or watch again; M2 can give detailed answers / can explain answers / direct quotes can be used / allows for personal responses; M3 easy or quick to record answers / don’t need to write answers / suitable for illiterate people / more accessible / suitable for visually impaired people; M4 able to, record emotions or tone / see body language; M5 people may be, more honest / less likely to lie; 1(c)(ii) any one from: 1 M1 biased; M2 not representative / no males selected / no data from younger or older women / leaves out some of the population; 1(d)(i) any two from: 2 M1 cost / lack of funding / not profitable / expensive; M2 other priorities on finances; M3 other methods of waste disposal used e.g. landfill / incineration; M4 lack of land or space; M5 export waste to other countries; M6 limited collection opportunities / limited infrastructure for collection / difficult to transport recycled waste / lack of collection vehicles; M7 some waste used for energy generation (through incineration); M8 low population (density); 1(d)(ii) any two from: 2 M1 introduce, fine / charge / tax / penalty / sanction; M2 introduce, reward schemes / payment, for recycling; M3 waste not collected, if not sorted or not in recycle bins; M4 limit on amount of general rubbish or non-recycled rubbish, that will be collected; M5 people do not want to get in trouble / people obey laws; 1(e) any five from: 5 M1 risk of, leaching / release of toxic substances / named toxic substance e.g. heavy metals; M2 contamination of soil; M3 contamination of water; M4 emits or build-up of, methane / CH4; M5 greenhouse gases emitted / emitted gases lead to climate change or global warming; M6 visual / noise / odour, pollution; M7 risk of, vermin / pests; M8 risk of, disease / named disease; M9 bioaccumulation; M10 bioaccumulation described: toxic substances accumulate within an organism; M11 biomagnification; M12 biomagnification described: concentration of toxic substances increase up the food chain; M13 habitat loss / biodiversity loss; M14 stated impact on animals e.g. animals ingest plastic; M15 reduces illegal dumping of waste / stops waste ending up in, rivers / oceans; M16 creates jobs / improves local economy;

This question in 8291/21 May/June 2025

1 (a) A questionnaire is used to obtain the opinions of people in different regions on the importance of recycling. Fig. 1.1 shows the results. Key extremely important important not important 100 90 80 70 percentage of 60 responses 50 40 30 20 10 0 Europe Africa North Oceania America region Fig. 1.1 Compare the percentage of people in different regions who think recycling is extremely important. … … … … … … [3] (b) (i) There are three choices in the response area of this questionnaire: • extremely important • important • not important. Suggest one benefit and one limitation of this type of response area for a questionnaire. benefit … … limitation … … [2] (ii) A total of 11 500 local business owners and homeowners were used to complete the questionnaire. Suggest one benefit of asking these people to complete the questionnaire. … … [1] (c) Some people do not recycle even though they say that recycling is extremely important. Suggest three reasons why people do not recycle. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (d) Plastic waste can end up in the ocean. (i) Describe the impacts of plastics in oceans on marine life. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Some fishing boat owners collect the plastic waste. The plastic waste is converted into plastic fibres. Cotton is a plant which is harvested for its fibres. Both plastic fibres and cotton fibres are used to make clothing. Suggest two advantages for the environment of using plastic fibres compared to cotton fibres. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (e) A report states that 25% of plastic waste is incinerated. Describe the benefits and limitations of incineration as a method of plastic waste disposal. benefits … … … … limitations … … … … [4] [Total: 19]

19 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) any three from: 3 MP1 most people in all regions view recycling as extremely important; MP2 Africa has highest percentage; MP3 Oceania has lowest percentage; MP4 comparative data quote e.g. Europe is greater than North America; 1(b)(i) any two from: 2 benefits (max 1): MP1 limits (detailed / explained) responses; MP2 easy to answer; MP3 quick to analyse; MP4 quantifiable; limitations (max 1): MP5 no category for, ‘do not know’ / no opinion / no personal response; MP6 limits detail in answers / does not allow for detailed answers; MP7 difficult to choose between the categories; 1(b)(ii) any one from: 1 MP1 representative sample; MP2 large sample; MP3 reduces bias; 1(c) any three from: 3 MP1 lack of facilities; MP2 lack of understanding of what can be recycled; MP3 lack of trust in recycling programmes; MP4 inconvenience / time consuming; MP5 lack of government support / legislation; MP6 existing waste disposal methods; 1(d)(i) any four stated or developed: 4 MP1 does not biodegrade; MP2 can be ingested by marine life / cause choking to marine life; MP3 can entangle marine life; MP4 risk of suffocation; MP5 form microplastics; MP6 bioaccumulation; MP7 bioaccumulation described; e.g. build-up of toxins within an organism / ingested faster than can excreted; MP8 biomagnification; MP9 biomagnification described: e.g. increase in concentration of pollutants up the food chain; 1(d)(ii) any two from plastic fibres: 2 MP1 can reduce land required for crops / land can be used to grow food instead; MP2 water not needed to water a crop; MP3 a method of recycling or disposing of plastic; MP4 reduces the plastic waste in the ocean; MP5 uses less energy; MP6 less CO2 produced; 1(e) any four from: 4 benefits (max 3): MP1 reduces quantity of waste / reduces waste in landfill; MP2 quick method; MP3 small area of land needed; MP4 heat generated can be used to heat homes or produce electricity / energy dense; MP5 safely disposes of plastics that are contaminated; limitations (max 3): MP6 produces toxic substances / air pollution; MP7 named example: e.g. particulates / acidic gases / NOx / CO2; MP8 stated impact or air pollution e.g. acid rain / global warming / respiratory problems / impact on crop yield; MP9 smell; MP10 need specialist equipment e.g. tall chimneys; MP11 (high) energy requirement;

This question in 8291/22 May/June 2025

1 (a) A questionnaire is used to obtain the opinions of people in different regions on the importance of recycling. Fig. 1.1 shows the results. Key extremely important important not important 100 90 80 70 percentage of 60 responses 50 40 30 20 10 0 Europe Africa North Oceania America region Fig. 1.1 Compare the percentage of people in different regions who think recycling is extremely important. … … … … … … [3] (b) (i) There are three choices in the response area of this questionnaire: • extremely important • important • not important. Suggest one benefit and one limitation of this type of response area for a questionnaire. benefit … … limitation … … [2] (ii) A total of 11 500 local business owners and homeowners were used to complete the questionnaire. Suggest one benefit of asking these people to complete the questionnaire. … … [1] (c) Some people do not recycle even though they say that recycling is extremely important. Suggest three reasons why people do not recycle. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (d) Plastic waste can end up in the ocean. (i) Describe the impacts of plastics in oceans on marine life. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Some fishing boat owners collect the plastic waste. The plastic waste is converted into plastic fibres. Cotton is a plant which is harvested for its fibres. Both plastic fibres and cotton fibres are used to make clothing. Suggest two advantages for the environment of using plastic fibres compared to cotton fibres. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (e) A report states that 25% of plastic waste is incinerated. Describe the benefits and limitations of incineration as a method of plastic waste disposal. benefits … … … … limitations … … … … [4] [Total: 19]

19 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) any three from: 3 MP1 most people in all regions view recycling as extremely important; MP2 Africa has highest percentage; MP3 Oceania has lowest percentage; MP4 comparative data quote e.g. Europe is greater than North America; 1(b)(i) any two from: 2 benefits (max 1): MP1 limits (detailed / explained) responses; MP2 easy to answer; MP3 quick to analyse; MP4 quantifiable; limitations (max 1): MP5 no category for, ‘do not know’ / no opinion / no personal response; MP6 limits detail in answers / does not allow for detailed answers; MP7 difficult to choose between the categories; 1(b)(ii) any one from: 1 MP1 representative sample; MP2 large sample; MP3 reduces bias; 1(c) any three from: 3 MP1 lack of facilities; MP2 lack of understanding of what can be recycled; MP3 lack of trust in recycling programmes; MP4 inconvenience / time consuming; MP5 lack of government support / legislation; MP6 existing waste disposal methods; 1(d)(i) any four stated or developed: 4 MP1 does not biodegrade; MP2 can be ingested by marine life / cause choking to marine life; MP3 can entangle marine life; MP4 risk of suffocation; MP5 form microplastics; MP6 bioaccumulation; MP7 bioaccumulation described; e.g. build-up of toxins within an organism / ingested faster than can excreted; MP8 biomagnification; MP9 biomagnification described: e.g. increase in concentration of pollutants up the food chain; 1(d)(ii) any two from plastic fibres: 2 MP1 can reduce land required for crops / land can be used to grow food instead; MP2 water not needed to water a crop; MP3 a method of recycling or disposing of plastic; MP4 reduces the plastic waste in the ocean; MP5 uses less energy; MP6 less CO2 produced; 1(e) any four from: 4 benefits (max 3): MP1 reduces quantity of waste / reduces waste in landfill; MP2 quick method; MP3 small area of land needed; MP4 heat generated can be used to heat homes or produce electricity / energy dense; MP5 safely disposes of plastics that are contaminated; limitations (max 3): MP6 produces toxic substances / air pollution; MP7 named example: e.g. particulates / acidic gases / NOx / CO2; MP8 stated impact or air pollution e.g. acid rain / global warming / respiratory problems / impact on crop yield; MP9 smell; MP10 need specialist equipment e.g. tall chimneys; MP11 (high) energy requirement;

This question in 8291/23 May/June 2025

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the annual volume of fresh water extracted for agriculture, industry and domestic uses in Germany from 1992 to 2017. Germany is a country with a high-income economy. 50 40 annual volume 30 of fresh water extracted / billion m3 20 10 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year Fig. 5.1 (a) Suggest two limitations of using this data to predict the annual volume of fresh water extracted globally for 2030. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) Tick (✓) all the sources of surface fresh water. glaciers ground water permafrost swamps [1] (c) Describe how an artesian well is used to supply safe drinking water to a village. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Sustainable water extraction and improved sanitation are strategies for managing water security. State three other strategies for managing water security. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (e) Fig. 5.2 shows the J-OP sewage waste treatment system. safe liquid water condenser drinking treatment water boiler steam turbine generator electric steam power pump heat dried sewage dried steam sewage fuel solid wet ash heat sewage water waste steam Fig. 5.2 There are three main stages to this system. 1. Solid wet sewage waste is dried. 2. Some of the water that is removed from the solid wet sewage waste is treated. 3. The dried sewage is combusted in a boiler and the heat is used to generate steam. (i) Suggest two benefits of generating steam in the J-OP system. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (ii) Suggest why the sewage waste must be heated to very high temperatures. … … [1] (iii) A volume of 7000 dm3 of fresh water per day is produced from 30 tonnes of sewage waste in the J-OP. The mean volume of fresh water used per person per day is 3800 dm3. Calculate the mass of sewage waste needed to produce 3800 dm3 of water. … tonnes [2] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2025 8291/22/O/N/25

15 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) any two from: 2 M1 data is only for, Germany / one country; M2 not all countries are HICs / different water needs between HICs and LICs; M3 different countries use or extract differing amounts of water; M4 different countries have different amounts of available water; M5 no data after 2017 / data ends in 2017; M6 unpredictable events (may change usage by 2030); 5(b) glaciers, permafrost and swamps 1 1st, 3rd and 4th boxes ticked; 5(c) any four from: 4 M1 shaft or (bore)hole, dug or drilled; M2 to, (confined) aquifer / layer of permeable rock / porous rock / sandstone / limestone; M3 no pump needed (to bring water to surface) / natural pressure (brings water to surface); M4 idea of restricting or controlling flow of water (from well head); M5 pipes to village; M6 idea of water treatment; e.g. add iodine tablets / chlorination M7 not all water taken from source (to maintain the system); 5(d) any three from: 3 M1 education on sustainable water use; M2 poverty reduction; M3 international agreement / laws / legislation; M4 water–related aid; M5 rationing; M6 desalination; M7 improved irrigation or agricultural practices; M8 repairing leaks from water supply / improved supply or distribution; M9 reduce water pollution; 5(e)(i) any two from: 2 M1 generates electricity; M2 heats the wet sewage waste; M3 idea of, water recycled / closed system / no extra water used; M4 (treatment) creates safe drinking water; 5(e)(ii) idea of waste, being contaminated / containing diseases / could lead to diarrhoea or cholera; 1 5(e)(iii) M1 [30  7000]  3800; 2 M2 16;

This question in 8291/22 Oct/Nov 2025