Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2011 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 3

This document consists of 14 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (RCL (SW/CGW)) 31981/8 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 6 9 4 5 0 2 1 7 8 7 * GEOGRAPHY 0460/23 Paper 2 May/June 2011 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler Plain paper 1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this question paper. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 3. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The Survey Map Extract and the Insert are not required by the Examiner. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. www.theallpapers.com

2 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 1 The map extract is for Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. The scale is 1:50 000. (a) Fig. 1 shows the positions of some features in the north east of the map extract. 68 69 E 70 71 72 73 74 75 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 78 79 80 81 82 78 79 80 81 82 D B C A Fig. 1 Study the map and identify the following features shown on Fig. 1: (i) the type of house at A; …[1] (ii) the type of public building at B; …[1] (iii) the feature used by farmers at C; …[1] (iv) the type of road marked D; …[1] (v) the feature at E. …[1] www.theallpapers.com

3 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use (b) Fig. 2 shows the area of the map extract to the east of grid line 71 and north of grid line 80. 71 72 73 74 75 71 72 73 74 75 80 81 82 83 80 81 82 83 Fig. 2 Describe the area under the following headings: slope; … height of highest point; …metres compass direction of flow of the stream. …[3] (c) Describe the road patterns in: (i) grid square 6766; … …[1] (ii) the north west of grid square 5776. … …[1] www.theallpapers.com

4 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use (d) Fig. 3 shows an area of cultivation in and around grid square 6480. 63 66 63 66 79 82 79 82 Fig. 3 How is this area of cultivation irrigated? … … … …[2] (e) In 1980 the city of Bulawayo occupied much of the map area. Using map evidence only, suggest reasons for its site and growth. … … … … … … … …[4] www.theallpapers.com

5 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use (f) Table 1 shows land uses in Bulawayo. Complete Table 1 to show the main land use in four grid squares. Use one tick only for each grid square. Table 1 grid square recreational high density residential industrial low density residential 6173 6267 6778 7070 [3] (g) What feature is at grid reference 675802? …[1] [Total: 20 marks] www.theallpapers.com

6 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 2 (a) Fig. 4 shows dispersed, linear and nucleated settlement patterns. A B C Key 0 4 km building Fig. 4 Using letters A, B and C once only, identify the settlement patterns shown in Fig. 4. dispersed letter … linear letter … nucleated letter … [2] (b) Fig. 5A is a map of a valley in a mountainous area in the northern hemisphere and Fig. 5B (page 7) is a block diagram of the same valley. A river Key 0 400 800 1200 m N building contour height in metres B 200 250 300 300 200 250 300 Fig. 5A www.theallpapers.com

7 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 350 angle of sun’s rays at noon in summer 300 250 height (metres) height (metres) 200 150 350 300 250 200 150 B A valley floor used for crops in summer and animals in winter Fig. 5B (i) Complete the sentence to describe the height range of this settlement. The settlement lies above … metres and below … metres. [1] (ii) Complete the sentence by underlining the correct word to describe the aspect of this settlement. The settlement is on the east north south west facing slope of the valley. [1] (iii) Explain the advantages of this location for the settlement. … … … … … … … …[4] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

8 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 3 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert) showing features of coastal erosion. Describe the features of coastal erosion seen in Photograph A. … … … … … … … … … …[5] (b) How are the features of coastal erosion shown in Photograph B (Insert) different from those in Photograph A? … … … … … …[3] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

9 0460/23/M/J/11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over BLANK PAGE www.theallpapers.com

10 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 4 (a) Fig. 6 shows the world distribution of tropical desert vegetation. tropical desert vegetation South America North America Europe Africa Asia Australia 66½ °N 23½ °N 0 ° 23½ °S Fig. 6 (i) Circle the correct word to complete the following sentence about the distribution of tropical desert vegetation. east north south west Tropical desert vegetation occurs mainly on the … side of the continents. [1] (ii) Compare the extent of tropical desert vegetation in North America and North Africa. … … …[2] (iii) Why is the name tropical desert vegetation not entirely correct for the vegetation shown on the map? … …[1] www.theallpapers.com

11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use (b) Some of the ways in which plants adapt to the tropical desert climate are listed below: to be able to live in salty soils; to reduce transpiration; to reflect the sun; to store water; to use rainwater before it evaporates; to use water in the soil most of the year. Complete Table 2 by choosing one reason for each adaptation from the list above. You may use a reason more than once. Table 2 Adaptation Main reason for the adaptation deep roots … fleshy stems … very thin and small thorny leaves … leaves curl inwards … [4] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

12 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 5 (a) Fig. 7 shows tourist visitors to the island of Lanzarote and its resident population for the years 1970 to 2008. 0 0.1 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 year 1995 2000 2005 2010 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 number of people (million) tourist visitors resident population Fig. 7 www.theallpapers.com

13 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use (i) Complete the graph to show that the resident population in 2008 was 140 000 (0.14 million). [1] (ii) How many more tourist visitors were there than residents in 2003? … million [1] (iii) Compare the changes in tourist visitors with the changes in resident population between 1970 and 2008. … … … …[2] (b) Fig. 8 gives information about Lanzarote. Lanzarote is a small island of only 800 square kilometres, which lies off the west coast of Africa near the Sahara Desert. Its barren surface is covered by lava and ash from over 300 volcanic vents. As it has no surface water, forest or mineral wealth, there were few ways of earning a living before 1970. The majority of residents worked in fishing or subsistence farming, using dry farming techniques. By 2009 the island had seen many changes and the government proposed to stop further hotel and apartment construction. Fig. 8 Use Fig. 8 to answer the following questions: (i) What was the greatest problem facing the developers of mass tourism on the island? …[1] (ii) Suggest three reasons why, in 2009, the government wanted to stop further construction of hotels and apartments. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … …[3] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

14 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 6 (a) Fig. 9 shows the average size of subsistence farms in a village in the highlands of Lesotho and the average size of commercial farms in Lesotho. scale average size of commercial farms average size of subsistence farms 1 hectare Fig. 9 (i) What is the average size of a commercial farm in Lesotho? … hectares [1] (ii) How many times larger is the average commercial farm than the average subsistence farm? …[1] www.theallpapers.com

15 © UCLES 2011 0460/23/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use (b) Fig. 10 gives information about the labour used on subsistence farms in the highland village. It also shows farming processes from September in one year to July in the next. 0 25 50 Sep process Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Jun May Jul Aug 75 100 number of workers needed on the farms 125 150 175 Key men women and children land preparation, planting and broadcasting seeds saved from the previous harvest hoeing and weeding harvesting by hand Fig. 10 (i) Table 3 shows the number of workers needed on the farms for November. Use this information to complete Fig. 10. Table 3 Total Men Women and children 95 25 70 [2] (ii) In which month are most workers needed and which farming process takes place then? month … process …[1] (iii) What work will be done in August by the women, … the men? … [2] (iv) Why does a serious drought in one year reduce yields in the next year? … …[1] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

16 0460/23/M/J/11 © UCLES 2011 Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 3 Photographs A & B M Fretwell; © UCLES. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE www.theallpapers.com

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0460 GEOGRAPHY 0460/23 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2011 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.theallpapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0460 23 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 1 (a) (i) hut(s) [1] (ii) school [1] (iii) dip tank [1] (iv) wide tarred [1] (v) quarry/excavation [1] (If more than one, mark the first given.) (b) gentle/low gradient/flat/slopes down to SW/valley in south 1336–1337 to the west/from the east/west [3] (c) (i) grid/rectangular/square/intersect at right angles/NW to SE and NE to SW/blocks (criss-cross = 0) [1] (ii) curved/circular/oval/concentric/radial/rings/roundabout [1] (d) from dam/Upper Umguza Dam from reservoir from lake from river/watercourse in furrows [2] (e) gentle slopes/flat qualified (flat = 0) streams/rivers for water supply railway railway station/junction/sidings roads meet/route centre mineral wealth/mines/quarries administrative centre/Government House industry hospital/school/college electricity/power lines grid system therefore planned sparse bush/open grassland therefore easy to build [4] www.theallpapers.com

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0460 23 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 (f) recreational high density residential industrial low density residential 6173
6267
6778
7070
all 4 correct = 3 3 correct = 2 2/1 correct = 1 [3] (g) National Monument/Place of Historical Interest/Mission Tree [1] 2 (a) dispersed – C linear – A nucleated – B 3/2 correct = 2 1 correct = 1 [2] (b) (i) 200 and 250 (both needed) [1] (ii) south [1] (iii) on gentle slope (flat = 0) flat/fertile valley floor to be used for crops/animals/farming near to/quick to reach crops/animals/farmland above flood danger stream for water supply sunny warmer shelter [4] www.theallpapers.com

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0460 23 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 3 (a) headland/land protrudes into sea/point/promontory bare rock cliff/vertical rock cave arch stack/island/isolated rock/rock surrounded by sea/pillar stacks vary in size/narrower/shorter etc./stump notch wave-cut platform [5] (b) low(er)/not as high gentle(r)/not as steep wave-cut platform (if not given in (a)) boulders/rocks/loose material different rock type/darker rock bay no cliffs/arch/stack [3] 4 (a) (i) west [1] (ii) N America smaller/N Africa larger N Africa across continent/in centre of continent/greater proportion of continent North America on west coast/North Africa on east coast North America outside tropics/North Africa inside North Africa extends further south Allow later points as development of the first point. [2] (iii) it extends beyond the tropics/some in subtropics/temperate areas [1] (b) adaptation main reason for the adaptation deep roots to use water in the soil most of the year fleshy stems to store water very thin and small thorny leaves to reduce transpiration leaves curl inwards to reduce transpiration [4] www.theallpapers.com

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0460 23 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 5 (a) (i) plot at 140 000 for 2008 Accept a dot or a cross or the line passing through at the intersection of the lines. Accept without a line. The plot should not be so large as to touch adjacent lines. [1] (ii) 1.79 (no tolerance) [1] (iii) tourists fast/great increase but residents slow/small increase tourists decrease (since 2003) but residents no decrease residents didn’t grow in early years but tourists did [2] (b) (i) no surface water therefore supply difficult small island therefore few resources dry/barren therefore lack of food farmers/fishing therefore lack of skill/experience volcanoes therefore danger lava and ash linked to specific problems [1] (ii) destruction of the natural environment/landscape sprawl of resorts/increase in built-up area congestion/overcrowding shortage water shortage of electricity overpopulation/lack of resources fall in number of tourists already full employment poor behaviour of tourists loss of tradition/culture noise pollution visual pollution [3] www.theallpapers.com

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0460 23 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 6 (a) (i) 25 (hectares) [1] (ii) 25 (times) [1] (b) (i) top of bar at 95 division at 70/25 with shading correct Mark independently. [2] (ii) July harvesting (both needed) [1] (iii) harvesting preparing the land/ploughing collecting seeds planting/sowing [2] Mark the first given for men and women. Allow the same activity twice if expressed differently. (iv) less seed available for sowing/seeds saved from previous year people moved away from area people gave up farming people have died [1] www.theallpapers.com