Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2024 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 Cotton is a cash crop grown in Greece. Cotton is used to make textiles. The photograph shows a cotton plant in a field in Greece. (a) Greece is the largest cotton-producing country in Europe. In 2022, there were 45 000 cotton farmers in Greece. Calculate the percentage of the population of Greece that were cotton farmers in 2022. .......................% [1] (b) Food insecurity is when people do not have access to a reliable source of food. Suggest why growing cotton plants can lead to food insecurity. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (c) Cotton plants use the process of photosynthesis to grow. (i) State the source of energy for photosynthesis. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Photosynthesis takes place in green leaves. State the compound that gives plants their green colour. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) State the word equation for photosynthesis. ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iv) State the general name for plants in a food web. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) The cotton crop is harvested using machines. Suggest advantages and disadvantages of using machines rather than people to harvest crops. advantages ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... disadvantages .......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] (e) Water is extracted from ground water to irrigate crops like cotton. Water is added back to the ground water as part of the water cycle. (i) The map shows 12 regions of mainland Greece and the risk of ground water shortages in each region. Key risk level low medium high N 11 12 10 9 5 8 4 7 7 2 6 1 3 0 100 km State the number of regions identified as having a high risk of ground water shortages. .......................................................... [1] (ii) Explain how urbanisation can cause ground water shortages. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (f) The cotton bollworm is an insect pest of cotton in Greece. The photograph shows the larva of a cotton bollworm insect. 4 cm One method of controlling the impact of the cotton bollworm is to hand-pick the larvae from the cotton plant. Suggest two limitations of this method. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (g) Another method for controlling the impact of the cotton bollworm is to spray the cotton plant with an insecticide. A farmer wants to compare the effect of different insecticides on the yield of cotton from five different fields, A to E. The cotton plants in: • fields A, B and C are treated with different insecticides • field D is treated with a biological control • field E is not treated with an insecticide or a biological control. field yield / kg per ha A 415 B 120 C 450 D 410 E 250 (i) Explain why an insecticide is not used in field E in this investigation. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Calculate the range in yield for the five fields. range = .......................................... kg per ha [1] (iii) Calculate the mean yield for the five fields. mean yield = .......................................... kg per ha [1] (iv) The farmer concludes that field B has poor soil quality. Suggest why this may not be a valid conclusion. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (v) Healthy soil contains mineral ions. State the formula for the ion that provides: • nitrogen ............................... • phosphorus ......................... • potassium. ........................... [3] (vi) State two components of soil other than mineral ions. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (vii) Suggest two reasons why the farmer chooses to use a biological control rather than an insecticide. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (viii) Genetically modified (GM) cotton is grown in some countries. State one benefit of a GM crop. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (h) Polyester is an alternative textile to cotton. Polyester is a type of plastic. The photograph shows microplastic fibres which are produced when polyester textiles are washed. microplastic fibres (i) Suggest three environmental impacts of washing polyester textiles. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Polyester is made from crude oil. Crude oil is a fossil fuel. Suggest two negative impacts of making polyester textiles. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 35]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) 0.44; 1 1(b) any two from: 2 cotton planted instead of food or (food) crops / cotton cannot be eaten; cotton grown for, commercial value / profit / money or cotton is a cash crop / cotton makes more money (than other crops); not enough money to grow (food) or (food) crops as money spent on cotton; stated impact on soil due to cotton farming e.g. nutrient depletion risk of disease from cotton crop to food crops; cotton growing uses lots of water that cannot be used to irrigate food crops; 1(c)(i) Sun; 1 1(c)(ii) chlorophyll; 1 1(c)(iii) carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen 2 reactants: carbon dioxide + water; products: glucose + oxygen; 1(c)(iv) producer; 1 1(d) total four from: 4 max three advantages: continuous (operation); automated / less people needed; reliable; increases yields; quicker / more efficient; max three disadvantages: loss of jobs; expensive to buy or set up or run; need to be maintained or cost of maintenance; need technological skills; less accurate / not selective crop / may miss some crops; can damage crop; requires, energy source / fuel; stated impact of using fossil fuel e.g. global warming 1(e)(i) 3; 1 1(e)(ii) any three from: 3 more demand / (higher) population density; more, hard surfaces / roads or less trees; less water soaks into ground / increased runoff; less interception / less infiltration; increased, wastage / leaking pipes; 1(f) any two from: 2 time consuming / time could be used for other things; labour intensive; might miss some bollworms / difficult to see; crop could be damaged; idea of larvae produced quicker than people can remove them; 1(g)(i) control / compare the effect with no insecticide; 1 1(g)(ii) 330; 1 1(g)(iii) 329; 1 1(g)(iv) any one from: 1 due to the insecticide / other variables e.g. water quantity; anomalous result; investigation has not been repeated; 1(g)(v) nitrogen: NO3- ; 3 phosphorus: PO43− ; potassium: K+ ; 1(g)(vi) any two from: 2 air; organic material / decaying matter; plants; animals; microorganisms; water; 1(g)(vii) any two from: 2 works as well as an insecticide / (field D had a) high yield; no leaching; no bioaccumulation; no resistance (to an insecticide); allows crops to be sold as organic; less impact on non-target organisms / does not affect pollinators; 1(g)(viii) any one from: 1 increase yields; (can be made) resistant to insects / drought tolerant; improved nutrient content; 1(h)(i) any three from: 3 washed into water sources; ingested by, animals / humans; bioaccumulation / microplastics build-up in an organism; non-biodegradable / decomposition takes a long time; detergents washed into water sources; stated impact of detergents e.g. nutrient enrichment / eutrophication; 1(h)(ii) any two from: 2 crude oil / fossil fuels, are non-renewable or finite; stated impact of fossil fuel combustion e.g. carbon dioxide emissions / global warming; AVP;;

2 (a) A student records some data on the number of earthquakes in a region of Greece during a 10-year period. number of earthquakes (i) State the number of earthquakes the student records. .......................................................... [1] (ii) A student writes a report on the impact of these earthquakes on people. Describe the information the student needs for this report. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) State why monitoring earthquake activity can reduce the impact of an earthquake. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (c) The Greek island of Nisyros has a permanent population of 900. Nisyros is a popular tourist destination and 60 000 tourists visit the island each year. Scientists predict the impact on air travel of a volcanic eruption on Nisyros. The diagram shows a 300 km radius from Nisyros that could be affected by a volcanic eruption. Key Athens Nisyros island international airport domestic airport 300km radius North Bulgaria Macedonia Türkiye Albania Greece Türkiye Aegean Sea Sea of Crete Crete Mediterranean Sea 0 100 km (i) State the number of international airports predicted to be affected by the volcanic eruption in the diagram. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest why strategies for managing the impact of volcanic eruptions should include international agreement. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Volcanoes that erupt under the sea can cause a tsunami. State what is meant by a tsunami. ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (e) Geothermal energy is used in some areas with volcanic activity to generate electricity. The stages in generating electricity from geothermal energy are shown. The stages are not in the correct order. A Hot rocks underground heat water to form steam. B Cooled water is pumped back underground to be reheated. C Pipes are drilled to underground hot rocks. D Steam is cooled and condenses back to water. E Steam rises through pipes. F Steam turns the blades of turbines. G Turbines turn generators. Put the stages in order. One has been done for you. C [3] (f) State two factors that affect the demand for electricity. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2] (g) Fracking is a strategy used to extract a fossil fuel. (i) State which fossil fuel is extracted by fracking. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Fracking extracts fossil fuel from a type of rock. Suggest this type of rock. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) In 2022, fracking was not allowed in Greece. State one concern about the use of fracking to extract fossil fuels. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 16]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 24; 1 2(a)(ii) any three from: 3 magnitude / Richter scale value; location; population / population density; number of deaths; number of injuries; date of earthquake; time of earthquake; damage caused to, buildings / infrastructure / homes / schools / businesses; loss of jobs stated management strategy e.g. number of earthquake reinforced buildings / evacuation plans; 2(b) any one from: 1 allows for evacuation / gives time to escape / (advanced) warnings; 2(c)(i) 12; 1 2(c)(ii) any one from: 1 impacts more than one country; (international) flights / air space impacted; no atmospheric boundaries; 2(d) giant wave; 1 2(e) 6 consecutive in correct order = 3 3 3–5 consecutive in correct order = 2 2 consecutive in correct order = 1 A, E, F, G, D, B ;;; 2(f) any two from: 2 (size of) population; personal wealth / poverty; national wealth; climate / weather; (availability of) supply; cost of electricity; level of industrialisation or development; amount of transport; 2(g)(i) (natural) gas / methane; 1 2(g)(ii) sedimentary / shale; 1 2(g)(iii) any one from: 1 risk of earthquakes; contamination of (underground) water or soil; use of (toxic) chemicals; leads to water insecurity / large quantities of water used;

3 (a) Tree rings are used to investigate past environmental conditions. One tree ring represents one year of tree growth. Tree rings are wider apart in wet years and are closer together in dry years. The photograph shows tree rings from a tree in Greece. first year tree ring of growth bark scar from forest fire The diagram shows a section of the tree rings from a different tree. The tree is 9 years old. bark Describe and explain what the diagram shows. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Evidence of forest fires is seen as dark patches in tree rings. In 2021, there were thousands of wildfires in Greece. Three people were killed and many others were injured. (i) The table compares the area of land burnt by wildfires in Greece in two years. year area of land burnt / ha 2020 9300 2021 527 000 Calculate the percentage increase in the area of land burnt from 2020 to 2021. Give your answer to the nearest whole percent. .......................................................% [2] (ii) Suggest one reason why some people blame climate change for the number of wildfires in 2021. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) The table shows the causes of wildfires in Greece in one year. cause percentage accidental 25 deliberate 20 natural 3 unknown 52 Plot the data as a pie chart and complete the key. 0 Key ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... [4] (iv) Suggest three economic impacts of wildfires. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) The graph shows the number of wildfires in Greece in one year. 1000 800 600 number of wildfires 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec month State the two months with the most wildfires. ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (d) The graph shows data from the internet about the temperature in Greece from 2000 to 2021. 30 25 20 mean temperature 15 / °C 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 year (i) Describe the trends in the data shown in the graph. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why it is not possible to make conclusions about climate change using only this data. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Suggest two reasons why people living on Greek islands could be more affected by climate change than people living on the mainland of Greece. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 19]

Mark scheme: 3(a) any two from: 2 rings getting closer together (towards the bark / nearer outside); drier weather in recent years / climate changed as tree grows; 3(b)(i) [(527 000 – 9300)  9300]  100 OR 5566.67; 2 5567; 3(b)(ii) heat wave / high temperatures / more extreme weather / lack of rainfall; 1 3(b)(iii) sectors in clockwise rank order; 4 largest sector first starting at ‘noon’ and going clockwise; correct plotting; key competed and matches sector shading; 3(b)(iv) any three from: 3 rebuild cost of homes / homes destroyed; rebuild cost of infrastructure / infrastructure destroyed / clean up costs; businesses destroyed / cannot produce goods; people cannot work / loss of income; crops cannot be sold / food needs to be bought / increase in price of food; less tourism; less wood for fuel / need to buy wood; stated healthcare cost due to wildfires; 3(c) July AND August; 1 3(d)(i) any two from: 2 fluctuates each year; similar pattern (over the 20 year; overall increase in (mean temperature); relevant quoted data to show: highest temperature at end of 2021 / lowest temperature. in 2003 ; 3(d)(ii) any two from: 2 limited number of years / limited time interval; only from one country; secondary source / do not know (original or primary) source; no information on how the data was collected; AVP;; 3(d)(iii) any two from: 2 surrounded by water / coastal; increased risk of flooding due to, sea level rise or melting glaciers; harder to get drinking water to an island; harder to import food if crops destroyed / less supply of fish so less jobs;

4 Air quality is measured in Greece. The concentrations of particulates, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide are measured. (a) Explain why sulfur dioxide in the air is a concern. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (b) Oxides of nitrogen and particulates form smog. (i) State what is meant by an atmospheric temperature inversion. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) State why an atmospheric temperature inversion increases the impact of smog. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Air quality is measured at monitoring stations. The map shows the measured air quality for one day in Greece. Key good moderate poor very poor North Bulgaria N Macedonia Albania Türkiye Greece Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea 0 50 km (i) Suggest three reasons for poor air quality. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) A student concludes that the air quality in Greece is good. Is this a valid conclusion? Give reasons for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 10]

Mark scheme: 4(a) max three total: 3 max two from: reacts with water (in atmosphere); leads to, acid rain / sulfuric acid; max two from acid rain causes: acidification of bodies of water or soil; reduces fish populations; destroys crops or vegetation; damages buildings; respiratory problems; eye irritant; 4(b)(i) layer in atmosphere where air temperature increases with height or altitude; 1 4(b)(ii) traps pollution (under inversion); 1 4(c)(i) any three from: 3 location is in or near a, town / city; greater number of people; emissions from vehicles or factories or cars / burning of fossil fuels; waste incineration; crop burning / wildfires; no legislation on emissions; volcanic eruption; 4(c)(ii) any two from NO: 2 only 6 monitoring stations / not enough data; air quality not measured all over Greece / data not representative; air quality only measured on one day; not all stations recorded good air quality / only 1 station recorded good quality;