Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2024 Feb/March Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 The map shows the distribution of different types of land and land use in Somalia. Key very large pastoral farms and grassland intensive agriculture desert forest Mogadishu N (a) (i) Describe the distribution of land and land use in Somalia. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest two reasons for the distribution of intensive agriculture in Somalia. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Intensive agriculture is often commercial. State what is meant by commercial agriculture. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) The photograph shows a Spodoptera moth. Spodoptera moths eat plants, including crops such as maize. Lizards eat Spodoptera moths. Eagles eat lizards. Wolves eat eagles. (i) Construct the food chain containing three trophic levels which includes Spodoptera moths. ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Spodoptera moths are primary consumers. State what is meant by primary consumer. ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Farmers in Somalia want to control the population of Spodoptera moths. A scientist has found a fungus that kills Spodoptera moths. The fungus does not exist naturally in Somalia. Suggest benefits and limitations of releasing a fungus into Somalia to control the population of Spodoptera moths. benefits .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... limitations .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) A farmer notices that some individual plants in the maize crop are not affected by Spodoptera moths. Describe how these plants can be used to produce a maize crop that is resistant to Spodoptera moths. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) A scientist investigates the population of Spodoptera moths in a 1000 m2 field of maize using a random sampling technique. Describe how the scientist: • uses random sampling • uses a quadrat • records the data collected • obtains an estimate for the population of Spodoptera moths in the field. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Estimating the population of Spodoptera moths using a quadrat has limitations. Suggest two limitations of sampling Spodoptera moths using a quadrat. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Suggest one other method for estimating the population of Spodoptera moths. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 23]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) any three from: 3 MP1 desert AND in the north; MP2 pastoral / grassland / farms AND most of the country; MP3 intensive agriculture AND in S / near S coast; MP4 intensive agriculture AND Mogadishu / capital; MP5 forest AND in north; 1(a)(ii) any two from: 2 MP1 more rain / cooler ; MP2 available workers ; MP3 small distance to transport crops / need large supply food ; MP4 ease of export or transport; MP5 irrigation / water ; AVP soil fertile in that area / ora 1(a)(iii) (agriculture) for profit / making money / not for personal food production ; 1 1(b)(i) MP1 maize, Spodoptera or moth, lizard 2 MP2 arrows in correct direction ; correct answer: maize → Spodoptera or moth → lizard 1(b)(ii) (organism that) eats, producers / plants ; 1 1(b)(iii) any three from: 3 max 2 from each benefits: MP1 crop yield, increases or maintained / less plants damaged; MP2 does not require, insecticides / pesticides / herbicides ; MP3 economic benefit to farmer; MP4 no water pollution / no leaching; MP5 less risk of, pest resurgence / moths becoming resistant to fungus max 2 from each limitations: MP6 fungus may kill other, moths / non-target species / pollinators ; MP7 disrupt food chain; MP8 not as effective as, insecticides / pesticides / herbicides or fungus may not survive; 1(b)(iv) any four from: 4 MP1 selective breeding / artificial selection ; MP2 collect seeds from the resistant maize ; MP3 grow the resistant maize ; MP4 repeat over many generations of maize ; 1(c)(i) max [4]: 4 one from MP1 uses random sampling grid the field / use GPS coordinates ; use a stated method to randomly choose quadrat sites e.g. random number generator ; one from MP2 uses a quadrat count the number of moths in the quadrat ; one from MP3 records the data collected use of table / tally system ; one from MP4 obtains an estimate number of moths in a quadrat by area of field ; 1(c)(ii) any two from moths: 2 MP1 fly or move ; MP2 could be counted more than once ; MP3 camouflaged / difficult to identify or see ; MP4 hide during the day / only be active at night / nocturnal ; MP5 only be present certain times of year / may migrate ; 1(c)(iii) net / pitfall trap ; 1

2 The graph shows the mean number of children born per woman in Somalia and the USA from 1980 to 2020. 8 7 6 Somalia mean number 5 of children born per woman 4 3 USA 2 1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 years (a) (i) Compare the overall trends shown in the graph. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Determine the year with the maximum mean number of children born per woman in Somalia. year = ......................................................... [1] (iii) Suggest three reasons why the mean number of children born per woman is decreasing in many countries. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) In 2022, it was estimated that 2.8 million people in Somalia could not meet their daily food requirements. One strategy to prevent malnutrition is to provide school children with meals. Charities, such as the World Food Programme, provide the food for the meals. Suggest benefits and limitations of this strategy for preventing malnutrition. benefits ...................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... limitations .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) The government of Somalia wants to find out if there is a difference in access to safe drinking water for people in rural areas compared to urban areas. A questionnaire was used to survey 200 men. question response 1. 2. Do you have access to safe drinking water? 3. How far do you have to travel to access safe drinking water? (i) The questionnaire is incomplete and will not allow a conclusion to be made. Suggest a suitable question that will allow a conclusion to be made. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest two ways to improve the survey. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) The photograph shows a person collecting water from a shallow well dug in a dry river. (i) State the source of water that is accessed by wells. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) The river is dry because of a drought in Somalia. Suggest two other reasons why the river is dry. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Water collected from shallow wells is an important source of fresh water in Somalia. Describe two limitations of collecting fresh water using the method shown in the photograph. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) Malaria is a disease that kills more than 2000 people a year in Somalia. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes infected with the malaria parasite. Mosquitoes are the vector for spreading malaria. State two strategies of vector control for malaria. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (f) The graph shows climate data for Somalia. precipitation mean temperature 30 60 50 25 40 mean precipitation temperature 30 / mm/ °C 20 20 10 15 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec month (i) Identify the month with the lowest precipitation. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Identify the 3‑month period with the greatest precipitation. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Calculate the range of the mean monthly temperature. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) Identify the month when drought conditions are most likely. Explain your answer. month ................................................................................................................................ explanation ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (v) State two strategies for managing the impacts of drought. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2] (g) Droughts are a cause of soil erosion. State three strategies for reducing soil erosion. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 3 ................................................................................................................................................ [3] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) any two comparative from: 2 MP1 USA fluctuates less / ora ; MP2 USA lower overall / ora ; MP3 both go down / ora ; MP4 USA decreases less / slower rate / ora ; MP5 comparative data quote / trend e.g. Somalia decreases by 2 between 1980 and 2020 whereas USA, decreases by 0.1 / stays the same ; 2(a)(ii) answer with range 1996–1998 ; 1 2(a)(iii) any three from: 3 MP1 availability of contraception / family planning ; MP2 education ; MP3 opportunities women ; MP4 health care / lower mortality ; MP5 antinatalist policies ; AVP 2(b) any four from (max 3 from each): 4 benefits: MP1 provides food or nutrients ; MP2 easy to, administer / monitor ; MP3 provision of free food / reference to Somalia being a LEDC ; limitations: MP4 not all children attend school ; MP5 doesn’t help individuals that are not school age ; MP6 relies on, charities / donations / expensive ; MP7 idea of won’t solve cause of malnutrition / short term solution ; MP8 AVP ; 2(c)(i) do you live in a rural or urban area / what is your address ; 1 2(c)(ii) any two from: 2 MP1 sample (men and) women / families ; MP2 sample equal numbers of women (as men) ; MP3 randomly select the sample ; MP4 use questions with yes/no answers / multiple choice answers ; MP5 explain how people should answer / give instructions ; MP6 ask more questions in the questionnaire ; MP7 idea of sample equal numbers from rural and urban ; 2(d)(i) groundwater ; 1 2(d)(ii) any two from: 2 MP1 irrigation / crops / agricultural ; MP2 livestock farming ; MP3 industrial use ; MP4 domestic / people use ; MP5 construction of a dam (upstream) ; AVP;; 2(d)(iii) any two from: 2 MP1 only small volumes can be collected / only limited amount ; MP2 well will, dry up quickly / collapse quickly ; MP3 person may miss school / time consuming / labour intensive ; MP4 water may contain, bacteria / diseases / pathogen / named example ; MP5 contains soil / or is cloudy ; MP6 AVP ; 2(e) any two from: 2 MP1 removal of standing water ; MP2 covering water / oil on water ; MP3 killing larvae / use fish to control larvae / biological control ; MP4 insecticide use ; MP5 releasing sterile males ; 2(f)(i) January ; 1 2(f)(ii) April and May and June ; 1 2(f)(iii) 3 ; 1 2(f)(iv) Jan; 2 month with lowest precipitation ; OR Feb ; several consecutive months of low rainfall ; 2(f)(v) any two from: 2 MP1 monitoring ; MP2 emergency water supplies ; MP3 water conservation ; MP4 increased water supply or stated example: dams / reservoirs / wells / aquifers, water transfer / desalination / rainwater harvesting ; MP5 international aid ; MP6 grow drought resistant crops ; AVP ;; 2(g) any three from: 3 MP1 terracing ; MP2 contour ploughing ; MP3 bunds ; MP4 wind breaks ; MP5 plant trees / agro-forestry ; MP6 maintain ground cover ; MP7 add organic manure ; MP8 mixed cropping / intercropping ; MP9 crop rotation ; MP10 improved irrigation e.g. trickle drip ; AVP;

3 The photograph shows a uranium mine. Uranium is a metal. (a) (i) State the name of the type of mining shown in the photograph. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Somalia has deposits of uranium. Mining companies want to extract the uranium. State three factors that the company must consider before deciding to extract the uranium. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Some people are concerned about uranium mining in Somalia. One local person says: I live in a village near the mine. How will the mine affect me? Suggest how the mine will affect people living in a nearby village. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (iv) The mining company agrees to restore the landscape once the extraction of uranium is finished. Describe two strategies to restore the landscape. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (b) Uranium is a nuclear fuel and can be used to generate electricity. In Somalia all of the extracted uranium is exported. (i) Suggest three reasons why Somalia exports all of its uranium and does not use it to generate electricity. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) A report stated that in 2022, 36% of people in Somalia had access to electricity. Calculate the number of people in Somalia in 2022 that did not have access to electricity. number of people = ......................................................... [2] (c) The table shows the percentage of total electricity generated globally in 2019 from several different energy resources. percentage of total energy resource electricity generated fossil fuels 70 wind 8 solar 4 hydro‑electric 8 nuclear 9 other (i) Calculate the percentage of total electricity generated by other energy resources.

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) deep mining / shaft mining / subsurface mining ; 1 3(a)(ii) any three from: 3 MP1 size of deposits ; MP2 accessibility of the deposits / depth of deposit ; MP3 stated environmental impact of mine: e.g., waste disposal / transport impact / habitat destruction / loss of biodiversity / ease of restoration ; MP4 stated human impact / health implications e.g. radiation risk / cancer ; MP5 cost (extraction) ; MP6 value of the uranium / profitability ; MP7 government licences ; MP8 availability of, labour / machinery ; MP9 public opposition; 3(a)(iii) any four from: 4 MP1 water pollution ; MP2 noise / visual / air / soil pollution from stated source ; MP3 fear over, radioactive sources / contamination ; MP4 village may need to be relocated ; MP5 employment opportunities ; MP6 improvement in local economy ; MP7 improvement in national economy / increased tax revenue for government ; MP8 improvement in infrastructure / healthcare / schools ; MP9 loss of recreational areas for village ; AVP ; 3(a)(iv) any four from: 4 MP1 fill the hole with stated material e.g. mine waste / rock / spoil ; MP2 cover with topsoil ; MP3 soil improvement ; MP4 stated example e.g. add fertiliser / add (treated) sewage or manure ; MP5 bioremediation ; MP6 use of bacteria / microbes ; MP7 plant grasses ; MP8 plant shrubs or trees ; MP9 safe disposal of (remaining) mining waste ; MP10 restore natural habitats / create nature reserve ; 3(b)(i) any three from: 3 MP1 no current nuclear power plant ; MP2 lack of money (to build or run or maintain nuclear power station) ; MP3 lack of expertise ; MP4 other alternatives are more available / Somalia has oil reserves ; MP5 other alternatives are cheaper ; MP6 people are opposed to nuclear energy ; MP7 (exporting uranium) makes money ; MP8 idea of issue of storage of nuclear waste ; AVP ; 3(b)(ii) 100 – 36 or 64 or 16 790 432  0.64 ; 2 10 745 876 ; 3(c)(i) 1 ; 1 3(c)(ii) MP1 sectors in clockwise rank order ; 4 MP2 largest first starting at ‘noon’ ; MP3 correct plotting ; MP4 key competed and matches sector shading ; 3(c)(iii) 13 ; 1 3(d)(i) needs sunlight ; 1 3(d)(ii) any three from: 3 MP1 more access to electricity / more electricity available; MP2 reduces the costs of electricity ; MP3 reduces the dependence on fossil fuels / non-renewable resources ; MP4 reduces air pollution or stated example: smog / carbon emissions / climate change / global warming / no greenhouse gases ; MP5 idea that it helps raise people out of poverty ; MP6 employment opportunities, at power station / in local industries ; MP7 improved economy or stated example e.g. improved infrastructure ;