Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2025 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 (a) Ischia is a densely populated island. Calculate the number of people per km2 on Ischia. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. ................................. people per km2 [2] (b) Forio is a town on Ischia. The table shows the number of females in different age ranges in Forio for 2022. age range number of females 30–39 1400 40–49 1300 50–59 1360 60–69 1100 70–79 800 80–89 410 90+ 100 (i) Complete the population pyramid for females in Forio. age range male female 90+ 80–89 70–79 60–69 50–59 40–49 30–39 20–29 10–19 0–9 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 number of people [3] (ii) Determine the total number of people over 90 years old in Forio. .......................................................... [1] (iii) The population in Forio in 2011 was 16 597. This increased to 17 348 in 2023. Calculate the percentage increase. ...................................................... % [2] (c) The population data was collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent to every home on Ischia. (i) Explain why a pilot survey is used before the main questionnaire is sent. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest three limitations of using a questionnaire to collect data. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] [Total: 13]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) M1 62 000  46 / 1347.8(26087); 2 M2 1348; 1(b)(i) M1 6 correct plots; 3 M2 7 correct plots; M3 bars drawn with straight lines and of equal width and 2 small squares in between bars; 1(b)(ii) 140; 1 1(b)(iii) M1 17 348−16 597 / 751; 2 M2 4.5(2); 1(c)(i) any two from: 2 M1 smaller sample; M2 idea of pretesting questions / can change or improve questions; M3 shows whether survey gives the information you are investigating; M4 gives idea of, response rate / how many people will answer the questionnaire; M5 shows if questions are too long / shows how long questionnaire takes; 1(c)(ii) any three from: 3 M1 relies on literacy; M2 relies on people to return the survey; M3 answers may not be truthful; M4 expensive; M5 time consuming; M6 does not include, homeless people / tourists; M7 a lot of data to process / big data (set);

2 Lemons from Ischia are included in the mass of lemons sold to other countries by the European Union. (a) The graph shows the mass of lemons sold to other countries by the European Union each month. Key 2020 2021 2022 30 000 25 000 20 000 mass / tonnes 15 000 10 000 5 000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec year (i) Circle the year with the greatest mass of lemons sold to other countries. 2020 2021 2022 [1] (ii) Name the month in 2021 with the greatest mass of lemons sold. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) A farmer grows lemon trees in a field in Ischia. For maximum growth, the trees in each row must be 4 m apart and each row of trees must be 5 m apart. Suggest why the trees should not be closer together. Give reasons for your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (c) A farmer on Ischia investigates the best fertiliser to use on lemon trees. The diagram shows the lemon trees in a field. Key lemon tree sampled tree row 1 row 2 row 3 row 4 row 5 The farmer selects every second tree in each row to sample. Each tree the farmer selects in row 1 is circled on the diagram. (i) Name this method of sampling. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Determine the total number of trees the farmer samples in the field using this method. .......................................................... [1] (d) The farmer investigates the effect of 4 different fertilisers on the annual yield of lemons. Each fertiliser contains nitrate, phosphate and potassium ions in different concentrations. The fertilisers are added at the start of each year. The table shows the fertilisers used on each tree row. concentration / arbitrary units tree nitrate ions phosphate ions potassium ions row 1 no fertiliser used 2 8 8 8 3 6 5 6 4 6 6 6 5 10 10 10 The table shows the effect on the annual yield. annual yield / kg tree year 1 year 2 year 3 row 1 200 180 150 2 205 200 205 3 230 230 240 4 250 240 255 5 180 130 95 (i) Explain why fertiliser was not used on tree row 1. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest one reason why the yield for tree row 1 decreased from year 1 to year 3. (iii) Write a different conclusion for each of these tree rows: tree row 2 .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... tree row 4 .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... tree row 5. ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (e) The photograph shows a lemon. skin flesh The farmer wants lemons with a large mass of flesh and a thin skin. (i) Name the measuring instrument used to record mass. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Draw a suitable table the farmer can use to record: • the mass of lemon flesh • the thickness of lemon skin. [1] (iii) Describe how selective breeding can be used to obtain the lemons the farmer wants. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) State two techniques to increase the yield of lemons other than fertiliser use and selective breeding. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 18]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 2020 circled; 1 2(a)(ii) Mar(ch); 1 2(b) any two from: 2 M1 to avoid competition / so trees do not compete; M2 to prevent disease; M3 idea of allowing access for (picking) machines to travel between trees; to get enough: M4 nutrients; M5 water; M6 light; M7 (light needed) for (maximum or optimum) photosynthesis; 2(c)(i) systematic; 1 2(c)(ii) 15; 1 2(d)(i) to compare (with no application) / control; 1 2(d)(ii) lack of nutrients (in soil) / trees have used the nutrients; 1 2(d)(iii) note: each row conclusion must be different 3 row 2 fertiliser: decrease yield in year 2 then goes back to yield in year 1 / small change in yield (compared to no fertiliser or row 1); row 4 fertiliser: greatest yield / increases yield (compared to no fertiliser or row 1) / fertiliser is the best or most effective; row 5 fertiliser: lowest yield / decreases yield / year 3 yield is (approx.) half year 1 / fertiliser is the worst or least effective; 2(e)(i) balance; 1 2(e)(ii) 2 columns or rows with headings and units for mass and thickness; 1 2(e)(iii) any three from: 3 M1 select / choose / identify parent or parents with desirable characteristics; M2 breed / cross / pollinate; M3 choose best offspring with desired characteristics; M4 repeat over many generations; 2(e)(iv) any two from: 2 M1 irrigation; M2 pest control; M3 weed control; M4 genetic modification; M5 controlled environment / greenhouse / hydroponics;

3 (a) There was heavy rainfall on Ischia on 26 November 2022. Rainfall is part of the water cycle. Complete the sentences about the water cycle. Use words from the list. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. atmosphere condensation evaporation gas interception liquid run-off soil solid through-flow The process of water turning from a liquid to a gas is ............................................................ . Water transfers from the leaves of plants to the atmosphere as a ............................................ . More water is transported through the plant and to the leaves from the ................................ . The movement of water on the land surface is called ............................................................ . [4] (b) A few hours after the heavy rainfall on Ischia, a large section of Mount Epomeo moved towards the sea. This caused large quantities of mud and loose rock to flow through the town of Casamicciola Terme. The photograph shows some of the damage caused by this landslide. 11 people were killed by the landslide and many people were injured. Drinking water was contaminated with sewage. (i) Suggest two other impacts of the landslide on people. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) The island has illegally constructed buildings. Large areas of land on the island have been cleared of vegetation for these buildings. Suggest why removing vegetation makes landslides more likely to happen. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (iii) Suggest one reason why illegal construction makes landslides more likely to happen, other than removing vegetation. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Ischia is a popular tourist destination. Approximately 6 million tourists visit the island each year. (i) Illegal construction and increased use of vehicles are negative impacts of tourism. Suggest two other negative impacts of tourism on Ischia. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest a suitable transport policy that would reduce the impact of the 6 million tourists on the island. Explain how the policy reduces the impact. policy ................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... explanation ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) The landslide washed sewage into the sea. E. coli are bacteria found in sewage. E. coli may cause infectious bacterial diseases. A scientist investigates the concentration of E. coli in seawater around Ischia. The table shows information on the investigation. column 1 column 2 column 3 column 4 distance from concentration of E. coli volume of water edge of land into / arbitrary units collected the sea / cm3 / m sample 1 sample 2 100 1 550 576 200 10 423 32 300 100 371 348 400 1 km 297 282 (i) Use column 1 to identify one limitation with the investigation. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Use column 2 to identify one error in how the data is recorded in this column. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Use columns 3 and 4 to identify one anomalous result. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) Suggest one safety factor to consider during this investigation. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (v) The maximum safe concentration of E. coli in water is 500 arbitrary units. Use this information to write a conclusion about the investigation. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (vi) Name one infectious bacterial disease caused by water contaminated with sewage. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (vii) Boiling is used to make water safe to drink. State one other method used to make water safe to drink. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 22]

Mark scheme: 3(a) M1 evaporation; 4 M2 gas; M3 soil; M4 run-off; 3(b)(i) any two from: 2 M1 infrastructure or named example, destroyed or damaged or buried; M2 buildings / businesses, destroyed or damaged or buried; M3 vehicles destroyed or damaged or buried; M4 food shortages / crops covered with mud / decreases crop yield; M5 possessions destroyed or damaged or buried; M6 job losses / loss of income; 3(b)(ii) any four from: 4 M1 (vegetation) roots bind or hold soil; lack of vegetation causes: ora M2 more / increases, run-off; M3 less / decreases, infiltration; M4 less / decreases, interception; M5 faster / increases, speed (of flow) of water; 3(b)(iii) any one from: 1 M1 no land zoning / no regulations (on building); M2 houses built on unsuitable land / unknown safety of land / survey not carried out; M3 too many houses in one area; M4 poor, construction / building materials / foundations; 3(c)(i) any two from: 2 M1 increased production of waste / littering; M2 named example of pollution e.g. air / noise / visual / water; M3 loss of habitat / loss of biodiversity; M4 increase in house prices / decrease in availability of housing (for locals); increased use of: M5 energy; M6 water; M7 food; 3(c)(ii) any one policy from: 2 M1 banning cars / (car) quotas / reducing number of cars / car-free zones; M2 banning fossil fuel cars / encouraging electric cars; M3 encouraging car, sharing or pooling; M4 congestion charges; M5 speed limits; M6 provide public transport; M7 provide bicycles (for hire or free use); M8 limit transport to island e.g. boats to island; any one explanation from: M9 less traffic jams / congestion; M10 reduce air pollution or stated air pollution e.g. particulates / carbon dioxide or carbon emissions / global warming / SO2 emissions / acid rain / particulates; M11 reduce traffic accidents; 3(d)(i) any one from: 1 M1 the volumes of each sample are not the same; M2 small sample / data not representative; M3 no control variable; M4 volumes or data not comparable 3(d)(ii) 1 km should be 1000 (m) / there should be no units within the cell of a table; 1 3(d)(iii) 32; 1 3(d)(iv) any one from: 1 M1 risk of getting ill from, E.coli / bacterial disease; M2 wear gloves / wearing protective clothes; M3 risk of collection at sea / risk of drowning / wear a life jacket; M4 wash hands after collection / avoid contact with water (on skin); 3(d)(v) any one from: 1 M1 1 m from land, is greater than the maximum concentration or is not safe; M2 further out to sea the safer or lower concentration / ora; 3(d)(vi) cholera / typhoid / any sewage related bacterial disease; 1 3(d)(vii) chlorination; 1

4 Solar power is used to generate electricity on Ischia. (a) The photograph shows solar panels with cars parked under the solar panels. cars parked under solar panels Suggest one benefit of this method for locating solar panels. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (b) Electricity generated by solar power is stored in batteries to be used later. A report stated that more than 11 million tonnes of used lithium‑ion batteries will have accumulated globally by 2030. The table shows the components in a typical lithium‑ion battery. component percentage carbon 13 iron 28 lithium 3 phosphate 18 plastic 8 other 30 (i) Suggest the best type of graph or chart to present this data. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Many batteries are recycled. Suggest two benefits of recycling batteries. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Suggest two reasons why batteries are not recycled in some locations. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 6]

Mark scheme: 4(a) any one from: 1 M1 provides shade / cars stay cooler / cars don’t overheat; M2 limited space on island / makes good use of available land; M3 doesn’t use crop land / idea of two uses for one area of land; 4(b)(i) pie / bar; 1 4(b)(ii) any two from: 2 M1 no (risk of) leaching at landfill / landfills not used; M2 no incineration; M3 materials can be repurposed; M4 reduces energy use (in making new product); M5 recycled product or material can be sold; M6 reduces demand for raw materials / reduces demand for materials to make new batteries / less mining (of raw materials) / fewer resources needed to make new batteries; 4(b)(iii) any two from: 2 M1 lack of public awareness / lack of public interest; M2 lack of facilities; M3 lack of expertise; M4 recycling is, not accessible / complicated; M5 not cost effective; M6 contains lots of different components;

5 Mount Epomeo is an extinct volcano. The volcano last erupted in 1302. (a) Igneous rock is found in many parts of Ischia. (i) Describe how igneous rock forms. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Name one igneous rock. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Some rocks are extracted from subsurface mines. (i) State three factors that affect the decision to extract rocks. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest one reason why subsurface mining is more dangerous than surface mining. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Describe the social benefits of rock extraction to local people. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iv) The photograph shows a landscape damaged by rock extraction. State two negative impacts of rock extraction shown in the photograph. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (v) Landscapes damaged by rock extraction can be restored by bioremediation. Describe bioremediation. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Explain why crops grow well on the slopes of Mount Epomeo. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (d) The island experiences earthquakes. (i) Describe what is meant by the Richter scale. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) A disaster plan is a strategy for reducing the impact of an earthquake. State what should be included in a disaster plan. Give four answers. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 4 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 21] The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) M1 magma; 3 M2 (magma) cools; M3 (cooled magma) crystalises / becomes solid / solidifies; 5(a)(ii) granite / basalt / other correctly named igneous rock; 1 5(b)(i) any three from: 3 M1 geology / quality or quantity of ore; M2 accessibility; M3 environmental impact assessment / EIA; M4 demand for ore; M5 availability or cost of workforce; M6 availability or cost of, machinery / extraction; M7 public opinion / idea of opposition from, public / government; M8 idea of some areas are protected / stated example of why an area cannot be mined e.g. presence of endangered species; 5(b)(ii) any one from: 1 M1 risk of, gas build-up / toxic gases / risk of explosions or fire; M2 risk of collapse; M3 risk of flooding; 5(b)(iii) any two or developed ideas from: 2 M1 jobs; M2 improved economy; M3 economic benefit described e.g. more shops / taxation (of mine); M4 improved infrastructure; M5 improved infrastructure described e.g. medical facilities / more roads; 5(b)(iv) any two from: 2 M1 loss of habitat; M2 waste water (produced) / contaminated water; M3 vehicle or machinery emissions / air pollution (from vehicles); M4 noise / soil / visual, pollution; M5 risk of landslide; M6 idea of reduction or use of a non-renewable resource; 5(b)(v) M1 breakdown toxins; 2 M2 using, organisms / bacteria; 5(c) any one from: 1 M1 fertile / nutrient rich, land or soil or slopes; M2 land does not, get flooded or waterlogged / experience drought; 5(d)(i) any two from: 2 M1 a log(arithmic) scale; M2 measures the magnitude (of an earthquake or seismic activity); 5(d)(ii) any four from: 4 how to obtain: M1 food; M2 water; M3 medicines / medical treatment / first aid; a plan for: M4 evacuation; M5 shelters; M6 emergency rescue / rescue teams; M7 early warning / monitoring; M8 drills; M9 design of buildings;