Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2024 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

1 (a) The populations of the five largest cities in Chile in 2022 are shown in the table. city population Santiago 7 200 000 Valparaíso 979 000 Concepción 945 000 La Serena 412 000 Antofagasta 390 832 (i) Calculate the percentage of the total population of Chile that lived in Santiago in 2022. .......................................................% [1] (ii) Calculate the total population of the cities in the table. .......................................................... [1] (b) The graph shows climate data from a weather station in the central region of Chile. Key precipitation temperature 120 30 100 25 80 20 precipitation temperature 60 15 / mm / °C 40 10 20 5 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec month (i) Calculate the annual temperature range at this weather station. ...................................................... °C [1] (ii) Circle the total annual precipitation at this weather station. 120 mm 220 mm 320 mm 420 mm 520 mm [1] (iii) A farmer grows vegetables near the weather station. Explain why there is good crop growth from November to April. Use the climate data to support your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (iv) State three factors that attract young people to migrate to Santiago from rural areas. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (v) State the term used to describe the increase in the number of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) Some people in Santiago live in informal settlements. These are places where people have built homes on land they do not own. (i) Suggest two benefits of living in an informal settlement. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest two negative impacts of living in an informal settlement. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) The population of Santiago is 7 200 000. A report states that 9% of the population of Santiago live in informal settlements. Calculate the number of people in Santiago that live in informal settlements. .......................................................... [1] (d) Santiago is in the central valley, 570 m above sea level. Smog can be a problem in the winter. The diagram shows the causes of smog in Santiago. high pressure cold dry air mountains layer of warmer air mountains smog cold air flows down the sides of the mountains at night (i) Name one type of compound that causes smog. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) State one source of a type of compound that causes smog. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Describe how smog forms in Santiago. Use the diagram to support your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (e) A student reads a report about smog causing air quality to reach dangerous levels. In 2018, the city authorities introduced strategies to reduce the formation of smog. The student investigates improvements in the health of people since 2018. The student considers three methods. method one: • Ask people shopping in the centre of Santiago if their health has improved since 2018. method two: • Give questionnaires to 100 people living in every other house in roads near the centre of Santiago. • Include questions about how long they have lived in the city and their health since 2018. method three: • Randomly select 10 doctors with patients living near the centre of Santiago. • Interview the doctors about the health of their patients since 2018. (i) Suggest two reasons why the student decides not to use method one. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest two ways method three is better than method two. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (f) State two effects of smog on human health. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 28]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) 39; 1 1(a)(ii) 9 926 832; 1 1(b)(i) 14; 1 1(b)(ii) 520; 1 1(b)(iii) any four from: 4 warm / high, temperatures / no frost; low rainfall (Nov to April) AND any two from: no flooding / no waterlogging; crops not washed way; less risk of soil erosion; nutrients not washed away; less risk of salinisation; idea that water available or stored May to October or April to Nov; conditions allow for photosynthesis / carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen; 1(b)(iv) any three from: 3 jobs / higher wages; education; access to, shops / services / health care / entertainment facilities; access to, infrastructure / transport / electricity; family links; 1(b)(v) urbanisation; 1 1(c)(i) any two from: 2 free / low cost, to build; near place of work; low rent / no charge for services / low taxes; 1(c)(ii) any two from: 2 overcrowded / no control on number of people; limited, infrastructure / electricity / running water / piped water supply / sanitation; health risks / diseases spread rapidly; low build quality; houses easily damaged by natural disasters / floods / landslides / tropical storms; illegal / government can remove them / people can be moved on / / land can be sold; risk of crime; 1(c)(iii) 648 000; 1 1(d)(i) volatile organic (compounds) / VOCs; 1 1(d)(ii) industry / vehicles / cleaning products / solvents / factories; 1 1(d)(iii) any three from: 3 (cold) air is warmed and rises; colder air is trapped by, warmer air / temperature inversion; smog / pollutants, trapped (under warmer air or temperature inversion); description of how location creates conditions for temperature inversion e.g. in valley / surrounded by mountains; 1(e)(i) any two from: 2 not representative / no sample size given / no information on how people are selected e.g. random or systematic; time consuming; some people will be, visitors to the city / tourists / not from Santiago / recent residents; some people will be unwilling / too busy, to participate; question is, too broad / non specific; idea of insufficient information on person lifestyle or medical history; 1(e)(ii) any two from: 2 doctors give, an expert opinion / record health conditions / based on real data / not based on opinions / objective data; large sample / many patients; covers larger area of the city; qualitative data / follow up questions can be asked; 1(f) any two from: 2 respiratory diseases / breathing difficulties / wheezing / coughing / sore throat / asthma (attacks) / lung damage; cancer; eye problems / burning eyes; chest pains / pulmonary inflammation / heart attacks / stroke;

2 (a) The table shows the largest producers of copper in 2022. copper country / million tonnes Chile 5.8 Peru 2.4 China 1.6 Democratic Republic 1.2 of Congo (DRC) United States of 1.2 America (USA) (i) Plot a bar chart of the data. [4] (ii) A mining company is considering opening a new copper mine. State three factors that affect the decision to extract minerals such as copper. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) The photograph shows a copper mine in the Atacama Desert in Chile. (i) Describe how rock containing copper is extracted. Use the photograph to support your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) The rock extracted contains 3% copper. This rock is processed near the mine to extract the copper. Suggest one reason why the processing plant is near the mine. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) The waste materials left after the copper is extracted are called tailings. Tailings are a toxic mixture of crushed rock and water. The mixture is taken to tailing ponds near the mine. The diagram shows a tailing pond in the desert near the mine. N mixture of crushed rock and water pumped into pond concrete wall 1 km wide to keep the contents within the tailing pond crushed rock sinks to the bottom of the pond crushed rock dries out as water evaporates Suggest reasons why there are no people living to the north-west of the tailing pond in the diagram. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) Chile has large reserves of lithium. Lithium is used in batteries. (i) In 2021, the global demand for lithium was 389 200 tonnes. Global demand is predicted to rise to 2 150 000 tonnes by 2030. Calculate the percentage increase in the demand for lithium by 2030. .......................................................% [2] (ii) Lithium salts are found in underground deposits. The photograph shows the extraction of lithium salts in the Atacama Desert. Statements A–F describe how lithium is extracted from lithium salts. The statements are not in the correct order. A ground water is pumped to the surface B lithium salts are dissolved in ground water C the water is evaporated by the Sun D lithium salts remain as a white powder E the lithium salts are exported to China for processing F the ground water is put into large ponds Write the letters of statements A–F in the correct order. The first one has been completed. 1 B 2 ............... 3 ............... 4 ............... 5 ............... 6 ............... [3] (d) Suggest two reasons why only a small number of lithium batteries are recycled. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) The fact sheet shows information about flamingos in the Atacama Desert. Flamingos Flamingos live in large groups on lakes in the Atacama Desert near to where lithium salts are extracted. Flamingos feed on shrimp. Shrimp feed on algae. Foxes and wild cats are predators of flamingos. Some lakes in the Atacama Desert are drying up. (i) Use the fact sheet to write a food chain with four trophic levels that includes flamingos. ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Explain why the organism at the first trophic level in a food chain is a producer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Mining and predation decrease the population of flamingos. Suggest three other factors that decrease the population of flamingos. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (f) The Peruvian fox lives in the Atacama Desert. This area has been very dry for millions of years. Explain why Peruvian foxes need to feed as primary consumers, secondary consumers and on dead organisms. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) axes labelled with units on y-axis (copper / million tonnes) AND x-axis (country); 4 sensible linear scale such that data covers at least half the grid; all bars plotted correctly; bars of equal width; 2(a)(ii) any three from: 3 size of deposit / enough copper in mine; quality / grade, of deposit; climate / weather; geology / accessibility / ground stability; environmental impact assessment / EIA; cost of extraction; demand for the ore; government, policy / support; need to relocate people / endangered species; local opinion / protest groups; 2(b)(i) any three from: 3 overburden removed; (rock is removed in) benches / steps / layers; explosives break up the rock; machines / draglines / diggers used (to dig out rock); roads built / trucks or lorries used to transport; 2(b)(ii) reduces the cost (of transport); 1 2(b)(iii) any three from: 3 leaching / toxic chemicals (from tailing pond); contamination of, ground water or soil; stated impact of water or soil pollution e.g. crops cannot be grown; risk of dam breaking; stated impact of dam breaking e.g. flooding; government owns land / zoning laws; 2(c)(i) 2 150 000 – 389 200 or 1 760 800; 2 452 (.42); 2(c)(ii) A→ F → C →D →E 3 5 consecutive letters in correct order = [3] 3-4 consecutive letters in correct order = [2] 2 consecutive letters in correct order = [1] 2(d) any two from: 2 difficult / expensive, to collect or store the batteries; difficult / expensive, to extract lithium (from the batteries); cheaper to mine lithium (than recycle); limited number of recycling points (for batteries); lack of, public awareness / public will; 2(e)(i) algae → shrimp → flamingo → fox or cat; 2 correct direction of arrows for 4 trophic levels; 2(e)(ii) any two from: 2 use energy from the sun; carry out photosynthesis; produce, glucose / sugar; 2(e)(iii) any three from: 3 climate change / global warming; people disturb flamingos / hunting; idea of plastic pollution and stated impact e.g. ingestion or suffocation; construction of, roads / hotels / infrastructure; reduced food sources / disruption of food chain; water pollution / stated example of water pollution; loss of habitat / reduced water supply / lake dries up; disease; 2(f) limited sources of food / eat what is available; 2 idea of adapted (to live on varied diet);

3 (a) The graph shows the number of domestic and international tourists staying in hotels in Chile between 2010 and 2020. Domestic tourists live in Chile. Key domestic tourists international tourists 7.0 6.0 5.0 tourists 4.0 / million people 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 year (i) Describe the trends for domestic tourists shown in the graph. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest three reasons why the government of Chile wants the number of international tourists to increase. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) Many tourists walk on trails in national parks in Chile. Tourists compact the soil as they walk along a trail. This causes the plants on the trail to die. Some tourists walk at the side of the trail. This makes the trail wider. (i) Describe how a tape measure, a quadrat and a ruler are used to investigate the height of plants along one 10 m transect across the trail. tape measure .................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... quadrat .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ruler ................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest three ways to improve this investigation. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Suggest three ways of protecting walking trails from damage by tourists. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) Describe how tourism increases water pollution. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) Ecotourism is popular in Chile. Tick (✓) three boxes that are examples of ecotourism. eating locally produced food eating all meals in a large hotel sunbathing watching birds visiting biosphere reserves visiting zoos visiting cinemas [2] (e) The government of Chile is developing sustainable tourism. Explain what is meant by sustainable tourism. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 22]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) overall increase; 3 fluctuates / goes up and down; specific year trend quote: rapid increase 2013 to 2014 / decreases from 2019; 3(a)(ii) any three from: 3 improve economy or GDP / stated economic benefit of tourists e.g. money from tourist taxes or visas or foreign exchange; improve infrastructure / named example; increase jobs; idea of develops economy from LEDC to MEDC; 3(b)(i) one from each of: 3 tape measure used to measure, the width of the path / the (10 metre) transect; used to identify location of sample quadrat provides fixed sample area / smaller representation of whole area; ruler measure height of, vegetation / plant; 3(b)(ii) any three from: 3 repeat same investigation; more transect lines (on same trail); more quadrats (on same transects); transects on, more / different trails or areas; repeat at different times of the year; 3(b)(iii) any three from: 3 signposted trails; fence off areas / restrict access / closed seasons / limited permits / limit numbers of tourists / designated tracks; restoration / re-seed / re-plant; reinforce paths; educate tourists / awareness signs; employ rangers / monitoring; financial penalties; 3(c) any three from: 3 litter / plastic / waste; stated water pollution from transportation e.g. boats and oil leaks / car emissions and acid rain; sewage pollution; soap / detergent; suncream / sunscreen; 3(d) eating locally produced food 2 watching birds visiting biosphere reserves 3 correct = [2]; 1–2 correct = [1]; 3(e) tourism, can be continued for a long time / meets the needs of present and future generations (of tourists); 2 with limited damage or impact, on the environment / destinations;