Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2020 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 (a) Many older people move to live in Florida. (i) Calculate the number of people aged over 65 living in Florida in 2018. ............................................... million [1] (ii) Suggest two impacts of an increasing number of older people in a population. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The table shows climate data for a weather station in southern Florida. month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average rainfall 52 38 52 52 76 104 90 137 170 125 58 56 / mm average temperature 21 21 23 25 27 28 29 29 28 27 24 22 / °C (i) The range of the monthly average rainfall is the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value. Calculate the range of the monthly average rainfall for this weather station. ................................................... mm [1] (ii) Plot, on the grid, a line graph of average temperature against month. 20 [4] (iii) Use the average temperature data to suggest one impact of climate on energy demand in southern Florida in July and August. Give a reason for your answer. impact on energy demand ................................................................................................. reason ................................................................................................................................ [1] (iv) In one year, the weather station records 249 sunny days out of 365. Explain why the climate of southern Florida is suitable for growing crops such as tomatoes. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) In 2017, Hurricane Irma hit Florida. The map shows some data for Hurricane Irma. Key N direction and category of hurricane category 1 ATLANTIC Florida category 2 OCEAN category 3 and 4 category 5 GULF OF MEXICO maximum storm surge height above normal tide level < 0.6 m 0.6 – 1.2 m 0 100 1.3 – 2.4 m km state boundary The category of hurricane is based on wind speed, as shown in the table. category of hurricane wind speed in km / h 1 119 –153 2 154 –177 3 178 – 208 4 209 – 251 5 ≥ 252 (i) Describe what the map shows about Hurricane Irma. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Florida contains some of the largest deposits of phosphate in the USA. The phosphate is extracted by strip mining. Suggest ways Hurricane Irma affected the extraction and exporting of phosphate from Florida. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (iii) A tourist on holiday in Florida during Hurricane Irma writes about the evacuation. I do not speak English very well. The day before the hurricane, a radio announcement told people sea to evacuate the area, but I didn’t understand it. A local resident explained that I needed to evacuate. I was staying in the Florida Keys islands. There is only one road out of the Florida Keys. road I had never been to Florida before, and I did not know the evacuation route. I followed road signs to an emergency shelter. At the shelter, there was food, fresh water, and a doctor. There was no phone signal in the shelter, so I couldn’t speak road sign to an to my family for four days. However, someone from the local emergency shelter government sent a message to my family that I was safe. Afterwards, some local people had nowhere to go because their homes were destroyed. The government provided temporary housing for these people and gave them food and water. Do you think the strategies for managing the impacts of Hurricane Irma were effective? Use information from the tourist’s writing to support your view. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [6] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) 3.6(21) (million); 1 1(a)(ii) any two from: increased, cost / use of, (health) care; increased (cost of) pensions; younger people need to care for older people / people have more children to care for older people / more (older) dependants; shortage of (working age) workers; increased potential for selling, goods / services, to older people; increased knowledge base; effect on economy with reason e.g. increased economy as, more businesses / more people / more taxes, decreased economy as fewer taxpayers 2 1(b)(i) 132 (mm); 1 1(b)(ii) x-axis fully labelled: month AND y-axis fully labelled with unit: (average) temperature / °C; linear scale such that plots occupy at least half of grid; 8 plots correct; 11 plots correct; 4 1(b)(iii) increase / high / more AND more refrigeration / air conditioning units / fans, used / needed; 1 1(b)(iv) (sun)light all year round; (light needed) to produce food (in plants) / for photosynthesis; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(c)(i) any four descriptive comments but: max 3 about category or direction of hurricane: starts as category 5 (offshore); (with direction of travel) category decreased / category 5 to category 1; reference to distance travelled at stated category, e.g. cat 2 for, 200 km / 450 km over land; hurricane travelled from S / SE OR moved towards N / NW; AVP; max 2 about storm surge size or location: range 0.6–2.4 m; highest in north east / Atlantic Ocean coast; lower storm surge on north west / Gulf of Mexico coast; increased through Atlantic Ocean; AVP; max 1 about wind speed: (with direction of travel) wind speed decreases / wind speeds greater than 252 (km / h); AVP; 4 1(c)(ii) any four from: idea of short-term effect: (extraction or export) reduced / stopped; due to, dust / debris (in air); flooding (of mine); no ships / planes / transport (for export) / roads damaged / blocked; damage to machinery; land damaged OR soil contaminated (after flooding); infrastructure damage, e.g. electricity / communication; idea of long-term effect: idea of, recovery time / reduced demand; water must be pumped away / wastewater must be treated; phosphate entered groundwater (so must be cleaned up) / contaminated water; workers, not safe to work / killed / injured / sick from disease; economic impact, e.g. customers go elsewhere / loss of jobs / less money made as less extracted / loss of profit; Question Answer Marks 1(c)(iii) one mark for minimum of three stated strategies; any five developments from: radio announcement: non-English speakers might not understand message / other method could have been used; early warning system in place; which, reduced loss of life / allowed evacuation; one road: could have caused delays in evacuation; build other, road / means of escape route; road, surrounded by water / could have flooded; shelters: (some tourist / residents) did get to a shelter (so strategy effective); indicate prior disaster prevention planning; signs: (signs have a picture) so easy to understand / help non-English speaking people / ORA; food and water: people less likely to get diseases / don’t eat contaminated food / drink contaminated water; doctor available: people do not need to leave the shelter if they are ill / reduced risk of, injuries / disease; phone signal: build, more / hurricane-proof, phone masts / find other way of getting messages; message home: prevent rescuers searching unnecessarily for people; families knew if people missing; temporary housing: reduces risk of death from, cold / heat; people had a place to live after the hurricane; reduces risk of diseases; AVP; 6

2 (a) A mining company wants to open a new phosphate mine in Florida. The company will take samples from the ground to find out where the most phosphate is located. (i) The diagram shows four different sampling methods, A, B, C and D. N A B C D 0 2 km Key sampling line sampling point The mining company decides to use sampling method B. Suggest reasons why the mining company did not use sampling method A, C or D. A ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... C ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... D ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) The mining company locates a good source of phosphate using sampling method B. The graph shows the price per tonne of phosphate extracted from mines between 2008 and 2018. 450 400 350 300 phosphate price 250 per tonne / USD 200 150 100 50 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 year Use the graph to suggest one reason why the mining company might decide not to extract the phosphate. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) The mining company decides to use a questionnaire to find out people’s views on the new phosphate mine. response question yes no do not know 1. Would you like more employment opportunities in your area? 2. Would you like better infrastructure such as more roads? 3. Would you like more money invested in the local area? Explain why this questionnaire will not give useful data. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iv) Suggest one question the mining company can use to find out people’s views on the new phosphate mine that will give useful data. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (v) The map shows the suggested location of the new phosphate mine. This is near the habitat of an endangered species called the bonneted bat. N 0 0.5 km Key habitat of the land owned by bonneted bat the mining company suggested location of the phosphate mine The local government says the new phosphate mine must be a minimum distance of 1200 m away from the habitat of the bonneted bat. Use the map to determine whether the mining company can mine at the suggested location. Give a reason for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (vi) Vegetation is cleared before strip mining starts. Describe the environmental impacts of clearing vegetation from an area. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (vii) A statement from the mining company says, ‘The current generation of people needs phosphate. We aim to meet the needs of people today whilst also making sure we can still meet the needs of future generations.’ Describe two strategies the company can use to meet this aim. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (viii) Strip mining for phosphate damages landscapes. Two strategies for restoring landscapes are land restoration and land reclamation. Land restoration puts the land back to how it was before mining began. Land reclamation puts the land into beneficial use after mining ends. Suggest why some mining companies prefer land reclamation to land restoration. Give a reason for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Phosphate is a component of fertilisers. The picture shows a bag of fertiliser. The letter P represents the phosphorus in phosphate. N P K 20 : 10 : 5 Suggest what the letters N and K represent. N ........................................................................................................................................ K ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) Explain why some farmers in Florida use fertilisers on their crops. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Suggest reasons why some farmers might not use fertilisers on their crops. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) A farmer in Florida thinks a phosphate mine is contaminating a river that flows through a field of crops. The map shows the mine, the river and the field of crops. N 0 1 km Key phosphate mine field of crops river direction of river flow The farmer collects samples of river water every 500 m between the mine and the field of crops. The samples are tested for phosphate. The farmer records the results in a notebook. 0.5 km distance = 0.52 mg / l distance from mine of 1 km = a phosphate concentration of 0.45 mg / l concentration is 0.39 mg / l at 1.5 km distance 2.0 km away is 0.3 mg / l 2.5 km distance = concentration of 0.24 mg / l (i) Present the farmer’s results in a suitable table. [3] (ii) The farmer decides to collect two samples of river water from the river north of the mine. Suggest how these samples can confirm that the mine is the cause of the phosphate contamination in the river water. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) The farmer is concerned about vehicle emissions from the diesel trucks that transport the phosphate from the mine. Diesel is made from oil. Describe the formation of oil. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) The trucks emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Suggest reasons why the farmer is concerned about carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (v) State three strategies for reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (vi) State why atmospheric pollution is a global concern. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 34]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) A sampling points, are only at one end / are close to each other / don’t cover whole line; C sampling points, not at even distances / randomly spaced; D not enough sampling points; 3 2(a)(ii) price of phosphate has decreased; 1 2(a)(iii) any two from: questions, do not address the questionnaire purpose / are not about the mine; questions, leading / biased / only refer to benefits; not enough questions / not enough data; AVP, e.g. no information on who was questioned or selection method, e.g. age / sex; 2 2(a)(iv) any suitable question about the mine or impact of the mine, e.g.: Are you in favour of a new phosphate mine?; Do you think there is a need for a new phosphate mine?; Would you object to a new phosphate mine?; Do you think the mine will cause pollution?; AVP; 1 2(a)(v) 2.7–3 cm distance measured on map; 1.3–1.5 km, so therefore can mine; 2 2(a)(vi) any two from: removes, habitats / shelter / food source; (so) species, migrate / starve / die; (which leads to) loss of biodiversity / genetic depletion / extinction / disruption of food, chains / webs; correct effect of deforestation, e.g. soil erosion, desertification, reduced soil fertility; AVP; 2 2(a)(vii) any two from: increased efficiency of (phosphate) extraction; recycling (of phosphate rock); education of customers (on how to efficiently use phosphate); 2 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(viii) any two from: land reclamation / ORA: costs less / economic reason; quicker / easier; gives a named beneficial use (for the land), e.g. farming, tourism; 2 2(b)(i) N = nitrogen; K = potassium (ions); 2 2(b)(ii) any two from: adds, nutrients / minerals / ions (to soils); which are needed for plant growth; increases yield; leads to increased profit; 2 2(b)(iii) any two from: concern about, excess / overuse of, fertiliser; leads to nutrient enrichment (of water) / eutrophication / water pollution; want to grow organically; economic reason, e.g. cost of fertiliser; crops are growing well without fertilisers / soil already has nutrients; 2 2(c)(i) table with two columns / rows AND headings (distance, concentration); units: (distance) km AND (concentration of phosphate) mg / l; five sets of results recorded in order of distance; 3 2(c)(ii) (north of mine) concentration of phosphate will be, lower / not contaminated with phosphate / owtte; 1 2(c)(iii) any three from: formed over millions of years; from, dead marine organisms / dead organisms on seabed; (remains of dead organisms) covered in, mud / sand / sediment; temperature / pressure, increased (causes oil to form); 3 Question Answer Marks 2(c)(iv) any two from: carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas; leads to, climate change / enhanced greenhouse effect / global warming / global warming described; effect of climate change. e.g. flooding, drought, forest fires, loss of land, stated effect on crop yield or plant growth; 2 2(c)(v) any three from: carbon capture / carbon storage; transport policies; (international or national or local) agreement / policies / laws / treaties; reduction in reliance on fossil fuels / use renewable resources; have fewer children; switch to a plant-based diet; reforestation / afforestation / decrease deforestation; use (more), energy-efficient devices / energy-efficient cars / electric cars; AVP, e.g. switch to renewable supplies, turn off appliances, improve building design, tax fossil fuels; 3 2(c)(vi) no borders (in the atmosphere) / idea that if neighbouring country is polluting, then this will reach other countries / atmospheric circulation or wind patterns / idea of point of no return to act; 1

3 (a) The fact sheet shows information about the Everglades. The Everglades The Everglades is an area of sub-tropical wetlands in the south of Florida. The ecosystem has marshes, fresh water ponds and lakes, rivers and islands. This ecosystem is under threat. There are over 2500 km of canals in the Everglades. People have been building canals here for over 100 years. In 1900, the area of the Everglades was 10 360 km2. In 2018, the area had decreased by 50%. There are many endangered species in the Everglades. (i) Calculate the area of the Everglades in 2018. .................................................... km2 [1] (ii) Suggest reasons for the decrease in size of the wetlands in the Everglades. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Part of the Everglades is a national park. Suggest other ways the Everglades can be protected. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The Everglades is the only place on Earth where crocodiles and alligators live in the same wild habitat. alligator The American crocodile is an endangered species. The American alligator is not an endangered species. Alligators and crocodiles look very similar. Suggest why the American alligator is protected even though it is not an endangered species. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (c) (i) A food chain for organisms in the Everglades is shown. orchid plant mosquito frog racoon crocodile Name the producer in this food chain. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Mosquitoes are found in Florida, but Florida is malaria-free. This means the malaria disease is not found in Florida. Describe strategies used to make an area malaria-free. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) The Brazilian pepper plant is a threat to the Everglades ecosystem. It is a plant species that is not native to Florida. It is estimated that 3% of the Everglades is covered by the Brazilian pepper plant. (i) Suggest reasons why the introduction of a species that is not native to Florida, such as the Brazilian pepper plant, is a serious problem. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 5180 (km2); 1 3(a)(ii) any two from: building of canals; disruption of water-flow (due to human activities); drainage (of wetlands); urbanisation, e.g. road construction, water supply, infrastructure, homes; (intensive) agricultural (practices); climate change / global warming; mining / raw materials; 2 Question Answer Marks 3(a)(iii) any two from: sustainable tourism / ecotourism / limit tourism; water conservation area; limit, storm / run-off; educate people / raise awareness, about the area; restrict activities, e.g. ban, hunting / cutting down trees / grazing / canal building; fines (for illegal activity); (make the non-national park area into) wildlife reserve / corridor / extractive reserve / (world) biosphere reserve / buffer zone; AVP; 2 3(b) can’t tell them apart / might kill a crocodile by mistake; 1 3(c)(i) orchid (plant); 1 3(c)(ii) any three from: vector control; (mosquitoes killed by spraying with) insecticide; sterilise male mosquito; removal of, stagnant water / breeding grounds; cover wells / use sloping roof buildings; place oil on water; biological control; antimalarial drugs to protect people; (prevent bites by using) repellent / nets; 3 3(d)(i) any two from: out-competes native species / uses up resources; disrupts, food chains / food webs / biodiversity; no (native) consumer; needs to be cleared; 2 3(d)(ii) limitation: can only record plants that are large enough to be seen (from the air) / can’t fly if weather is poor / expensive / difficult to identify different species (from a distance); advantage: covers large areas / quick / covers all terrains; 2 Question Answer Marks 3(d)(iii) any five from: use transect OR a grid (to determine the location of the quadrats); transect: systematic / regular intervals, e.g. at every 5 m, take 10–25 readings OR grid: random; size of quadrat 1 m × 1 m; estimate the percentage or coverage of pepper plants (in the quadrat); record results in a suitable format, e.g. table or tally or chart; repeat AND take an average; calculate the (average) percentage or coverage per quadrat; determine percentage coverage per m2; 5 3(d)(iv) any two from: native / other, plants and animals also burnt; kills endangered species; danger of causing a wildfire / idea of fire getting out of control; causes, atmospheric pollution / increase in carbon dioxide concentrations; leads to, global warming / named effect; damages, settlements / farming land / national park; (possibility of causing) respiratory illness / difficulty in breathing / named effect, e.g. asthma; 2