Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2019 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 (a) The map shows how some of the land in Iceland is used. N 0 20 km Key land use arable agriculture pastoral agriculture permanent ice and snow unused land fishing port and processing centre capital city town road airport (i) Use the map to suggest reasons why 80% of the island is uninhabited. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Estimate the population of the capital city of Iceland. .......................................................... [1] (iii) The diagram shows the population pyramid for Iceland in 2016. male Iceland - 2016 female 100 + 95 – 99 90 – 94 85 – 89 80 – 84 75 – 79 70 – 74 65 – 69 60 – 64 55 – 59 50 – 54 45 – 49 40 – 44 35 – 39 30 – 34 25 – 29 20 – 24 15 – 19 10 – 14 5 – 9 0 – 4 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 population / thousands age group population / thousands Describe the age distribution of Iceland’s population in 2016. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) The population of Iceland is expected to increase. Migration into the country is one reason for this. State two factors affecting migration. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (b) The graph shows climate data for a weather station near the capital city of Iceland. 14 130 12 120 10 110 8 100 average average monthly 6 90 monthly temperature precipitation / °C 4 80 / mm 2 70 0 60 –2 50 –4 40 –6 30 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec month Key minimum average monthly temperature / °C maximum average monthly temperature / °C average monthly precipitation / mm (i) The table shows the climate data for November. average monthly average monthly average monthly month minimum temperature maximum temperature precipitation / °C / °C / mm November –1.2 3.4 72 Complete the graph using the climate data for November. [2] (ii) Using information from the graph, explain why there is limited crop production in Iceland. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) Iceland imports a large number of bananas each year. It is possible to grow bananas in greenhouses in Iceland. The greenhouses need artificial lighting because there are only 5 hours of daylight during the winter months. It takes 1.5 to 2 years to produce a crop from each banana plant in Iceland compared with a few months in tropical countries. (i) Suggest reasons why Iceland does not export bananas to other countries to sell. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) A controlled environment, such as a greenhouse, is one way to increase agricultural yields. Describe two other techniques to improve agricultural yields. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Geothermal power is used to heat greenhouses and to generate electricity in Iceland. The diagram shows how geothermally heated ground water is used to generate electricity. homes and businesses cooling tower steam turbine generator steam cold water hot water cracks in rock (i) Use the diagram to describe how geothermally heated ground water is used to generate electricity. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Geothermal power is a renewable energy resource. State one other renewable energy resource. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) ‘Using geothermal power for electricity generation is less harmful to the environment than using fossil fuels.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (e) The pie chart shows the percentage electricity consumption for different sectors in Iceland for 2013. Key sector aluminium industry public services ferrosilicon industry residential agricultural and fishing industries (i) Determine the total percentage electricity consumption for all the sectors of industry in Iceland. .......................................................% [1] (ii) The agricultural and fishing industries have the lowest percentage electricity consumption for the industry sector. Suggest reasons why this information cannot be used to predict the economic importance of these two industries. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (f) A company wants to expand the aluminium industry in Iceland by building a new aluminium smelter. The smelter requires a large supply of fresh water and electricity. The map shows a proposed location, A, for the smelter near the east coast of Iceland. N A lake 0 10 km Key road port A proposed location of the smelter town (i) Estimate the distance by road from the port to the proposed location of the smelter. ..................................................... km [1] (ii) Suggest how the new smelter could be supplied with the fresh water it needs. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Explain why an environmental impact assessment is needed before the smelter can be built. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iv) The company decided to use a questionnaire to find out people’s views on expanding the aluminium industry. Part of the questionnaire is shown. percentage response yes no do not know 1. Would you like more employment 63 23 14opportunities in Iceland? 2. Are you in favour of Iceland becoming a 75 15 10wealthier country? 3. Do you think Iceland should rely mainly 36 52 12on fishing and tourism for its economy? The company used information from the questionnaire to conclude that people did not object to expanding the aluminium industry in Iceland. Do you agree with their conclusion? Give reasons for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (v) The company selected people who work in the aluminium industry in Iceland to complete the questionnaire. Suggest two limitations of this sampling method. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (g) Fluorides are gaseous chemicals produced during the smelting of aluminium. A cattle farmer living near an aluminium smelter is concerned about the level of fluorides in the crops that the cattle eat. The farmer tests samples of the crops at different distances from the aluminium smelter. The farmer records the results in a notebook. sample A was 50m from the smelter and the level of fluoride was 21mg/kg sampleBwas500m=11offluoride sampleC=5kmandtheleveloffluoridewas9mg/kg (i) Present the results in a suitable table. [3] (ii) The permitted safe level of fluorides in crops for cattle is 30 mg / kg. Is the farmer right to be concerned about the level of fluorides in the crops? Give a reason for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 43]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) any three from: no roads through the centre / limited transport / only one airport; central area is an area, with unused land / that has no useable land; (central area has) glaciers / permanent ice / snow; coastal areas have, fishing ports / towns; coastal areas used for, farming / grazing / agriculture; people live where food can be, grown / produced; (most of the) land is infertile / can’t be used for, farming / grazing / agriculture; climate is not suitable / too extreme; 3 1(a)(ii) allow answer within range 167 000–168 000; 1 1(a)(iii) any three from: comparison of males and females, e.g. more female than male from 70 / very little difference in male and female / more males born than females; high percentage, young (dependents) / quoted data, e.g. 0–29; over half / most, of the population, between 15–64 / quoted data; 25–54 highest total percentage / quoted data, e.g. age group with largest number is, 20–25 / 25–29 / 20–29; numbers decrease from 60–64 / decrease after 60 or 65 / ORA; quoted data for one bar, e.g. 0–4 almost 12 000 males whereas fewer than 12 000 females; 3 1(a)(iv) any two from: conflict / refugees; economic / employment; family; idea of wanting a change or wanting the ‘Icelandic’ way of life / wanting better living conditions; natural disasters or named natural disaster, e.g. famine / drought / tectonic activity; education; 2 1(b)(i) 3.4 °C max temperature plotted –1.2 °C min temperature plotted 72 mm precipitation plotted as bar AND shading matches key AND width of bar matches other bars all 3 correct = [2] 2 correct = [1] 2 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(ii) max two information from: cold or low temperatures / quoted temperature data; (in summer) low precipitation levels / quoted precipitation data; max two explanations that link to information from: ground frozen; crops, die / damaged / will not grow / slow to mature / inadequate seed development (at low temperatures); low rate of photosynthesis or respiration; short growing season; soil, water-logged / prone to drought; 3 1(c)(i) any three from: takes too long to, grow / produce (bananas); can’t be grown outdoors / have to be grown in greenhouses; greenhouses (need artificial lighting or heating so) large amount of energy; cost a lot to grow / cannot be competitively priced; no surplus to sell / large number imported / quantity grown is small; 3 1(c)(ii) any two from: (crop) rotation; fertilisers; (improved) irrigation; insect control / use of insecticide; weed control / use of herbicide; fungi control / use of fungicide; mechanisation; selective breeding (of animals or plants); genetically modified (GM), organisms / crops; 2 1(d)(i) any four from: idea of use of hot (ground)water from rock cracks / hot water from volcanic areas / hot water from rocks that contain (decaying) radioactive elements; hot water turns to steam; steam, turns / drives / moves / runs a turbine; turbine, turns / drives / moves / runs a generator (which produces electricity); cold water forced into rocks or underground / hot water cooled (in cooling tower) is returned to rocks; 4 Question Answer Marks 1(d)(ii) biofuel / bioethanol / biogas / biomass / wood / hydro-electric / tidal / wave / solar / wind; 1 1(d)(iii) any four from: agree with statement because: (geothermal) does not produce, carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases / named greenhouse gas (at point of use); does not contribute to, global warming / (enhanced) greenhouse effect / climate change; does not produce, sulfur dioxide / SOx / NOx (at point of use); does not contribute to acid rain; renewable energy resource / no raw materials used / only water used; stated impact of climate change, e.g. melting ice caps, sea level rise, extreme weather, disruption of habitats; stated impact of acid rain, e.g. acidification of lakes, defoliation, rock weathering; disagree with statement because: rocks (may) need to be, cracked / fractured; geothermal can only be used in certain areas; (technology for) geothermal power station is expensive (to set up); 4 1(e)(i) allow answer within range 82–83; 1 1(e)(ii) any two from: (graph doesn’t give information on) production and export / (economic) income and output / profits / value of goods; other industries use more or less electricity but make more or less money (from goods); (graph doesn’t give information on) size of industry / number of people employed; (graph doesn’t give information on) fuel used in, agriculture / fishing; 2 1(f)(i) allow answer within range 32–38; 1 1(f)(ii) any one from: from, lake / river; desalination; build a dam; pipeline; ground water / bore hole / artesian well; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(f)(iii) any two from: example of how the smelter might affect the local environment, e.g. loss of biodiversity / loss of habitat / how to obtain freshwater / effect on lake; to find out people’s view; named safeguards in place whilst being built, e.g. infrastructure planning / suitable area to put electricity supply or pylons; named safeguards in place once operating, e.g. maximum output / emissions standards / waste management; legal requirement (to have an EIA); remediation on closure / end of life plan; 2 1(f)(iv) any two from: no because, there are no questions directly about expanding the aluminium industry; the questions are leading or biased; the questions are not clear; yes because, the ‘no’ responses are low OR high response yes, for questions 1 or 2 (employment / wealth); high response ‘no’ to question 3 (relying on fishing and tourism) / ORA; 2 1(f)(v) any two from: did not use, random or systematic sampling / only asked aluminium workers / not representative of population; the people asked have a vested interest in the industry expanding / people were biased; no information on the number of people questioned / response rate may be low; 2 1(g)(i) table drawn with, column / row headings; units correct (m for distance AND mg / kg or mg per kg for fluoride); 3 sets of data recorded correctly; 3 1(g)(ii) no AND maximum crop level is 21 (mg / kg), which is below the safe level of 30 (mg / kg); 1

2 (a) Iceland is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary. The two plates, the North American plate and the Eurasian plate, are slowly moving apart. This means Iceland becomes bigger every year, as the plates move apart and magma fills the middle of the island. The map shows the plates, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the location of Iceland’s major volcanoes. N NORTHNORTH AMERICANAMERICAN EURASIANEURASIAN PLATEPLATE PLATEPLATE EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull volcanovolcano 0 20 SurtseySurtsey km islandisland Key capital city airport major volcano Mid-Atlantic Ridge (i) Mark with an X on the map where the youngest rocks are located on Iceland. [1] (ii) State the type of plate boundary that occurs in Iceland. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Use the map to describe the distribution of major volcanoes in Iceland. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Surtsey island is an island nature reserve off the southern coast of Iceland. The island and coastline are protected from the impact of humans by a marine buffer zone. No one is allowed onto the island and boats are not allowed to enter the marine buffer zone. Suggest two reasons why the marine buffer zone might not be enough to protect Surtsey island from the impact of humans. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) In April 2010, Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in the south of Iceland. The eruption continued for 6 weeks. A large ash cloud spread across Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean and the European mainland. The ash cloud disrupted air traffic all around the world and approximately 100 000 flights were cancelled. The ash fall caused considerable damage to farmland used for crops and grazing animals. The volcano is under a glacier and the eruption caused rapid melting of snow and ice. This resulted in flooding of river valleys, which also damaged farmland. (i) Discuss how this volcanic eruption affected Iceland. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) The volcanic explosivity index, VEI, is a measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. A VEI value of 0 is the least explosive and a VEI value of 8 is the most explosive. The graph shows the VEI value for some eruptions around the world. 4000 3000 number of eruptions 2000 1000 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 volcanic explosivity index, VEI Describe what the graph shows about these volcanic eruptions. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) The table compares two volcanic eruptions, in 2010. volcanic eruption A B country Indonesia Iceland location Mount Merapi Eyjafjallajökull number of deaths 353 0 VEI value 4 4 economic status of country LEDC MEDC Suggest reasons why the number of deaths from the Mount Merapi eruption was higher than the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (iv) Suggest reasons why people live near active volcanoes, even though they know the volcano may erupt again. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 19]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) allow X marked anywhere on, Mid-Atlantic Ridge / shaded area; 1 2(a)(ii) constructive; 1 2(a)(iii) any two from: mainly on the (Mid-Atlantic) Ridge; one, on ridge of south coast / in sea / on a (separate) island; three not on ridge / seven on ridge; larger number in south; none (on ridge) near, capital city / Reykjavik / airport; 2 2(b) any two from: people could ignore, the rules / buffer zone; water pollution can enter the buffer zone; air pollution can enter the buffer zone; lack of, surveillance / patrols / security (protecting buffer zones); no fines or punishment for entering buffer zone; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(c)(i) any four from: explanation of how ash in air created air pollution: ash caused, air pollution / acid rain / reduced visibility; examples of effect on farming: ash means, animals can’t graze / nothing for animals to eat; ash means plants can’t grow; ash blocks out light or plants can’t photosynthesis; examples of damage caused by the rapid melting of snow, leading to flooding: flooding caused waterlogged soil; flooding washed crops or soil away; flooding washed roads away; flooding means harvest will fail or be poor; people / animals, have to be moved; flooding will improve soil fertility due to silting in long term; examples of effect on health: ash causes breathing problems; lack of food for humans or animals, as crops fail; examples of economic impact: ash disrupted travel causing loss of, business / income / tourism; increased costs of, rescue / medical expenses / food; loss of, income / livelihood for farmers; damage to, homes / properties / infrastructure; 4 2(c)(ii) any two from: lots of low VEI eruptions / VEI 2 has most eruptions; more low VEI than high VEI / as VEI increases frequency decreases / ORA; no VEI 8 or VEI 1 or VEI 0 shown; quoted data, e.g. VEI 7 has least number of eruptions; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(c)(iii) any four from: more people live in Indonesia / more densely populated areas / more dispersed population; (eruption occurred at) different time of day; Indonesia or LEDC, doesn’t have money to spend on disaster preparation / different (economic) priorities (on how to spend money) / has poor infrastructure / ORA; in Iceland (more) efficient, monitoring / prediction; early warning (systems); land use zoning; Iceland disaster preparation: education (on what to do during an eruption); disaster plan; drills; emergency supplies / provision of, water / shelter / food / medical supplies; (trained) rescue (teams); evacuation (procedure); 4 2(c)(iv) any three from: nowhere else to go; economic / financial, constraint; family or ancestral ties / tradition(al way of life); good early warning systems / enough time to evacuate; good, prediction or monitoring systems; mineral wealth; (employment in) tourism; fertile land / soil rich in nutrients / employment in agriculture; geothermal energy or power / ready supply of energy; scientific research / science; 3

3 (a) There are very few trees or forests in Iceland as a result of deforestation. (i) One impact of deforestation is climate change. Explain how forests are involved in both carbon capture and carbon storage. carbon capture .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... carbon storage .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Deforestation may lead to soil erosion. State two other human activities that can lead to soil erosion. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (iii) Describe the impacts of soil erosion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) The Alaskan lupine plant was introduced into Iceland in the 1960s. The fact sheet shows some information about the Alaskan lupine plant. Fact sheet about the Alaskan lupine plant The Alaskan lupine plant grows well in Iceland’s cold climate. It has a wide‑spreading root structure. The Alaskan lupine plant puts nitrogen compounds back into the soil. The Alaskan lupine is planted in areas where soil erosion has occurred. It is used by some people for making a herbal drink to use as medicine. The Alaskan lupine plant grows 40 to 60 cm high and has a spread of 25 to 30 cm wide. The tall lupines create a shady canopy over shorter native plants (plants that grow naturally in Iceland). The Alaskan lupine plant has a bitter taste compared to many native plants and is not eaten by sheep and goats. They prefer to graze on the sweeter tasting native plants. Explain the benefits and possible negative impacts of introducing the Alaskan lupine plant to Iceland. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) any one from carbon capture: carbon absorption by photosynthesis / use of carbon dioxide to make glucose or in photosynthesis; photosynthesis equation, e.g. carbon dioxide + water Æ glucose + oxygen; growing forests act as sinks / idea of CO2 or carbon ‘locked’ or sequested in the younger trees; any one from carbon storage: mature forests or older trees store carbon (in trunks); trees live for many years / idea of long-term storage of carbon; 2 3(a)(ii) any two from: over cultivation; overgrazing; trampling; AVP, e.g. poor irrigation / poor waste-water disposal / construction of dams or reservoirs / mining / road construction / building homes / logging machinery / urbanisation ;; 2 3(a)(iii) any three impacts from: loss of habitats; loss of biodiversity / reduction in plant or animal populations; leaching / infertile soil; desertification; plants cannot grow / crop failure; livestock death / livestock can’t graze or feed; silting of rivers; flooding; displacement of people; food shortages / malnutrition / famine; salinisation; 3 Question Answer Marks 3(b) both benefits and negative impacts must be covered for maximum credit: maximum three from, benefits: (Alaskan lupine plant) reduces soil erosion / (root structure) binds soil / (root structure) creates an anchor; (returns nitrogen to soils which) improves soil, quality / fertility / structure; improves crop yield; has economic benefit (as can be used as a medicine or has other uses); maximum three from, negative impacts: (Alaskan lupine plant) competes with native plants; native plants do not grow well in shade (of lupine) / lupines block sunlight or reduce photosynthesis (of native plants); lupine is not controlled by grazing (as bitter taste); reduction in land available for grazing (as grazing animals do not eat lupin); cannot be used to feed sheep or goats or animals / grazing animals may go hungry (as cannot be grazed on lupin grown land) / grazing animals feed on native plants; 4 3(c)(i) any three from: use a transect or description of transect, e.g. length of string or tape measure in a straight line; (transect) placed at random or systematically in the field / or known compass bearing / or known starting point; count all the plants, along the transect / or at regular intervals; record results in a suitable format, e.g. table or tally (chart); repeat the transect / repeat in different positions in same field; calculate the average number of plants and scale for whole field; 3 3(c)(ii) any two from: temperature (of air or soil); pH (of soil); light (intensity); moisture (content of soil); humidity; oxygen; carbon dioxide; salinity; 2 3(c)(iii) determine (average) number of lupine per m2 or per unit area; multiply by stated area of Iceland / multiply by stated unit of area of Iceland, e.g. km2, m2; 2