Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2019 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 1

1 (a) (i) Calculate the area of land that is uninhabited in Iceland. ....................................................km2 [1] (ii) Calculate the number of tourists that visited Iceland in 2017. .......................................................... [1] (b) The map shows the population density of Iceland. N 0 20 km Key people per km2 0 1 – 25 26 – 250 > 250 (i) Describe the population density of Iceland. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) The table and divided bar chart show the percentage age distribution for the population of Iceland in 2017. age range percentage population under 15 years old 20 between 15 and 65 years old 67 over 65 years old 13 0 20 40 60 80 100 percentage population Key age range under 15 years old between 15 and 65 years old over 65 years old Complete the key and the divided bar chart. [2] (iii) State two factors that affect death rate. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (c) The table shows climate data for a weather station near the capital city of Iceland. average monthly average monthly average number month minimum temperature maximum temperature of days with / °C / °C precipitation January –3.0 1.9 13 February –2.1 2.8 13 March –2.0 3.2 14 April 0.4 5.7 12 May 3.6 9.4 10 June 6.7 11.7 11 July 8.3 13.3 10 August 7.9 13.0 12 September 5.0 10.1 12 October 2.2 6.8 15 November –1.3 3.4 13 December –2.8 2.2 14 (i) Identify the month with the highest average number of days with precipitation. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) The range for the monthly temperature is the difference between the maximum and minimum value. Calculate the temperature range for November. ......................................................°C [1] (iii) Suggest the problems the climate of Iceland causes for growing crops. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) The people of Iceland eat more bananas than people in many other countries. The bananas are grown in greenhouses heated using geothermal power. (i) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis. .................................... + .................................... glucose + oxygen [1] (ii) The average number of hours of daylight in Iceland for January is 5.4 hours and for June it is 20.5 hours. Explain why artificial lighting is used in greenhouses for part of the year. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) Geothermal power is also used to generate electricity. An engineer described the process of generating electricity by geothermal power with this list of statements. A steam is produced B water is heated C steam turns a turbine D a generator produces electricity E a turbine drives a generator The engineer has written the correct statements but they are presented in the wrong order. (i) Using letters A to E, complete the boxes to show the correct order of statements that describe generating electricity by geothermal power. One has been done for you. D ................... ................... ................... ................... [2] (ii) Explain the advantages of using geothermal power compared with fossil fuels for electricity generation. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) State one other energy resource used to generate electricity, other than geothermal energy or fossil fuels. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (f) The pie chart shows the percentage electricity consumption for different sectors in Iceland for 2013. Key sector aluminium industry public services ferrosilicon industry other industry, including fishing residential (i) Determine the total percentage electricity consumption for the ferrosilicon and aluminium industries. .......................................................% [1] (ii) The fishing industry accounts for 40% of Iceland’s exports. Suggest why the fishing industry only has a low percentage electricity consumption. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (g) A company wants to expand the aluminium industry in Iceland by building a new aluminium smelter. The smelter requires a large supply of fresh water and electricity. The map shows a proposed location, A, for the smelter near the east coast of Iceland. N A lake Key road 0 10 A proposed location of smelter km town (i) Suggest two reasons why the proposed location might be suitable for this smelter. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) The company decided to use a questionnaire to find out people’s views on expanding the aluminium industry. Part of the questionnaire is shown. yes no do not know 1. Do you think expanding the aluminium industry will create more jobs for local people? 2. Do you think the new smelter will improve transport links in the local area? Suggest two other suitable questions the company could use to find out people’s views on expanding the aluminium industry in Iceland. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) The company who want to expand the aluminium industry in Iceland are based in China. The people selected to complete the questionnaire work for the company and live in China. Suggest three limitations of this sampling method. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) Fluorides are gaseous chemicals produced during the smelting of aluminium. A farmer living near an aluminium smelter is concerned about the level of fluorides in the farm’s crops. The farmer tests samples of the crops at different distances from the aluminium smelter, as shown in the diagram. farmland aluminium 50 m 500 m 5000 m smelter (not to scale) Key aluminium smelter sample point farmland boundary The table shows the results. distance from aluminium smelter level of fluorides in the crop sample / m / mg per kg 50 29 500 13 5000 6 Suggest why the level of fluorides in the crops was higher at 50 m from the aluminium smelter than at 5000 m. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (v) The farmer uses the crops to feed cattle and goats. The table shows the permitted safe levels of fluorides in crops for cattle and goats. animal safe level of fluorides in the crop sample / mg per kg cattle 30 goats 50 Is it safe for the farmer to let the goats eat the crops? Give a reason for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (h) (i) Bauxite, the ore from which aluminium is obtained, is imported into Iceland. Bauxite is extracted by surface mining. Surface mines often cover a large area of land. State two impacts of surface mining. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Other than environmental impacts, suggest why bauxite might not be extracted from an area, even if there is a large deposit of accessible ore available. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Describe how the landscape can be restored after a surface mine closes. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 41]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) 82 400; 1 1(a)(ii) 1 511 451; 1 1(b)(i) any three from: some areas / glaciers, have no people; most of island AND has low population density (1–25 people per km2); high density around, Reykjavik / capital city; high density around towns; high density areas are around, the coast / the roads; 3 1(b)(ii) line plotted at 87; key completed AND bars match key; 2 1(b)(iii) any two from: health care / disease; access to clean water / sanitation; economy of the, country / individual; diet / availability of food; conflict; (named) natural disasters; 2 1(c)(i) October; 1 1(c)(ii) 4.7; 1 1(c)(iii) any three from: low temperature, throughout the year / all year / most months; ground / crops, may freeze (in some months); high number of precipitation (days); snow / ice, melt may cause, flooding / water logging; short growing-season / growth between April to October; (because) higher temperatures / more daylight hours; 3 Question Answer Marks 1(d)(i) carbon dioxide AND water; 1 1(d)(ii) any two from: light (energy) needed for, photosynthesis / for plants to grow; not enough hours of light for, part of the year / in winter; plants, grow faster / reach maturity faster; 2 1(e)(i) B A C E D (given) ;; 4 correct [2] 2–3 correct [1] 2 1(e)(ii) any three from: (geothermal) does not produce, carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases (at point of use); does not contribute to, global warming / (enhanced) greenhouse effect / climate change; does not produce, sulfur dioxide / SOx / NOx (at point of use); does not contribute to acid rain; renewable (energy resource) / will not run out / has unlimited supply; hot water (from rocks) can be used for other purposes (other than electricity); 3 1(e)(iii) biofuel / bioethanol / biogas / biomass / wood / hydro-electric / tidal / wave / solar / wind / nuclear; 1 1(f)(i) allow answer within range 75–80; 1 1(f)(ii) any one from: electricity not used from grid or generated on land; boats do not use (much) electricity; boats use engines or fuel (rather than mains electricity); only small amount of electricity is used to handle nets; Iceland is cold enough not to use (much) refrigeration; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(g)(i) any two from: supply of (fresh) water (from lake / river); water can be used, for HEP / to generate electricity; transport / roads / easy to get to and from; town could supply workers; 2 1(g)(ii) any two suitable questions related to expanding the aluminium industry written in a similar style, e.g. Do you think the smelter / aluminium industry, will impact on the environment? Do you think the smelter / aluminium industry, will impact on people? Do you think the smelter / aluminium industry, will affect agriculture? Do you think the smelter / aluminium industry, will affect tourism? Do you think the location is suitable for the smelter? Are you in favour of the smelter / the aluminium industry? 2 1(g)(iii) any three from: sampled people do not live in Iceland; the people are not familiar with Iceland; biased / have vested interest; did not use random or systematic sampling / not representative of population / only asked, workers / people living in China; 3 1(g)(iv) (because 50 m sample is) closest sample point to smelter; 1 1(g)(v) yes AND safe level for goats is 50 mg per kg, which is above crop level of 29 mg per kg; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(h)(i) any two from: loss of habitat / loss of biodiversity; noise pollution; water pollution; land pollution; air pollution; visual pollution; waste disposal; employment opportunities; improvements in local or national economy; improvements in facilities and infrastructure; 2 1(h)(ii) any two from: limited demand / supply too great; (so) price of aluminium falls; (so) not economical to extract / company would not profit; licences / permits, needed to extract / local laws; 2 1(h)(iii) any three from: filling in the hole with, waste / overburden; topsoil added; soil improvement, e.g. add fertiliser; bioremediation (to remove pollutants); vegetation planted / tree planting / make into a nature reserve; water can be used to fill hole / make into a reservoir or lake; 3

2 Iceland is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary. (a) The map shows the plates, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the location of Iceland’s major volcanoes. N NORTHNORTH AMERICANAMERICAN EURASIANEURASIAN PLATEPLATE PLATEPLATE EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull volcanovolcano 0 20 SurtseySurtsey km islandisland Key capital city airport major volcano Mid-Atlantic Ridge (i) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a constructive plate boundary. Draw arrows in the boxes on the diagram to show the direction of plate movement. [1] (ii) Surtsey is a volcanic island off the southern coast of Iceland. It was formed by an underwater volcanic eruption that started in 1963 and ended in 1967. Explain how volcanic eruptions can form new islands. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Surtsey island was declared a nature reserve in 1965. The island and surrounding sea is a protected area. Only scientists are allowed to visit the island. Scientists study the colonisation of the island by plants and animals. Colonisation is the process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas. Suggest reasons why Surtsey island is a good place to study colonisation. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) In April 2010, Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in the south of Iceland. The eruption continued for 6 weeks. The ash from the eruption contained fine particles and larger solids. The diagram shows a sample of ash from the ash cloud. 1 cm The map shows the extent of the ash cloud 6 days after the eruption started. N IcelandIceland Atlantic Ocean 0 1000 km Key Eyjafjallajökull volcano ash cloud Explain why the eruption caused widespread disruption to air travel, with over 100 000 flights cancelled. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (c) Iceland experiences a major volcanic eruption approximately every 5 years. (i) The table shows the number of deaths due to volcanic activity in Iceland for 9 eruptions. volcano number of deaths year of eruption Oraefajökull 200 1362 Laki 10 000 1783 Eldfell 1 1973 Grimsvötn 0 1983 Hekla 0 2000 Grimsvötn 0 2004 Eyjafjallajökull 0 2010 Grimsvötn 0 2011 Bardarbunga 0 2015 How successful is Iceland’s management of the impact of volcanic activity on loss of life? Give a reason for your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe the opportunities presented by living near a volcano. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) Sulfur dioxide is emitted when volcanoes erupt. Describe how sulfur dioxide can cause environmental pollution. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] [Total: 18]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) two arrows drawn moving apart; 1 2(a)(ii) any two from: magma rises; lava flows out (onto sea floor); lava, solidifies / is cooled (by the water); (solid) rock, builds-up / forms an island; 2 2(a)(iii) any three from: people not allowed to visit / it’s a protected area / people don’t live there; no species are introduced by people / only natural colonisation; (isolated as) surrounded by sea / protected marine area / buffer zone; started from bare rock / no species on the island when it formed; 3 2(b) any four from: reduced visibility for flying; damage planes (engines); dangerous to fly; air in planes could, become a health risk / aggravate lungs / aggravate asthma; affects many countries / wind carries ash cloud (long distances); (eruption) went on for a long time; 4 2(c)(i) successful AND no deaths in modern times; 1 2(c)(ii) any three from: mining industry / extraction of minerals, e.g. sulfur / employment in mining; geothermal energy; tourism / employment in tourism; fertile soil (for growing crops) / employment in agriculture; high(er), yields / incomes for farmers; scientific research; 3 Question Answer Marks 2(d) any four from: winds carry this long distances; SO2 dissolves or reacts with water; (forms) acid rain / precipitates out in rain; lower pH (of rain / lakes / rivers / groundwater / soil) / forms sulfurous acid / sulfuric acid; kills aquatic life; kills or reduces growth of, trees / crops / plants / vegetation / defoliation; erodes rock; 4

3 (a) The photograph shows an area of Iceland that has become deforested. (i) Explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) One strategy to reduce soil erosion is to improve the soil structure by planting vegetation and maintaining forests. Describe two other strategies to reduce soil erosion. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Deforestation can also result in loss of biodiversity. Describe strategies for conserving the biodiversity of natural ecosystems. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) The fact sheet shows some information about the Alaskan lupine plant. Fact sheet about the Alaskan lupine plant The Alaskan lupine plant has been introduced into deforested areas of Iceland to improve soil structure. Many deforested areas of Iceland now have plants growing on them, which has helped to reduce road closures due to dust storms. The Alaskan lupine plant has grown quickly in Iceland and out‑competes many native plants (plants that grow naturally in Iceland). The Alaskan lupine plant has a bitter taste compared to many native plants and is not eaten by sheep and goats. They prefer to graze on the sweeter tasting native plants. ‘Introducing the Alaskan lupine plant to Iceland has been a great success.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) any three from: removal of trees, exposes soil / bare soil; tree roots, bind / act as anchor for soil; (soil is easily) washed away by rainfall / increased surface run-off; (soil) blown away by wind; forest canopy, protects soil / allows interception; 3 3(a)(ii) any two from: terracing hillsides into steps removes slopes and prevents run off, a bank stops soil being washed away; contour ploughing (around slope instead of up and down) slows down run off and helps retain soil (on slopes); bunds create a barrier (out of soil / stones) to prevent soil being washed or blown away; wind breaks using, hedges / trees / walls can, prevent / slow soil being blown away; addition of organic matter gives better soil structure, improving water infiltration and preventing soil erosion; 2 3(a)(iii) any three from: sustainable forestry / agroforestry / extractive reserves / sustainable harvesting (of wild plants or animal species); wildlife / ecological / nature, reserves or corridors / national parks; seed / gene, banks; zoos / captive breeding; sustainable tourism / ecotourism; legal protection, e.g. rules / laws; enforcement of rules, e.g. park rangers, fines, patrols; 3 3(b) any four from: agree with statement because: (Alaskan lupine plant) reduces soil erosion / (root structure) binds soil / (root structure) creates an anchor; which improves soil, quality / drainage / aeration; better than other plants as not eaten by grazing animals; reduces dust storms so reduces road closures; disagree with statement because: (Alaskan lupine plant) competes with native plants / reduces biodiversity / is an invasive species; (Alaskan lupine plant) is not controlled by grazing (as bitter taste); less grazing land (available); cannot be used to feed animals / risk of malnutrition in animals / animals less productive; 4 Question Answer Marks 3(c)(i) 1; 14; 2 3(c)(ii) 6 represented as a tally in the table; 1 3(c)(iii) (region) 8; 1 3(c)(iv) 120; 1 3(c)(v) any three reasons for not agreeing with the conclusion from: too small a sample size / not enough evidence to support this conclusion; no pattern (in data); only one sample in, north east of field / region 27; the number of plants are approximately the same in all regions of the field; higher number in, west / region 8; experiment did not look at conditions or biotic or abiotic factors; 3 3(c)(vi) any one from: increases validity; one field might not be representative; to check for anomalous results; different parts of Iceland will have different numbers of plants; parts of Iceland are covered with, glacier / rock; 1