Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2015 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

This document consists of 16 printed pages, 4 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (ST/CGW) 120560/7 R © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 4 6 9 4 6 9 6 5 5 9 * GEOGRAPHY 0460/23 Paper 2 October/November 2015 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler Protractor Plain paper Calculator 1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this Question Paper. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown. Answer all questions. The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 4 and Photograph B for Question 5. The Survey Map Extract and the Insert are not required by the Examiner. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

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3 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over 1 (a) Study the map extract, which is for Tshatshani, Zimbabwe. The scale is 1:50 000. Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the west part of the map extract. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract and answer the questions below. B A E D C 41 83 84 85 86 87 83 84 85 86 87 42 43 44 45 46 41 42 43 44 45 46 Fig. 1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1: (i) feature A; …[1] (ii) the type of road at B; …[1] (iii) feature C; …[1] (iv) the height of the land at D; …[1] (v) the natural feature at E. …[1]

4 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 (b) Fig. 2 is a cross-section along northing 81 from the western edge of the map to 460810. The location of a track has been marked on the cross-section. 1100 west east location of track 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 height in metres height in metres 300 200 100 0 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 390810 460810 Fig. 2 On Fig. 2, using labelled arrows, mark the positions of: (i) the Shashani river; [1] (ii) a road classified as an ‘other’ road; [1] (iii) a dam. [1] (c) (i) Give the six figure grid reference of Kezi School in the north east of the map extract. …[1] (ii) Using map evidence, identify four uses of buildings in the settlement of Kezi to the south east of the school. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 …[2]

5 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (d) (i) Measure the straight line distance in metres from Kezi School to the ruins on Dombwe- Dombwe hill. …[1] (ii) State the compass bearing from Kezi School to the ruins on Dombwe-Dombwe hill. …° [1] (e) Describe the physical features of the Shashani river. … … … … … … … …[4] (f) What is the height above sea level of the Mwewe river where it leaves the eastern edge of the map? Tick (✓) one box below. Height Tick (✓) under 1000 m 1000 m 1020 m over 1020 m [1] (g) Study grid squares 4683, 4783, 4883 and 4983. The table below shows the four squares. Complete the table by putting ticks in the correct two boxes. Use only one tick for each row. 4683 4783 4883 4983 the highest drainage density the highest density of settlement [2] [Total: 20 marks]

6 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 2 (a) Fig. 3 shows the shape of trees in a layer of the tropical rainforest. 30 20 10 0 height (metres) Fig. 3 (i) Describe the characteristics of the trees shown in Fig. 3. … … … … … … … …[4]

7 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (ii) Explain how two of the characteristics of the trees you have described in your answer to (a)(i) are linked to the hot, wet climate in which the tropical rainforest grows. … … … …[2] (b) (i) Suggest in which layer of the tropical rainforest the trees in Fig. 3 would be found. Circle your answer below. canopy emergent shrub under-storey (sapling) [1] (ii) Give one piece of evidence from Fig. 3 for your answer to (b)(i). … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

8 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 3 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows information about mean (average) world temperatures between 1880 and 2010. + 0.7 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.1 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.2 – 0.2 – 0.4 – 0.5 – 0.1 mean temperature (°C) mean temperature (°C) 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 – 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.1 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.2 – 0.2 – 0.4 – 0.5 – 0.1 – 0.3 Fig. 4 (i) On Fig. 4 the thick horizontal line represents the mean world temperature calculated over the period shown. Which period had temperatures closest to this mean? Circle your answer below. 1891–1920 1921–1950 1951–1980 1981–2010 [1]

9 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (ii) Fig. 4 shows how world temperatures have varied from the mean. Using Fig. 4, complete the table. year with the lowest world temperature … the number of degrees below the mean in that year …°C [2] (iii) Describe the main trends in world temperatures, as shown by Fig. 4. … … … … … … … …[4] (b) Suggest why many people living near coasts are concerned about the general change in world temperature since 1975. … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

10 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 4 Photograph A (Insert) shows a settlement, Pisac, in the Andes Mountains of Peru and the surrounding area. Pisac is marked on Fig. 5, a map of the area. Use Photograph A and Fig. 5 to answer the following questions. N Pisac river road railway settlement mountains 20 Key 10 km 0 Fig. 5 (a) Describe the site and situation of Pisac, the settlement shown in Photograph A. … … … … … … … …[4]

11 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) Suggest why much of the area shown in Photograph A has no settlement. … … … … … … … …[4] [Total: 8 marks]

12 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 5 (a) Photograph B (Insert) shows a farm in the Central Valley of Chile that produces grapes. (i) This farm is a commercial, arable farm. Explain what this means. commercial; … … arable. … …[2] (ii) Using Photograph B only, describe other features of the farm. … … … …[2] (b) Fig. 6 gives information about the area shown in Photograph B. Use Photograph B and Fig. 6 to answer the questions that follow. The fertile Central Valley is ideal for most crops. Snow falls on the surrounding mountains but the valley has warm, wet winters. Its summers are very warm and dry. The rain-free growing season results in healthy plants. Fig. 6 (i) Suggest a purpose for the thin pipes (labelled on Photograph B), which run through the field. Give a reason for your answer. … … … …[2] (ii) Suggest one way in which snow falling on the mountains shown in Photograph B can be an advantage to farming in the Central Valley. … …[1] (c) Using evidence from Photograph B, suggest why insect pests could rapidly cause damage on this farm. … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

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14 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 6 Fig. 7 shows different sources of energy used by Canada and Egypt in 2011. Use Fig. 7 to answer all the questions that follow. Canada Key oil natural gas source of energy hydro-electric coal nuclear Egypt Fig. 7 (a) Use the information in Table 1 to complete the pie graph for Egypt. Use the key provided. Table 1 Energy source Percentage of total use natural gas 54 oil 41 [2] (b) (i) Estimate the percentage of Canada’s energy that is generated by hydro-electric power. …% [1] (ii) Describe the main similarities in energy use between Canada and Egypt. (You do not need to use figures in your answer.) … … … …[2]

15 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 (iii) Describe three differences in energy use between the two countries. (You do not need to use figures in your answer.) 1 … … 2 … … 3 … …[3] [Total: 8 marks]

16 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

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20 0460/23/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2015 series 0460 GEOGRAPHY 0460/23 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2015 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2015 0460 23 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 1 (a) (i) dip tanks [1] (ii) gravel/earth [1] (iii) hut(s) [1] (iv) 1 034 metres [1] (v) smooth rock, (allow hill) [1] (b) (i) river Shashani 36 to 39 mm from the western edge [1] (ii) other road 110 to 113 mm from the western edge Allow correct position of road if other tracks marked too. [1] (iii) dam 87 to 89 mm from the western edge Use the ruler device to measure the answers. Arrows should end within about 1cm of the profile. Measure to the point that the arrow projects to. There should be no ambiguity. Allow labels by names or question numbers. [1] (c) (i) 499 886 [1] (ii) hospital/health District Administration Office/government/administration police station/security post office/postal 4 correct = 2 2/3 correct =1 [2] (d) (i) 7 000 to 7 200 (metres), km = 0 [1] (ii) 245–248 [1] (e) meander(s)/bends, etc. rapids island(s)braids/splits and rejoins flows south variable width tributary(ies)/confluence(s) many small/3 main (tributaries) gentle gradient/on gentle land [4]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2015 0460 23 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (f) under 1000 m [1] (g) 4 683 4 783 4 883 4 983 the highest drainage density
the highest density of settlement
[2] 2 (a) (i) buttress roots/roots above ground/trunk wide at base (large roots = 0) tall/long/20–30 m, (allow stems) straight (trunks) thin (trunks) branch only at the top/branchless trunks/branch above 20 m/no low branches/leaves only above 20 m broad/rounded crowns/tops canopy/crowns overlap/continuous crowns [4] (ii) buttress roots give stability in the wet soils tall because hot and wet all year/continuous/rapid growth thin because hot and wet all year/continuous/rapid growth straight/tall to compete for sunlight branch only at the top where sunlight is available [2] (b) (i) canopy [1] (ii) height at 20–30 metres crowns are touching/continuous [1] 3 (a) (i) 1951–1980 [1] (ii) 1908/9 0.46/0.47 [2]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2015 0460 23 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (iii) overall increase/1880–2010 1880 to 1908/1910 decrease 1908/10 to 1940/2 increase 1940/42 to 1948/50 decrease 1948/50 to 2002 increase no/little change/slight decrease since 2004 spike between 1935/6 and 1948/50 below mean 1880–1939 above mean 1968/1977–2010 around mean 1935–1980 (allow any dates between) [4] (b) sea level rise/increase the likelihood of floods [1] 4 (a) in a valley/between mountains by mountains flat/gently sloping valley floor/flood plain lower slopes of valley side/mountain tributary valley/junction of valleys road junction/along road near a river/wet point [4] (b) mountainous/highland so cold/snow steep slopes too steep for building/agriculture/roads = 2 liable to soil erosion/will have thin soils valley floor/near river likely to be flooded/marshy/used for agriculture rocky areas/lack of soil so impossible to cultivate lack of roads/inaccessible/isolated/remoter/far from towns effect of aspect [4]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2015 0460 23 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 5 (a) (i) commercial – products for sale/profit arable – crops [2] (ii) on gently sloping/flat land large fields/farm one crop two stages of growth/different heights rows/lines intensive plants on wires/poles/fences pipe for irrigation [2] (b) (i) irrigation dry/rain free season/summer [2] (ii) snow melt provides water/irrigation/alluvium [1] (c) plants are close together all the same type of plant no netting [1] 6 (a) smaller segment 146–9° correct use of key [2] (b) (i) 25–27 [1] (ii) oil is a main source/important/a lot gas is a main source/important/a lot little coal use renewables and non-renewables [2] (iii) Canada uses nuclear/Egypt does not Canada more coal Canada more hydro Canada more renewables Canada less oil Canada less gas Canada oil highest and Egypt gas highest Accept the converse about Egypt. Points need not be stated as a comparison. [3]