Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2014 May/June Paper 4 · Variant 3

This document consists of 14 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (CW/SW) 80103/7 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 8 2 6 7 6 9 6 3 5 4 * GEOGRAPHY 0460/43 Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework May/June 2014 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Calculator Ruler Protractor READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. The Insert contains Photograph A, Figs 1, 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and 2 for Question 1, and Tables 3 and 4 for Question 2. The Insert is not required by the Examiner. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

2 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 1 Students at two schools in South Africa planned an investigation using weather stations. The two schools are in Pretoria and Cape Town which are located on Fig. 1 (Insert). (a) Students in Pretoria used traditional instruments to measure and record weather and the students in Cape Town used digital instruments. (i) Give two advantages of using digital instruments rather than traditional instruments. 1 … … 2 … …[2] (ii) The students in Pretoria used a Stevenson Screen in their weather station. Photograph A (Insert) shows a Stevenson Screen. Describe three features of a Stevenson Screen and explain why each is important. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … 3 … … … …[6] (iii) Which one of the following measuring instruments would the students put inside a Stevenson Screen? Circle your answer. [1] Anemometer Rain gauge Thermometer Wind vane

3 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (iv) Students in Pretoria collected data on the following weather elements: maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure. Name one other weather element the students could have measured. …[1] (v) What traditional instrument did they use to measure: A relative humidity; … B atmospheric pressure? …[2] (b) Study Figs 2 and 3 (Insert), which show a maximum-minimum thermometer and a rain gauge. (i) Explain how the thermometer is used to measure maximum and minimum temperatures. … … … … … …[3] (ii) Explain how rainfall is measured using the rain gauge shown in Fig. 3. … … … … … …[3]

4 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 The students collected data about different elements of weather during July. They then decided individually on two hypotheses to test. One student in Cape Town chose the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The diurnal variation in temperature is greater in Pretoria than in Cape Town. The diurnal variation in temperature is the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day. Hypothesis 2: In Cape Town rainfall increases as the maximum temperature increases. (c) The results which the student used to test Hypothesis 1 are shown in Table 1 (Insert). (i) Use these results to complete the minimum temperature line for Pretoria on 30th and 31st July in Fig. 4 below. [2] Temperatures in Pretoria and Cape Town 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213141516 171819 2021 222324 2526272829 3031 0 –2 date in July –4 –6 –8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213141516 171819 2021 222324 2526272829 3031 0 –2 date in July –4 –6 –8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 temperature (°C) maximum temp °C Key minimum temp °C Pretoria temperature (°C) Cape Town Fig. 4

5 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (ii) What conclusion did the student come to about Hypothesis 1: The diurnal variation in temperature is greater in Pretoria than in Cape Town? Support your conclusion with evidence from Table 1 and Fig. 4. … … … … … … … …[4]

6 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 (d) The results which the student used to test Hypothesis 2: In Cape Town rainfall increases as the maximum temperature increases, are shown in Table 2 (Insert). (i) Use these results to complete the rainfall bars for 28th and 29th July on Fig. 5 below. [2] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 21 22 date in July Maximum temperature and daily rainfall for July in Cape Town 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 10 20 rainfall (mm) temperature (°C) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fig. 5

7 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (ii) What conclusion would the student come to about Hypothesis 2: In Cape Town rainfall increases as the maximum temperature increases? Support your answer with evidence from Table 2 and Fig. 5. … … … … … … … …[4] [Total: 30 marks]

8 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 2 Students in Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, were studying land-use in urban areas. They did fieldwork to examine differences between land-use in the CBD (Central Business District) and other parts of the city. They wanted to test the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The height of buildings decreases as distance from the CBD increases. Hypothesis 2: The land-use in the CBD is different from that in the rest of the city. To collect data the students were divided into four groups. Each group followed a different transect from the city centre outwards. The transect routes went north, east, south and west of the CBD. (a) At selected distances along each transect the students counted the number of storeys of six different buildings. They then calculated the average number of storeys. Their results are shown in Table 3 (Insert). (i) Suggest why the four groups got different results in the CBD. … … … …[2]

9 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (ii) The students plotted their results on the diagram shown in Fig. 6 below. Use the data in Table 3 to complete the results of the West and North transects in Fig. 6. [2] CBD 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 south transect north transect CBD north transect CBD east transect CBD south transect west transect east transect 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 km 1 km distance from centre of CBD Key Average number of storeys average number of storeys 2 km 3 km 4 km CBD west transect Fig. 6

10 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 (iii) To what extent is Hypothesis 1: The height of buildings decreases as distance from the CBD increases true? Explain your answer with data from Table 3 and Fig. 6. … … … … … … … …[4] (iv) Explain why building height varies in different areas of a city. … … … …[2]

11 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (b) To investigate Hypothesis 2: The land-use in the CBD is different from that in the rest of the city, the students recorded the ground floor land-use of buildings in the CBD and along the four transect lines. One group’s land-use map of part of the CBD is shown in Fig. 7 below. residential (apartments + houses) Key Sketch map of land use in part of the CBD commercial (shops + restaurants) offices (including banks) services (including hotels, sport venues + religious buildings) road road road President Hotel Hungry Lion restaurant Fig. 7 (i) Use the key to shade in the Hungry Lion restaurant and the President Hotel in Fig. 7 above. [2] (ii) How many offices are shown in the map shown in Fig. 7? … [1]

12 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 (iii) Suggest why the students only recorded the ground floor land-use of buildings. … …[1] (iv) In order to compare the different areas of the city the students calculated percentage figures of different types of land-use. These results are shown in Table 4 (Insert). Use the data in Table 4 to complete the pie chart for the CBD in Fig. 8 below. [3] North transect South transect West transect East transect CBD 0 50 40 60 70 80 90 30 20 10 residential commercial offices services industry Key Fig. 8

13 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (v) Describe one major difference in land-use between each of the following pairs of transects shown on Fig. 8. north transect and south transect … … east transect and west transect … …[2] (vi) What conclusion would the students come to about Hypothesis 2: The land-use in the CBD is different from that in the rest of the city ? Use evidence from Table 4 and Fig. 8 to support your decision. … … … … … … … …[4] (c) Why does land-use vary in different parts of a city? … … … … … … … …[4]

14 0460/43/M/J/14 © UCLES 2014 (d) When the students returned to school they discussed with their teacher how they could improve their data collection methods. Suggest three improvements they could have made. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … …[3] [Total: 30 marks]

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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series 0460 GEOGRAPHY 0460/43 Paper 4 (Alternative to Coursework), maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2014 series for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2014 0460 43 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 1 (a) (i) Easy to read / convenient to read / use / less chance or error Instant measurement / quick / saves time Accurate / gives decimal point reading / exact / precise / sensitive Portable / easy to carry Can be read remotely NOT: robust / cheap / stores a record of temperatures / can reset to zero / reliable / easier to set up If answer is from point of view of traditional instrument there must be comparison 2 @ 1 [2] (ii) Screen is painted white…so that it reflects heat or sunlight / reduces direct heating by the sun / does not absorb sunlight Sides are made of slats / louvres / have spaces / gaps / not solid…so that air can circulate Screen / box is made of wood...so that heat is not conducted into it Roof is made of a double layer of wood…so that airspace provides insulation Screen stands more than 1 m / raised on legs above the ground…so that instruments are not affected by heat from the ground NOT: wind / keep rain out / box to protect instruments / holes in side / not affected by sun / above ground 3 + 3 marks [6] (iii) Thermometer [1] (iv) Cloud cover Cloud type Wind speed Wind direction Sunshine hours / amount Actual / current temperature NOT: wind / cloud / temperature [1] (v) Wet and dry bulb thermometer / hygrometer Barometer / barograph NOT: wet and dry bulb / hydrometer 2 @ 1 [2] (b) (i) Read every 24 hours / fixed period of time Indices (markers) left at / show the minimum and maximum temperatures Read off the bottom of the index Read at eye level Magnet to reset / button to reset NOT: read the index [3]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2014 0460 43 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 (ii) Gauge stood firmly / dug in ground Funnel and jar placed in casing / gauge Rain enters gauge / jar through funnel / collects in jar / collects in rain gauge Noting / recording water level in jar / water poured into measuring cylinder Reading taken every day / at same time reach day / fixed time period Empty jar after measuring NOT: recording in table / below ground / underground / measure after the rain stops / eye level NOT: open ground / away from trees / grass not concrete / flat land [3] (c) (i) Completion of temperature line 4 °C and 7.5 °C (credit 4 °C plot on vertical line or within square) Minus 1 mark for each error [2] (ii) Hypothesis is true / generally true / partly true / agree with hypothesis / bigger difference between maximum and minimum temperatures in Pretoria 1 mark reserve (
HA) Bigger gap on graph between maximum and minimum temperature lines in Pretoria than in Cape Town 1 mark for identifying date to support hypothesis with statistics – 4 stats or 2 difference stats (0.5° tolerance on stats) e.g. July 1: Pretoria max temp = 15.5 °C and min temp = 0.8 °C and in Cape Town max temp = 15.9 °C and min temp = 3.7 °C OR Difference = 14.7 °C in Pretoria and 12.2 °C in Cape Town 1 mark for identifying anomaly date with statistics – 4 stats or 2 difference stats (0.5° tolerance on stats) e.g. July 3: Pretoria max temp = 15.2 °C and min temp = 5.2 °C and in Cape Town max temp = 18.8 °C and min temp = 4.1 °C OR Difference = 10.0 °C in Pretoria and 14.7 °C in Cape Town Hypothesis conclusion is incorrect / false = 0 (XHa) If no hypothesis conclusion ^HA and credit evidence [4] (d) (i) Completion of rainfall bars for 2 days 15 mm on 28th and 4 mm on 29th 2 @ 1 [2] (ii) Hypothesis is false / incorrect / disagree with hypothesis – 1 mark reserve (
HA) No relationship between maximum temperature and amount of rainfall OR less or no rain as temperature increases or high temperature or maximum temperature OR more rain as temperature decreases or lower temperature or minimum temperature At highest temperature / 24.6° or 25° there is no rainfall 1 mark for data which compares temperature and rainfall to disprove hypothesis e.g. 16.4 °C and 13 mm compared with 17.2 °C and 2 mm Hypothesis conclusion is correct / true / partly true = 0 (XHa) If no hypothesis conclusion ^HA & credit evidence [4] [Total: 30 marks]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2014 0460 43 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 2 (a) (i) Groups sampled buildings in different areas of CBD / looked at different buildings / went in different directions Buildings in CBD vary in number of storeys / vary in height Land use varies in CBD / offices have taller buildings / shops have less storeys than offices Age of buildings vary / some are newer than others [2] (ii) Complete bars – 2.0 storeys at 2 km on West transect and 2.7 storeys at 1 km on North transect 2 @ 1 [2] (iii) Generally / partially / to some extent / mainly / not completely – 1 mark reserve (
HA) True for North / West transect / average height does reduce at each distance from CBD Statistics to support: North from 7.5 or 2.7 down to 1.0 / West from 8.2 or 2.3 down to 1.0 Not true for South / East transect / anomaly / height does not reduce at each distance from CBD Statistics to support: South from 1.2 at 3 km to 1.8 at 4 km / East from 1.7 at 1 km to 5.9 at 2 km Hypothesis conclusion is incorrect / false / correct / true = 0 (XHa) If no hypothesis conclusion ^HA and credit evidence [4] (iv) Value of land increases where there is limited amount Higher value land / higher price land / higher cost of land requires higher buildings Limited amount of land / higher land price / competition for space means buildings must grow upwards OR more space so buildings are lower Different land uses / examples of two land uses NOT: amount of space / accessibility / transport [2] (b) (i) Shading Hungry Lion as commercial and President Hotel as services 2 @ 1 [2] (ii) 12 [1] (iii) Ground floor is easiest to see / record land use / easier work Cannot see what upper storeys are used for / unable to enter building Takes too long to record use of all storeys / save time / quicker NOT: too much work / too much trouble / cannot be bothered / multiple uses / most variety of land use on ground floor / upper floors are mainly offices / ground floor is used most frequently [1] (iv) Completion of CBD pie chart – residential = 2, commercial = 63, Offices = 25, services =10% 2 marks for correct position of dividing lines – 2, 65, 90 (minus 1 mark for each error in position of dividing lines) 1 mark for shading If lines are wrong way round this only counts as one error and candidate can still score 2 marks if all segments are correct size and shading is correct [3]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2014 0460 43 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 (v) North transect has higher percentage of residential / more residential lower percentage of commercial / less commercial lower percentage of industry / less industry NO credit for services or offices East transect has lower percentage of residential / less residential higher percentage of commercial / more commercial higher percentage of offices / West has no offices but East does higher percentage of services / West has no services but East does no industry unlike West Mainly residential in West and mainly commercial in East No credit for statistics, must be interpretation 2 @ 1 [2] (vi) Hypothesis is true / partly true / generally true – 1 mark reserve (
HA) Need comparison with other areas OR 2 comparative stats (1 must be CBD) Commercial – largest percentage / most in CBD OR commercial = 63% in CBD and 7% in North Offices – largest percentage / most in CBD OR stats Residential – smallest percentage / least in CBD OR stats Industry – none in CBD but located in three of transects / less in CBD than East or South or West transect OR stats Services – less in CBD than East / more in CBD than North or South or West OR stats Hypothesis conclusion is incorrect / false = 0 (XHa) If no hypothesis conclusion ^HA & credit evidence [4] (c) Factors such as: Growth of city spatially Development of city over time Transport links – road / rail / air / river / accessibility Competition for land / bid rent Cost of land / cheaper out of city Availability of land / amount of space Relief / flood plain Wind direction Planning policy Close to raw material for industry / mining subsidence [4]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2014 0460 43 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 (d) Bigger sample size than 6 buildings for number of storeys More transects to cover larger area of city More data collection points than 4 along each transect Extend transect further out Only collect one set of building heights in CBD Record land use in upper storeys Have more than 5 land use categories Do a pilot survey Check where there is an anomaly Answer must relate to work done not possible new work NOT: count storey twice / tally / use clicker / different days / more people measure same thing / do in another city / repeat fieldwork 3 @ 1 [3] [Total: 30 marks]