Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2013 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

This document consists of 18 printed pages, 6 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (KN/SW) 63687/6 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 9 7 3 1 1 1 9 6 0 5 * GEOGRAPHY 0460/22 Paper 2 May/June 2013 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler Protractor Plain paper Calculator 1:25 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this question paper. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 3. The Survey Map Extract and the Insert are not required by the Examiner. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Total www.theallpapers.com

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3 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 1 Study the map extract for La Ferme Reservoir, Mauritius. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) (i) Height above sea level is shown by contour lines. What is the difference in height between the contours on this map? Tick one answer below. Tick (✓) 1 m 10 m 20 m 50 m 100 m [1] (ii) The map has grid lines which make squares. What area of land does one grid square show? Tick one answer below. Tick (✓) 1 km2 10 km2 20 km2 50 km2 100 km2 [1] www.theallpapers.com

4 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use (b) Fig. 1 shows some of the features in the north east part of the map extract. Study Fig. 1 and the map extract, and answer the questions below. D E F A WT B C G 89 90 91 92 89 94 95 96 97 94 95 96 97 90 91 92 Fig. 1 Using the map extract, identify the following features shown on Fig. 1: (i) the type of road at A; …[1] (ii) feature B; …[1] (iii) the land use at C; …[1] (iv) the type of land at D; …[1] (v) feature E; …[1] www.theallpapers.com

5 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (vi) feature F; …[1] (vii) the type of boundary at G. …[1] (c) Fig. 2 shows the location of two grid squares in the west part of the map extract. These are grid square 8495 at Pte Moyenne and grid square 8694 at La Mecque. LA MECQUE Pte Moyenne 84 94 95 96 94 95 96 85 86 87 84 85 86 87 Fig. 2 The table below compares the features of the two grid squares. Complete the table by putting ticks in the correct five boxes. Use only one tick for each row. Pte Moyenne (8495) La Mecque (8694) Both these areas Neither of these areas Example: sugar plantation ✓ coral a river or watercourse a populated area forest gentle slopes [5] www.theallpapers.com

6 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use (d) Fig. 3 shows an area in the south east of the map extract. 91 92 93 91 92 93 89 90 91 92 89 90 91 92 MT ST PIERRE Fig. 3 Describe the relief of the area shown on Fig. 3. … … … … … …[3] (e) Look at the straight part of the Rivière Noire road from the southern edge of the map to the bend at 874935 at the settlement at Bambous. (i) Measure the distance along the straight part of the road. Give your answer in metres. …metres [1] (ii) What is the compass direction along the road from the southern edge of the map to Bambous? …[1] www.theallpapers.com

7 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (f) A person walks from La Ferme Reservoir southwards to the highest point of Mount St Pierre. The horizontal distance walked is 700 m and the height increases by 300 m. What is the average gradient of the walk? Answer …[1] [Total: 20 marks] www.theallpapers.com

8 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use 2 Fig. 4 is a map showing the hierarchy of settlements in an area. village town city Key sphere of influence of city A sphere of influence of village B Z B A X Y C sea N 0 80 km Fig. 4 Fig. 5 shows the number of low order and high order settlements in the area. 0 5 10 15 number of settlements 20 low order middle order high order Fig. 5 (a) (i) Using information from Fig. 4, complete Fig. 5 by adding the number of middle order settlements in the area. [1] (ii) Using Fig. 4, estimate the average distance apart of the low order settlements. Tick (✓) one correct answer below. Average distance apart (km) Tick (✓) 10 40 80 100 [1] www.theallpapers.com

9 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) The sphere of influence is the area served by a settlement. The spheres of influence of city A and village B are shown on Fig. 4. (i) On Fig. 4, draw the likely sphere of influence of town C. [1] (ii) Suggest why the sphere of influence of village B is small. … … …[1] (c) Table 1 gives information about where the people who live in village X, shown on Fig. 4, go to get some of their services. Table 1 Service Settlement where people go for service Distance travelled to the service How often the service is used grocery shop village X less than 1 km almost every day primary school village X less than 1 km almost every day bank town Y 25 km monthly clothes shop town Y 25 km every 2–3 months furniture store city Z 160 km once a year airport city Z 160 km once a year (i) Why do the people usually prefer to use the grocery shop and primary school in village X rather than in another settlement? … …[1] (ii) Why are there no banks and clothes shops in village X? … …[1] (iii) Give one example of a high order service listed in Table 1. …[1] (iv) The people from village X prefer to use the furniture store in city Z, although the furniture stores in city A are closer. Suggest one possible reason for this. … …[1] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

10 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use 3 (a) Photograph A (Insert) shows an area affected by erosion and weathering. Describe the evidence seen in Photograph A for each of these processes. Evidence for erosion … … … … … … … … Evidence for weathering … … … … … … … …[4] www.theallpapers.com

11 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) Photograph B (Insert) shows another area affected by weathering. (i) Describe the effects of weathering on the rocks in Photograph B. … … … … … …[3] (ii) Suggest one process of physical weathering which may have affected the rocks. …[1] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

12 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use 4 Fig. 6 shows the location of the world’s active volcanoes and plate boundaries. The location of 6 of the most dangerous volcanoes is also shown. Tambora Lamington Mount Pelée Ruiz Unzen Laki 4 6 5 3 2 1 3 plate boundaries active volcanoes plate movement Key volcano listed in Table 2 (page 14) Fig. 6 (a) Tick (✓) one correct statement in each of (i), (ii) and (iii) below. (i) Statement Tick There are no active volcanoes in the continents There are no active volcanoes in Africa There are no active volcanoes in Asia There are active volcanoes in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America [1] (ii) Statement Tick There are active volcanoes close to most coastlines There are active volcanoes close to most coastlines of the Pacific Ocean There are active volcanoes close to most coastlines of the Atlantic Ocean There are active volcanoes close to most coastlines of the Indian Ocean [1] www.theallpapers.com

13 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (iii) Statement Tick All plate boundaries have active volcanoes All active volcanoes are close to plate boundaries Most active volcanoes are close to plate boundaries Most active volcanoes are away from plate boundaries [1] (b) For one of the volcanoes named on Fig. 6, explain why it has formed at the location shown. Name of volcano … Why it has formed at the location shown … … … … …[2] www.theallpapers.com

14 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use (c) Table 2 gives information about six dangerous eruptions of the volcanoes named on Fig. 6. Table 2 Number on Fig. 6 Volcano Location Year of eruption Number of deaths Hazard(s) 1 Laki Iceland 1783 9350 ash cloud 2 Unzen Japan 1792 14 300 volcano collapse tsunami 3 Tambora Indonesia 1815 92 000 ash cloud 4 Mount Pelée Martinique 1902 29 025 pyroclastic flows (nuée ardente) 5 Lamington Papua New Guinea 1951 2942 pyroclastic flows (nuée ardente) 6 Ruiz Colombia 1985 25 000 lahars (mudflows) As a result of volcanic activity, 1783 and 1815 were very cold years. Use information from Table 2 to explain this. … … … … … …[3] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

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16 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use 5 Fig. 7 shows the location of India’s biggest steel manufacturing works at Jamshedpur, and the country’s iron ore and coal mines. 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 international boundary Key iron ore mines coal mines Jamshedpur steel works 6 0 N 500 Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea km 5 7 9 8 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 East Singhbhum Sundargarh Keonjhar Durg Guntur Ongole Belery Chitaurgarh Chikmagalooru North Goa South Goa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jhana Raniganj Bokara Talcher Bisrampur Korba Wardah Adilabad Warangal Godvari Valley Cuddapah Fig. 7 www.theallpapers.com

17 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (a) Using Fig. 7, describe the distribution of iron ore mines and coal mines in India. Iron ore mines … … … … Coal mines … … … …[3] (b) Fig. 8 shows the site of the steel works in Jamshedpur. K h a r kai Rive r S ub am a r e k ha R i v er steel works site 4 5 1 3 2 0 3 km (approx) N railway Key river lake boundary of steel works Other industries 1 2 3 4 5 heavy vehicles and earth moving equipment coated metal sheets steel cables steel pipes wire products Fig. 8 www.theallpapers.com

18 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use (b) Using Figs 7 and 8 only, explain the advantages of the position of the Jamshedpur steel works for each of the following factors. Give evidence from Figs 7 and 8 in your answer. (i) Raw materials (iron ore and coal) … … … …[2] (ii) Cooling water … …[1] (iii) Transport … …[1] (iv) Markets … …[1] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

19 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 6 It is estimated that there are 20 million km2 of damaged soils in the world. (a) Table 3 shows the main types of soil damage. Table 3 Type of damage Percentage of area eroded by water 56% eroded by wind 28% other e.g. decline in fertility, increase in acidity 16% Use the information in Table 3 to complete Fig. 9 below. Use the key provided. water erosion wind erosion other Key Fig. 9 [3] (b) Which of the following factors is not a cause of soil erosion by water? Tick (✓) one box. Factor Tick steep slopes heavy rainfall grazing many animals on a small area strong winds burning of vegetation [1] www.theallpapers.com

20 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 For Examiner’s Use (c) A farmer in an area affected by soil erosion by water is about to cultivate an area of natural vegetation. The farmer needs to make decisions about how to cultivate the land in a way that prevents soil erosion. For each of the following, tick the correct decision to prevent soil erosion and explain your choice. (i) Remove the natural vegetation completely Leave strips of vegetation between the plots Explanation … … …[1] (ii) Plough horizontally across the slope of the hillside Plough up and down the hillside Explanation … … …[1] (iii) Concentrate on growing the crop that produces the highest yield per hectare Grow a different crop on each plot for the first three years Explanation … … …[1] (iv) Allow cattle to graze on the remains of the crop after harvest Fence the land and keep animals away Explanation … … …[1] [Total: 8 marks] www.theallpapers.com

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24 0460/22/M/J/13 © UCLES 2013 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 3 Photographs A & B D Kelly © UCLES. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. www.theallpapers.com

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2013 series 0460 GEOGRAPHY 0460/22 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2013 series for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components. www.theallpapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2013 0460 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 1 (a) (i) 10m [1] (ii) 1 km2 [1] more than one answer = 0 (b) (i) A/Main A/A3 [1] (ii) embankment [1] (iii) cultivation/plantation [1] (iv) marsh/swamp [1] (v) water tank [1] (vi) bridge [1] (vii) district (boundary) [1] more than one answer = 0 (c) Pte Moyenne (8495) La Mecque (8694) Both these areas Neither of these areas coral
a river or watercourse
a populated area
forest
gentle slopes
more than one tick per row = 0 (d) hilly/hill/high/mountain/upland (don’t extract from place name) steep cliffs (steep cliffs = 1) any height between 400m and 630m (allow 446m as highest point) ridge/spur col/saddle/pass concave slope V-shaped valley flatter/gentle in south/in 8991/9091/9191/at poultry farm/at sugar plantation (As alternative to this line allow “steeper in the north”.) [3] (e) (i) 2500 – 2650 (metres) [1] (ii) N/NNE/NE [1] www.theallpapers.com

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2013 0460 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 (f) 1 in 2/1 in 2.3/1 in 2.33 1:2/1:2.3/1:2.33 50%/43%/42.9%/42.85% Don’t allow other expression e.g. “2.3” [1] 2 (a) (i) 8 middle order settlements plotted ignore position, width and shading of bar [1] (ii) 40 more than 1 tick = 0 [1] (b) (i) sphere of influence to include the nearby village but not touch any of the other towns (ignore other villages and other sphere of influence) [1] (ii) other nearby settlements/village/town (but not city) to provide services low order services/few services/no high(er) order services services have small range/people won’t travel far for services poor transport links allow “goods” or “functions” for “services” [1] (c) (i) frequent use/everyday needs no need to travel far/they are close/less than 1km/little travel time/cost [1] (ii) population is small/small settlement/not enough customers these services have a large(r) threshold population/high(er) order services/ middle order services [1] (iii) furniture store airport [1] (iv) easier transport to Z/poorer transport to A better quality at Z/poorer quality at A more choice/larger store at Z/poorer choice/smaller store at A cheaper prices at Z/more expensive prices at A other services available at Z better reputation at Z/poorer reputation at A doesn’t need to be comparative – could be solely on X or A accept best point [1] www.theallpapers.com

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2013 0460 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 3 (a) Erosion: waterfall notch/V cut by stream/path cut by stream (allow other expressions) plunge pool undercut stepped profile (allow terraced) valley at top of photo exposed rocks/lack of soil/lack of vegetation Weathering: harder layers stand out/bedding planes opened/cracks wide(ened) vegetation growing in cracks/in rocks/on cliff (not just on rocks)/ vegetation shows biological/chemical weathering fallen/disturbed/loose blocks/boulders/rocks/stones/slabs/layers reserve one mark for each section no transfer between sections [4] (b) (i) boulders/large rocks/large stones different sizes/large and small rounded/smooth red/orange/colour variation/coloured altered (but not black) joints/cracks layers peel/onion skin effect don’t allow points clearly linked to erosion [3] (iii) exfoliation freeze-thaw/frost shattering any chemical process spoils the answer [1] 4 (a) (i) there are active volcanoes in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America [1] (ii) there are active volcanoes close to most coastlines of the Pacific Ocean [1] (iii) most active volcanoes are close to plate boundaries [1] (b) Laki: plates diverge/constructive margin hotspot/hot area within mantle melting/rising magma/magma escapes All others: plates converge/destructive margin subduction (allow if it is the wrong plate) melting/rising magma/magma escapes If volcano chosen not from Fig. 6 MAX 1 – don’t allow the first point [2] www.theallpapers.com

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2013 0460 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 (c) eruption of Tambora/Laki/volcano 1/volcano 3/Iceland/Indonesia produced ash cloud blocked sun/solar radiation cooling/prevented heading of Earth/atmosphere/land (not just areas) worldwide/affected large area long term/affected whole area [3] 5 (a) Iron ore mines: in south in east/north-east/near Bay of Bengal Coal mines: in centre/inland in east/north-east/near Bay of Bengal Allow “near Jamshedpur/steel works” once for either section reserve one mark for each section [3] (b) (i) iron ore from East Singhbhum/Sundargarh/Keonjhar/Durg/1/2/3/4 coal from Jhana/Raniganj/Bokara/Talcher/Bisrampur/Korba 1/2/3/4/5/6 iron ore and coal nearby/within 250km/in north east of country/ surrounded by iron and coal mines [2] (ii) lake/river/Subamarekha River/Kharkai River [1] (iii) railway/train [1] (iv) vehicles/earth moving equipment/metal sheets/cables/pipes/ wire industries 1–5 other industries/local industries [1] 6 (a) large sector 100 – 102° = 2 (independent of key) large sector 98 – 104° = 1 (independent of key) correct use of key = 1 [3] (b) strong winds [1] (c) correct option and explanation required in each case only one correct option in (i), (ii) and (iii) but either option possible in (iv) reference to wind action = 0 answer could be by giving a positive reason for the choice or by stating why the alternative was rejected (i) Leave strips of vegetation between the plots vegetation will intercept/trap/absorb/protect from rain/water vegetation will prevent water from flowing/runoff vegetation will trap/bind/hold/stabilise/keep soil together [1] www.theallpapers.com

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2013 0460 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 (ii) Plough horizontally across the slope of the hillside prevent water from flowing/prevent runoff/allow water to sink in [1] (iii) Grow a different crop on each plot for the first three years retain/replace soil nutrients/minerals different crops use minerals maintain soil structure/humus/organic content [1] (iv) Fence the land and keep animals away will prevent animals grazing until soil is bare/prevent overgrazing prevent removal of protective vegetation animals trample/hooves/movement/damage roots old crop will maintain soil structure/minerals/humus/organic content [1] (v) Allow cattle to graze on the remains of the crop after harvest dung will maintain the soil structure/humus/organic content dung will replace minerals/nutrients (for “soil structure” allow phrases like “keeps soil together”) [1] www.theallpapers.com