Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2010 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 2

This document consists of 13 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (SM/SW) 23251/4 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 3 and Fig. 6 for Question 4. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The Survey Map Extract and the Insert are not required by the Examiner. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 5 4 8 6 3 1 1 0 0 1 * GEOGRAPHY 0460/22 Paper 2 October/November 2010 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler Protractor Plain paper 1:25 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this Question Paper. For Examiner’s Use Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Total www.XtremePapers.com

For Examiner’s Use 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 1 The map extract is for Beau Bassin, Mauritius. The scale is 1:25 000. (a) Fig. 1 shows the positions of some features in the south of the map extract. 96 97 98 99 96 97 98 99 97 98 99 97 98 99 E A B C D Fig. 1 Study the map and Fig. 1 and name the following features: (i) the plantation crop at A; …[1] (ii) the river B; …[1] (iii) the Named or Public Building at C; …[1] (iv) the feature at D; …[1] (v) the type of vegetation at E. …[1] 2

3 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 0460/22/O/N/10 (b) Fig. 2 shows two grid squares on the map. 98 98 99 00 95 96 95 96 99 00 Fig. 2 Table 1 compares the features of the two grid squares. Complete the table by putting a tick in the correct five boxes. Use only one tick for each row. Table 1 northern square only (9599) southern square only (9598) both of these grid squares neither of these grid squares motorway school spur land sloping down to the NE land over 300 m [5]

4 For Examiner’s Use 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 (c) Fig. 3 is a cross section from south to north along grid line 99 from 990960 to 990990. The position of the eastern edge of the poultry farm (990961) has been labelled on it. Use labelled arrows to mark on the profile the positions of: (i) the River Moka; [1] (ii) the bridge over a small river; [1] (iii) a main A road. [1] 990960 south 300 990990 north 320 340 360 380 400 420 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 metres metres poultry farm Fig. 3 (d) (i) State the four figure grid reference of the grid square that contains the maize mill in the north west of the map extract. … [1] (ii) Circle the six figure grid reference of the post office in the centre of the town of Beau Bassin in the south west of the map extract. 935968 936969 968935 969936 [1]

5 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 0460/22/O/N/10 (e) Look at the Grand River North West in the west of the map extract. Describe the relief features of its valley in grid square 9498. … … … … … … … … … …[5] [Total: 20 marks]

6 For Examiner’s Use 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 2 (a) Study Fig. 4 and Table 2, which show the climate data for a place in the Amazon Basin. J 0 F M A M J months rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm) temperature (°C) temperature (°C) J A S O N D 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 25 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 25 30 Fig. 4 Table 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec temperature (°C) 26 27 26 26 26 25 26 27 27 27 27 26 mean 26.3 °C rainfall (mm) 260 197 255 268 306 234 225 181 132 175 184 263 total 2680 mm (i) Use the information in Table 2 to complete Fig. 4 by plotting the rainfall for March and October. [1] (ii) Calculate the annual range of temperature. … °C [1] (iii) Circle the word below that describes the amount of annual rainfall. low moderate high [1]

7 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 0460/22/O/N/10 (iv) Describe the annual distribution of the rainfall. … … … …[2] (b) Study Fig. 5, which gives information about the pattern of temperature and cloud development during daylight hours on a day in the Amazon Basin. 12.00 24.00 time mist 26°C 24°C 28°C 28°C cumulus larger cumulus cumulonimbus with rain sun overhead clear sky sunrise sunset skies clear 30°C 33°C 30°C 04.00 10.00 08.00 06.00 16.00 14.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 02.00 daylight hours darkness hours cumulus Fig. 5 Use information from Fig. 5 to state: (i) the number of hours of daylight in the Amazon Basin; … hours [1] (ii) the temperature at 14.00; … °C [1] (iii) the relationship between the temperature and the daily cloud development. … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

8 For Examiner’s Use 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 3 Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show features produced by weathering. (a) (i) Describe the landforms in Photograph A. … … … … … … … …[4] (ii) State the evidence that the nature of the rock in Photograph A helps weathering to take place. … … … …[2] (b) Photograph B was taken in a different location. Name the type of weathering that has occurred and state the evidence for this. … … … …[2] [Total: 8 marks]

9 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 0460/22/O/N/10 4 Look at Fig. 6 (Insert), a map of an area of rural settlement in the northern hemisphere. (a) Name the type of settlement pattern in areas A, B and C. A … B … C … [3] (b) (i) Explain why site X might have been an important site for early settlement. … …[1] (ii) Describe the advantages site Y has for the growth of a settlement. … … … … … …[3] (iii) The slope at Z faces north. Why is this a disadvantage? … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

10 For Examiner’s Use 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 5 (a) Fig. 7 shows the highest and lowest annual rainfall totals in a recent ten year period for a place in the Murray-Darling River Basin in Australia. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 lowest annual rainfall (mm) highest Fig. 7 (i) The mean rainfall over a period of thirty years is 570 mm. Show this on Fig. 7, using an arrow. [1] (ii) How can water authority services in such areas ensure that water is available in dry years? … … … …[2]

11 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 0460/22/O/N/10 (b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the different uses of water in two states in Australia. agriculture domestic industry other Northern Territory South Australia Key Fig. 8 Table 3 water use in South Australia % agriculture 77 domestic 10 industry 5 other 8 (i) On Fig. 8, complete the pie graph for the state of South Australia using the information for domestic and industry in Table 3. Use the key provided for shading. [3] (ii) Which user consumes the largest amount of water in Northern Territory and what proportion of the supplies does it use? …[1] (iii) Using the information given only, compare water use for agriculture in the two states. … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

12 For Examiner’s Use 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 6 Study Figs 9 and 10 opposite, which give information about iron and steel industries in Japan. (a) Use Figs 9 and 10 to answer the following questions. (i) Look at the locations of the three earliest steelworks on Fig. 10. State reasons for their locations. … … … …[2] (ii) Describe what the locations of the other iron and steelworks have in common. … … … …[2] (b) (i) Use Fig. 9 to explain why Japanese iron and steel manufacturers today have high production costs. … … … … … …[3] (ii) Suggest one reason why the Kimitsu iron and steelworks was built on reclaimed land. … …[1] [Total: 8 marks]

13 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 The early Japanese Iron and Steel Industry • used coal and iron ore mined in Japan The Japanese Iron and Steel Industry Today • uses imported iron ore, over 80% coming from Australia and Brazil • coal, mainly from Australia and Canada, is used in the production of pig iron • the pig iron is made into steel in furnaces using mainly thermal electricity • about 70% of the iron and steel produced is used in Japan • about 70% of the remaining iron and steel is exported to Asian countries, • the largest steelworks, Kimitsu, occupies a site more than 11 sq km • the site of the Kimitsu Iron and Steelworks is on land reclaimed from the sea which extends out into deep water Fig. 9 Fe Fe Fe Kimitsu 1965 Nagoya Sakai 1958 1961 Kamaishi Tokyo 1935 Hirohata 1939 Kimitsu 1965 Hikari 1955 1971 Pacific Ocean site of iron and steelworks early iron and steelworks with date of opening later iron and steelworks with date of opening iron ore mines (now closed) coalfields (now closed) Key 0 300 Km Pacific Ocean Sea of Japan Japan is a mountainous country with only 16% flat enough for settlement Oita 1901 Yawata 1857 N 1901 Yawata Muroran 1909 Fig. 10

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16 0460/22/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 © Map of Port Louis, Mauritius, Mauritius Government. Question 6 © Nippon Steel Corporation; www.nsc.co.jp/en/company/history and www.nsc.co.jp/en/kimitsu. Photographs A and B Muriel Fretwell © UCLES. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2010 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0460 GEOGRAPHY 0460/22 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2010 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0460 22 © UCLES 2010 1 (a) (i) tea, [1] (ii) Perfonde, [1] (iii) Marketing Board, [1] (iv) water tank, water hole = 0 [1] (v) scrub, [1] (b) Mark first name given. Ignore other detail, even if given first. northern square only (9599) southern square only (9598) both of these grid squares neither of these grid squares motorway
school
spur
land sloping down to the NE
land over 300 m
More than one tick per row = 0. [5] (c) Use the on-screen ruler to measure as follows. You may need to go to full screen view to see the labels or they may be shown in the view for (c)(iii). metres road bridge river metres 990960 Fig. 3 990990 south north (i) river between 86 and 88 mm from southern edge, [1] (ii) bridge between 58 and 62 mm from southern edge, [1]

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0460 22 © UCLES 2010 (iii) road between 45 and 49 mm from southern edge, [1] Each should be identified by a label and by a line or an arrow or other clear indication of position. The label could be the name, e.g. “river”, or the number, e.g. (i). Lines ending more than about 5mm from the profile = 0. If the line is within tolerance of 5mm but does not reach the profile, mark the point where it would meet the profile if extended. If the candidate indicates a range and any part of the range is outside the mark scheme tolerance then = 0. If labels point to the base line allow max 1. (d) (i) 9300, 6 figure grid reference = 0 [1] (ii) 935968, [1] (e) steep (sides/valley/slopes), (moderately steep, quite steep, steeper and steep gradient of river all = 0) cliffs, (steep cliff = 1 not 2) deep/50-100m, (deepening = 0) narrow, gorge/canyon/ravine, winding (valley), (interlocking) spurs, gentle gradient (long profile), steep gradient in south (long profile), tributary valley/valley confluence/valley splits, gentle upper slopes, Points must refer to the valley and not to the river. If clearly describing the wrong square, max 3 [5] 2 (a) (i) Plots at 255mm for March and 175mm for October (with line nearer the centre than the top or bottom of the square), Both must be correct. Shading not needed. [1] (ii) 2 (°C), (25 – 27 = 0) [1] (iii) high, [1] (iv) all year/no dry season/every month, = 1 double maxima, or increases twice, or decreases twice, or high/most in May and December (or ranges of months including May and December), or less in February and September (or ranges of months including February and September), = 1 [2]

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0460 22 © UCLES 2010 (b) (i) 12, [1] (ii) 33 (°C), [1] (iii) positive relationship/directly proportional, as temperature increases so does the cloud, most cloud when hottest, tallest cloud when hottest, least cloud when cooler/coolest, shortest cloud when cooler/coolest, (Answers should compare different times of the day. For example, “when temperatures are high there is most cloud” = 1 but “when temperatures are high there is a lot of cloud” = 0) [1] 3 (a) (i) scree, boulders/rocks/rocky, cliff/steep/vertical/escarpment, (quite steep, fairly steep etc. = 0). “steep” and “cliff” are alternatives, unlike Q1(e). bare rock/bare ground/lack of vegetation/sparse vegetation/barren, (scattered vegetation = 0) pillar/‘island’ of rock/stack/stump/butte, mountain/inselberg/mesa, (high, hilly = 0) plateau/flat tops, flat lower area/terrace, valley/gorge/ravine/canyon, dissected, tributary valley, joints/cracks, red/brown/orange rock/soil, gulleys/dongas (in foreground), [4] (ii) vertical cracks/joints, ) horizontal cracks/bedding planes, ) cracks alone = 1 some (layers) weather more easily, red/brown colour indicates iron minerals and oxidation, [2] (b) Name: exfoliation/onion skin weathering/insolation weathering, Evidence: thin/curved rock (fragment)/shape of the rock fragment/peeling/slabs/rounded surface, Or Name: carbonation, Evidence: light coloured rock like limestone, Or Name: oxidation, Evidence: red/brown staining, If more than one type of weathering is given extract what is correct, unless there is a direct contradiction, e.g. exfoliation and freeze-thaw. [2]

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0460 22 © UCLES 2010 4 (a) A – dispersed/scattered, B – nucleated/clustered, Allow nuclear. C – linear, [3] (b) (i) defense/protection, [1] (ii) flat/gentle slope, water supply/river for transport/fishing/irrigation, (river alone = 0, HEP = 0) bridge, road junction/route centre, away from marsh, (dry point = 0) [3] (iii) cool(er)/less intense insolation, shade from hill (to the south) , slopes away from the sun, [1] 5 (a) (i) Plot for 570mm shown by an arrow or line or other clear indication (need not be labelled). Tolerance: 561 to 579 and arrow or line ending within about 0.3mm of the vertical line. (ii) dams/reservoirs/tanks, store water in wet years, ration water, artificially recharge groundwater, boreholes, desalinisation, transfer water from a wetter area, recycle water, education/encourage careful use/water conservation, [2] (b) (i) Use the on-screen protractor to measure as follows. Larger segment has an angle 35 to 37° = 2, Larger segment has an angle 33 to 34 or 38 to 39° = 1, Do not give if any part of the line is out of tolerance or if the line position is unclear. Shading correct = 1 Accept any solid shading for domestic and any line shading for industry. [3] (ii) agriculture – one third/31 to 36% (user and figure both needed), [1] (iii) Northern Territory much less/South Australia much more, Northern Territory 31 to 36% and South Australia 76 to 80%, Northern Territory a third/over ¼ and South Australia (just over) ¾, Carry forward any error in the Northern Territory figure from (b)(ii). Accept if difference quantified correctly. NT a little v SA a lot = 0 (not quite correct) [1]

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0460 22 © UCLES 2010 6 (a) (i) Muroran has nearby (or need for) coal/iron ore/iron mines, Yawata has (or need for) coal, Kamaishi near (or need for) iron ore/iron mines, If no names used, accept near coal/iron ore/iron mines for one mark. Don’t accept just “iron”. [2] (ii) in south/south east, coastal = 1, (Allow “near the sea” but not “at the edges of Japan”) on the Pacific coast = 2, (if Sea of Japan given as well then only = 1) [2] (b) (i) raw materials/coal/iron ore have to be imported/not mined in Japan (now), bulky/heavy raw materials, transport costs high, coal imported for thermal power, large area of land needed, (not just “it is a big factory”) reclaimed land used, [3] (ii) large site needed/11km2/no large sites available, flat site needed/country has limited flat land/most is mountainous, (land shortage alone = 0, large or flat needed) ships can dock next to the works, keep pollution away from the population, It is cheaper = 0. [1]