Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2022 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 3

1 The Canary Islands are volcanic islands. (a) (i) Describe what causes a volcano to erupt. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Granite is a rock formed by volcanic activity. State the name of one other rock formed by volcanic activity. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Suggest reasons why each island in the Canary Islands is smaller than when it first formed millions of years ago. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) A student reads a newspaper article about a possible landslide at La Palma. Landslide at La Palma could cause a tsunami Recently, low-magnitude earthquakes have been recorded under the island of La Palma. These earthquakes had magnitudes of between 1.5 and 2.7. Local people are worried that the earthquakes could cause one side of La Palma’s volcano to collapse into the sea. This landslide could then cause a tsunami. Similar-sized earthquakes have been recorded beneath the islands of El Hierro and Tenerife. However, no high-magnitude earthquakes have occurred in recent years on these islands. (i) State the meaning of tsunami. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) State the name of the scale used to record the magnitude of an earthquake. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Some scientists think there is only a low risk of a large-scale landslide at La Palma. Suggest reasons why. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iv) Describe the possible impacts of a landslide and tsunami on the island of La Palma. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (v) State three strategies for managing the impacts of a tsunami. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] [Total: 16]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) any three from: (tectonic) plates move / at plate boundaries; pressure of magma; Earth’s crust is thin; magma rises ; comes out / breaks through the, crust / cracks / vents; (as) molten lava / ash ; 1(a)(ii) basalt; 1 1(a)(iii) any two from: erosion; erosion by (sea) water / wind; sea level rise; 2 1(b)(i) a large wave ; 1 1(b)(ii) Richter / Moment Magnitude (scale); 1 1(b)(iii) any two from: earthquakes are only low on the scale / between 1.5–2.7; valid comment about magnitude needed to increase the risk / eq; AVP; e.g. terraces reduce risk of landslide 2 1(b)(iv) any three from: flooding; death / injury; from drowning / rocks falling; evacuation; damage to buildings; damage to agriculture, e.g. crops, farmland, livestock; damage to infrastructure, e.g. communications, transport networks; loss of jobs / damage to the economy ; AVP’s;; e.g. cholera / typhoid / water borne disease OR loss of biodiversity 3 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(v) any three from: monitoring stations; warning systems; evacuation (plan); (evacuation) drills; (emergency) rescue teams; (emergency) shelters; stores of food and water; medical aid ; AVP e.g. build seawalls / only build on high ground 3

2 (a) The Canary Islands are 100 km west of North Africa. Much of North Africa is covered by the Sahara Desert. A wind from the east blows dust from the Sahara Desert to the Canary Islands. The dust increases the fertility of the soil on the islands. (i) State the name of the Canary Island that is first to receive dust from the Sahara Desert when the wind blows from the east. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) The dust from the Sahara Desert adds phosphorus to the soil of the Canary Islands. State the name of one other important mineral found in a fertile soil. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Only 30% of the total land area of the Canary Islands is suitable for farming. Calculate the area of the Canary Islands that is suitable for farming. ................................................... km2 [1] (b) A student talks to three farmers from the Canary Islands. First farmer: We have very low rainfall all year, but we can still grow crops. Second farmer: We cover our fields with a layer of volcanic ash. The ash adds minerals and stops wind drying out the soil. Third farmer: At night, water from the humid air condenses on the surface of the volcanic ash on the soil. This adds water to the crops. The student investigates if adding volcanic ash to soil improves plant growth. The student: • collects seeds from one species of wild plant growing on the Canary Islands • fills three trays, A, B and C, with soil • places 20 seeds in each tray • does not add volcanic ash to tray A • adds 1.0 g of volcanic ash to tray B • adds 2.0 g of volcanic ash to tray C • waits 15 days for the seeds to grow into seedlings • records the number of seedlings with a minimum of two leaves in each tray every three days. The results are shown in the table. number of days after planting 15 18 21 24 27 30 tray A number of 0 1 5 9 13 18 no ash seedlings with a tray B 0 4 9 14 19 20 minimum 1.0 g ash of two tray C leaves 0 6 13 19 20 20 2.0 g ash (i) State two factors the student needs to keep the same in this investigation. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) State why the student includes tray A in this investigation. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) On the grid, plot a graph of number of seedlings with a minimum of two leaves (y-axis) against number of days after planting for tray B and for tray C. Draw a straight line between each plotted point for tray B and for tray C. Label the graphs as tray B and tray C. [5] (iv) Describe the difference in the trends shown in the graph. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (v) Suggest a suitable conclusion for this investigation. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (vi) Suggest one way the student could develop this investigation to find out more about the effect of volcanic ash on plant growth. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) The photograph shows Opuntia plants growing in a field in the Canary Islands. The field is divided into small areas by low stone walls. low stone wall Opuntia plant The low stone walls protect the Opuntia plants from strong winds. The low stone walls reduce the wind speed across the soil. The wind speed is reduced across the soil for a distance that is ten times the height of the wall. (i) The height of the low stone wall is 85 cm. Calculate the distance from the wall that has reduced wind speed across the soil. .................................................... cm [1] (ii) The diagram shows a field for growing Opuntia plants. Key field with Opuntia plants wind direction low stone wall Draw on the diagram one low stone wall to protect the Opuntia plants from the strong winds. [2] (d) The diagram shows a cochineal beetle. The Opuntia plant is a food source for the cochineal beetle. 0 5 mm A red dye, called cochineal, is made from these beetles. The following method is used to obtain the red dye. • Farmers infect Opuntia plants with eggs of the cochineal beetle. • The eggs hatch into larvae that feed on the Opuntia plant. • 90 days after infection, the larvae change into beetles that have a red body. • The farmers collect the beetles and extract the red dye. (i) Explain why the cochineal beetle is a primary consumer. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Determine how many times cochineal beetles can be harvested in one year. ............................................................[1] (iii) Explain why farmers call the red dye a cash crop. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) The farmers only need Opuntia plants and a supply of cochineal beetle eggs to produce the red dye. Suggest why this farming of cochineal beetles is an example of sustainable farming. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) The photograph shows three fields for growing lemons on a steep slope in the Canary Islands. water reservoir field water lemon channel tree (i) Use the photograph to explain why this is an example of good agricultural practice. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Soils are classified according to their particle size. There are three main particle sizes. Clay is one particle size. State the names of the two other particle sizes. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (iii) Clay soil can become waterlogged. Explain the impact of waterlogged soil on crop production. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 31]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) Lanzarote; 1 2(a)(ii) nitrogen / nitrate / potassium; 1 2(a)(iii) 2248 (km2); 1 2(b)(i) any two from: light (intensity); (volume / frequency, of) water added; temperature; spacing of seeds in tray; same size of tray; pH (of soil); (volume / mass / type, of) soil; 2 2(b)(ii) as a control experiment / for comparison; 1 2(b)(iii) both axes labelled; sensible linear scales such that data covers at least half the grid; correct plots tray B; correct plots tray C; plots joined point-to-point with a straight line AND both graph lines labelled; do not allow any lines crossing between plots 5 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(iv) C has a steeper gradient / faster (rate of) growth than B; C reaches the maximum first / at 27 days whereas B is at 30 days; 2 2(b)(v) the plants grow faster when volcanic ash is added; 1 2(b)(vi) repeat the experiment using other plant species / use more values of mass for the ash / more plants / AVP; 1 2(c)(i) 850 (cm); 1 2(c)(ii) one wall that is not parallel to wind direction; use of the wall symbol from the key; 2 2(d)(i) (the larvae / beetle) eats the producer / plants; 1 2(d)(ii) 4; 1 2(d)(iii) it is not used on the farm / it is sold (for money); 1 2(d)(iv) any two from: it can continue for a long time / multi-generational / beetles can reproduce; no degrading of soil / eq; no use of, fertilisers / pesticides; AVP; e.g. beetle dung is a fertiliser 2 2(e)(i) any three from: terraced fields; trees / vegetation hold soil / prevent erosion; prevent soil erosion; maintain fertility; irrigation used; by gravity / without need for pumps / using bunds / walls; bunds / walls used; prevent (wind) erosion / help, shelter trees / vegetation; 3 2(e)(ii) sand ; silt; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(e)(iii) any three from: reduces (oxygen concentration in) air spaces; roots cannot respire; kills (roots of) crops / drowns crops; causes plants to become shallow-rooted; causing salinization; and compacts soil; reduces crop yields; soil is washed away; minerals are lost from the soil; decreases fertility; kills worms and other organisms in soil; AVP; e.g. roots cannot take up minerals / nutrients 3

3 (a) The photograph shows one location in the Canary Islands that is not used for tourism. (i) State three uses of the land shown in the photograph. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (ii) Suggest why food production cannot be increased at the location shown in the photograph. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Up to 90% of the food needed in the Canary Islands is imported. Suggest one other item that needs to be imported. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) (i) The government wants to use wind power to generate electricity on the Canary Islands. An environmental impact assessment is needed at each possible wind turbine location before building can begin. Explain why an environmental impact assessment is needed. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Wind power is a renewable energy resource. Describe other benefits of using wind power to generate electricity. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Suggest two other renewable energy resources that can be used on the Canary Islands. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (c) The population of each island of the Canary Islands in 2019 is shown in the table. population island / 1000 El Hierro 11 Fuerteventura 117 Gran Canaria 850 La Gomera 21 La Palma 82 Lanzarote 151 Tenerife 918 (i) Complete the table to show the population of each island from highest to lowest. population island / 1000 Tenerife 918 La Gomera 21 [2]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) any three from: housing / businesses / shops / named example; recreational; roads; small fields / agricultural; forest / wild / conservation areas; 3(a)(ii) any two from: many steep slopes / mountainous; without soil / infertile; machinery cannot be used; infertile soil / no soil to anchor roots; most suitable land already used / named example of use; AVP; 2 Question Answer Marks 3(a)(iii) any one from: (fossil) fuel; building materials; manufactured goods, e.g. cars; medical supplies; AVP; 1 3(b)(i) any two from: to find out people’s views on building; to survey the wildlife; will lose habitat; check no endangered species to protect local activities such as farming; AVP; e.g. safety comment 2 3(b)(ii) any two from: no carbon emissions / GHG’s / does not contribute to global warming; no acid rain gases; reduces need to import, fossil fuels / oil; readily available / lots of wind on islands; 2 3(b)(iii) any two from: solar; wave; tidal; geothermal; hydro power / HEP; biomass; 2 3(c)(i) Gran Canaria 850 Lanzarote 151 Fuenteventura 117 La Palma 82 El Heirro 11 arranged highest to lowest in correct order; all numbers correct; 2 Question Answer Marks 3(c)(ii) 15.25 (million); 1 3(d)(i) yes-no question about tourist tax, e.g. should the tourist tax be used to fund environmental projects?; 1 3(d)(ii) to make sure a wide range of tourists is surveyed; 1 3(d)(iii) random or systematic specified; correct description matching method specified, e.g. use a random number generator, ask every fifth tourist; 2 3(d)(iv) any two from: to see if their opinions have changed; to decide when to charge the tourist tax; to check if the findings are similar to the sample of people arriving at the airport; AVP; e.g. tourist more / less willing to pay the tax 2 3(d)(v) (5.89  9 =) 53.01 (million euros); 1 3(d)(vi) any four from: developing sewage treatment; offsetting carbon emissions; encouraging ecotourism; using renewable energy resources; recycling waste caused by tourism, e.g. plastic bottles / litter collection; educating, local people / tourists; employing environmental guides / wardens; funding to maintain natural beauty areas, e.g. forest, beaches; (create a) national park / nature reserve / eq; AVP; e.g. bikes / electric cars / laws against littering / prevent hunting; 4 Question Answer Marks 3(e) any five from: allow a mixed answer or one point of view Yes transport, e.g. planes and cars; (combustion of fossil fuel) produces CO2 / GHG’s; construction of materials for hotels, e.g. cement; more energy / electricity (used on luxury items, e.g. swimming pools, saunas); land is cleared for buildings; fewer, trees / plants; so less photosynthesis / eq; e.g. less carbon dioxide absorbed destruction of carbon stores / sinks; (intensive) farming practices to supply food for tourists; increased methane from cattle; AVP; e.g. burning more fossil fuels No tourists would release similar amounts of C in their own country; if they have enough money they will consume goods that may have contributed to climate change in their manufacture anyway; AVP; 5 3(f) any two effects of climate change linked to small island context: (small) sea-level rise / extreme weather / hurricanes limited land available so effects of climate change more pronounced; causing flooding (of coastal plains); loss of homes; forced migration; loss of farmland; contamination of fresh water sources; must move inland (near volcanoes); 2