Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2021 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of unemployed people in the Dominican Republic in 2019. .......................................................... [1] (ii) The government has set up national parks in different regions of the Dominican Republic. Suggest ways that national parks contribute to economic growth. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data for two different locations, P and Q. location P month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature 23.9 24.2 24.7 25.4 26.1 26.5 26.8 26.9 27.0 26.4 25.7 24.5 / °C average rainfall 67 55 54 85 231 201 189 189 191 203 112 72 / mm location Q month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 / °C average rainfall 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 / mm (i) Use the climate data to complete the table for location P and location Q. location P location Q month with highest rainfall coldest month hottest month [3] (ii) Describe two similarities between the climate at location P and location Q. Use information from the tables to support your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) The photograph shows a banana plant. leaf banana fruit flower (i) Many farmers grow banana plants near location Q. Banana plants are grown at two‑metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart. Suggest one way that farmers can use the three‑metre strips of land between the rows of banana plants. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Banana plants grow quickly and produce fruits without pollination. Describe the process of pollination. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Banana plants are grown by subsistence farmers and commercial farmers in the Dominican Republic. Describe the benefits of subsistence farming. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) Some banana fruits are exported to Europe and labelled as ‘organic, fair trade bananas’. Organic banana plants are grown without using chemical fertilisers or pesticides. (i) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can control pests on their banana plants. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can ensure the soil has enough nutrients. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) State one negative impact of using chemical fertilisers. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) Fair trade is when companies agree to pay a fair price to farmers for a crop. Suggest one reason why people in Europe want to buy fair trade bananas. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (e) Bananas are stored in refrigerated containers at 13 °C and loaded onto ships. It takes 20 days to transport the bananas to Europe by ship. This transport accounts for 60% of the carbon footprint of banana production. (i) Define the term carbon footprint. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest why bananas are kept at 13 °C during the journey to Europe. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) A banana ship travels at a constant speed of 15.4 km per hour. The journey takes 20 days. Calculate the distance this ship travels in 20 days. ..................................................... km [2] (f) A student notices that some banana plants have long dark streaks on their green leaves. This is caused by a fungal disease called ‘black sigatoka’. The student surveys two organic farms, X and Y, to compare the number of diseased leaves on banana plants. The student: • marks out one plot of 4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm X and one plot of 4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm Y • uses a random number table to select 8 banana plants from each plot • records the number of leaves per banana plant with black sigatoka disease. The positions of the 8 selected banana plants in the sample from farm X and the sample from farm Y are shown in the diagram. Key selected banana plant unselected banana plant farm X farm Y 3 m 2 m (i) Compare the patterns of selected banana plant positions in farm X and farm Y. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Explain why both the samples are representative of all the banana plants on each farm. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Draw a table the student can use to record the results of this survey. [3] (g) One farmer said: There are more leaves with black sigatoka fungal disease when the weather is warm and wet. We work hard to control the spread of the disease. The climate data for farms X and Y are shown in the table. month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 / °C average rainfall 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 / mm (i) Identify in which months you expect the fungal disease to spread quickly. Give a reason for your answer. months .............................................................................................................................. reason ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) One method of controlling black sigatoka fungal disease is to remove the diseased leaves from the plants and then burn the leaves. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of this method compared with spraying the plants with a fungicide. advantage ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Describe one method scientists can use to produce a new variety of banana plant that is resistant to black sigatoka. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 37]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) 649 000 / 0.649 million; 1 1(a)(ii) any two from: provide jobs / reduce unemployment; attract (eco)tourists / visitors; (so more) income to government; stimulates associated shops / businesses; AVP; 2 1(b)(i) May, May; Jan, Dec; Sep, Jul; 3 1(b)(ii) any two similarities supported with info from the tables: annual range of average monthly temperatures less than 4°C (at both locations); May has highest rainfall (at both locations); Dec to March are the driest four months (at both locations); AVP; 2 1(c)(i) any one from: plant, small / quick-growing, crops; keep animals; AVP; 1 1(c)(ii) the movement of pollen from an anther; to a stigma; by, wind / insects / animals; 3 1(c)(iii) any three from: reduces migration to urban areas; encourages self-sufficiency / example given; limits use of, inputs / named input; surplus boosts local economy; AVP; 3 Question Answer Marks 1(d)(i) any one from: use biological control / description of biological control; use repellent plants next to banana plants; described manual method; 1 1(d)(ii) any one from: use, manure / organic fertilisers; use crop residues; use, compost / domestic food waste; AVP; 1 1(d)(iii) eutrophication / nutrient enrichment / damage to soil structure; 1 1(d)(iv) for ethical reasons / eq.; 1 1(e)(i) any two from: (total of) all greenhouse gas emissions / amount of CO2 released into atmosphere; as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation or community; expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent; 2 1(e)(ii) any two from: so they do not ripen too quickly; so they do not rot; so they arrive, in good condition / fresh; AVP; 2 1(e)(iii) correct use of distance = speed × time / 480 (hours); 7400 / 7390 / 7392 (km); 2 1(f)(i) idea that farm X is more spread out; idea that farm Y is more clustered; 2 1(f)(ii) (equal sized) sample was selected, at random / without bias; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(f)(iii) table with enough cells to enter all data; column heading; row heading; 3 1(g)(i) May AND September AND October; warmest and wettest months; 2 1(g)(ii) any one advantage: it’s targeted; saves cost / reduces use, of chemicals; keeps organic status of farms; fewer toxic effects; don’t need to train people to use it; plus any one disadvantage: labour intensive; time-consuming; may miss infected leaves; needs to be repeated regularly; burning, not good for health / causes air pollution; risk of fire becoming uncontrolled; 2 1(g)(iii) cross breed with another plant; that is resistant to fungal attack ; OR identify gene for resistance (in other banana plant); transfer it to farmed variety; 2

2 The drawing shows part of a large copper mine in the Dominican Republic. The mine is expected to be open until 2024. (a) Suggest why this mine pollutes a nearby stream after rainfall events. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (b) The world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne from 2014 to 2019 is shown in the table. year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 world copper price 7.2 5.5 4.3 5.9 7.0 6.1 / 1000 USD per tonne (i) On the grid, plot a graph of world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne against year. [4] (ii) Calculate the average world copper price in 1000 USD per tonne for 2014 to 2019. average world copper price = ....................... 1000 USD per tonne [1] (iii) This mine made a profit in 2016. Suggest reasons why this mine might not be profitable in 2022. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) The diagram shows a map of the copper mine. waste rock waste pond copper mine local water source 0 0.5 1.0 km Copper ore is extracted from the mine. The copper ore is treated at the mine using water. The waste water from the treatment is stored in the waste pond. (i) Estimate the area of the waste pond. area = .................................................. km2 [2] (ii) Suggest reasons why some local people are worried that the waste pond will leak or burst. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) The mine is expected to close in 2024. Suggest reasons why the government has made the mining company responsible for monitoring the waste pond until 2040. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 15]

Mark scheme: 2(a) surface run-off / no vegetation to hold water back / steep slopes so water runs down to stream; 1 2(b)(i) linear scales allow more than half of grid to be used in both directions; x-axis labelled; y-axis labelled; points plotted correctly; 4 2(b)(ii) 6.0; 1 2(b)(iii) any two from: world, supply increases / demand drops; so price falls; product substitution; AVP; 2 2(c)(i) evidence of use of scale; area in range 0.3–0.6 km2; 2 2(c)(ii) any three from: risk of contaminating local water source; may harm people / animals (using the source); risk of local flooding; may damage houses / destroy crops / harm people; AVP; 3 2(c)(iii) any two from: so waste / pollution / contamination, is prevented / controlled; so the company maintains the waste pond; so the company pays for, monitoring / maintenance / upkeep; AVP; 2

3 Many tourists visit the national parks of the Dominican Republic every year. Some tourists that visit the national parks are ecotourists. One ecotourist says: When visiting a national park, I try to have a very low impact on the local environment. I know it is impossible to have zero impact. (a) Explain why it is impossible for ecotourists to have zero impact on the local environment. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (b) The Dominican Republic has one marine reserve in the Caribbean Sea. The marine reserve is 20 km from the capital city, Santo Domingo. Only scientists are allowed to visit this marine reserve to study the many coral and fish species. results table transect line coral The scientist in the drawing is diving underwater to survey the coral species directly below the transect line. (i) Name the type of sampling the scientist is using. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest two reasons why this coral survey is repeated every year. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) There are many coastal sites around the Dominican Republic where tourists dive underwater to see the tropical species of coral and fish. Suggest how data from the surveys of the marine reserve can help to manage the impact of diving at other coastal sites. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) The Dominican Republic has several zoos. Suggest one benefit and one limitation of using zoos to preserve biodiversity. benefit ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... limitation ............................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2]

Mark scheme: 3(a) any four from: (even ecotourists still): produce some, trash / litter / waste; use toilets and local amenities; may travel while there so cause transport emissions; need a supply of, food / water; and fresh water may be in short supply; walk along paths and, damage plants / cause trampling; disturb wildlife with presence; AVP; 3(b)(i) systematic; 1 3(b)(ii) any two from: to collect representative data; on number of, coral / different species; to record changes over time; (such as) temperature; acidity; sea level; effects of pollution (from Ozama River); 2 3(b)(iii) any three from: can be compared with other or dive sites to see how much damage is caused / can act as a control; can be used to raise awareness of the impacts of, diving / tourism; it enables rare species to be identified and protected; can monitor, disease / alien species / odd behaviour; enables effective, controls / permits, to be made; 3 Question Answer Marks 3(b)(iv) any one benefit: protect endangered / prevent extinction of, species; can have breeding programmes to increase numbers; can be used to reintroduce species to the wild; can promote, education / awareness of biodiversity issues to visitors; AVP; plus any one limitation: difficult to breed animals in zoos; lack of, genetic variation / diversity (within the zoo); difficult to introduce animals back into the wild; AVP; 2 3(c)(i) any three from: monitoring and warning; have an evacuation plan; provide emergency shelters; provide emergency food and water; coordinate emergency rescue teams; provide medical assistance; 3 3(c)(ii) any two from: causes air pollution; releases toxic gases; can become, small particles / microplastics, and pass along food chain; 2 3(d)(i) shading showing 20–42 hours; 1 3(d)(ii) 24; 1 3(d)(iii) any three from: surface water takes time to get to river; vegetation / local environment, slows down movement; so run-off continues for hours; water absorbed by soil is only slowly released into groundwater; groundwater moves slowly to river; 3 Question Answer Marks 3(d)(iv) any two from: flooding deposits silt; so soil becomes more fertile; AVP; 2 3(d)(v) use the marker poles and measuring tape to mark out a, stated / measured, distance; use stop-watch to measure time taken for the float to pass, between the poles / stated distance; calculate rate by dividing distance by time; plus any additional detail from: start the stop-watch when the float passes the first pole; stop the stop-watch when the float passes the second pole; (use notebook and pencil to) record the, results / data (in a table); repeat and average; 4