Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2021 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 1

1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in urban areas in 2019. .......................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest reasons why people want to live in urban areas. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data for two locations, A and B. The table for location B is not complete. location A month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature 16.2 16.7 17.5 18.3 19.1 19.5 19.5 19.8 19.7 19.2 18.1 16.9 / °C average rainfall 45 34 35 79 194 121 74 93 128 119 79 61 / mm average temperature range = 3.6 °C average annual rainfall = 1062 mm location B month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.9 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 / °C average rainfall 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 / mm average temperature range = .............. °C average annual rainfall = .............. mm (i) Complete the table for location B. [2] (ii) Compare the climate at location A and at location B. Use information from the tables to support your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Location B is suitable for growing banana plants. The photograph shows a banana plant. leaf banana fruit flower (i) Suggest why the climate at location B allows banana plants to grow quickly and produce fruit. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Banana plants have very large leaves. Explain how this helps the plants to grow quickly. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Bananas are an important cash crop. (i) Define the term cash crop. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage to farmers of producing cash crops. Give a reason for each answer. advantage ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) Banana plants are grown at two-metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart. Other crops are planted between the rows of banana plants. (i) Explain how planting more than one crop helps to reduce soil erosion. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest one benefit to a farmer, other than reducing soil erosion, of planting more than one crop. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (f) The photograph shows bunches of bananas ready to leave a farm at location B. bunch of bananas A student wants to find out about the size of the bananas for sale. The student collects five bananas from one bunch ready to leave the farm. (i) Describe a method the student can use to select the five bananas at random. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) The student measures the mass of the skin and the mass of the edible fruit of five bananas separately. The table shows the results. Complete the table to show the total mass. mass for five bananas / g edible fruit 282 skin 113 total .................. [1] (iii) Calculate the percentage of edible fruit in this sample of five bananas. ...................................................... % [1] (iv) A second student says: A single sample of five bananas does not give enough data to be representative of the banana harvest. Suggest improvements the first student can make to collect representative data from the banana harvest on this farm. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (g) A questionnaire is used to find out more about banana production on 25 small farms. The results are shown in the table. % response question yes no Do you use insecticides? 28 72 Do you use fertilisers? 24 76 Do you make a profit each year? 80 20 (i) Describe what the results of this questionnaire show. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) The Cavendish variety of banana plant is easily infected by a disease called ‘bacterial wilt’. This disease kills the plant before it produces fruit. Scientists are using genetic modification to develop a new variety of banana plant that is resistant to this disease. Describe how scientists can use genetic modification to produce a disease-resistant variety of banana plant. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (h) The government has introduced a new programme to support farming in the Dominican Republic. This programme aims to increase the number of different crops grown by farmers. Suggest ways this programme can benefit farmers and the government of the Dominican Republic. benefits to farmers ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... benefits to the government ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 35]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) 1(a)(ii) any three from: employment / better pay; hospitals / health care / emergency services; schools / education; infrastructure, e.g. electricity, water, roads, transport, sanitation; housing; social factor, e.g. moving to be with other family members / lived there whole life; AVP; 3 1(b)(i) 3.9 (°C); 509 (mm); 2 1(b)(ii) any four from A: is wetter; in every month / all year; has twice the rainfall; has largest rainfall in, same month / May; is colder / lower temperature; in every month / all year; has similar / lower, temperature range; has peak temperature, in same month / August OR temperature peak is shorter in A; correctly quoted or manipulated comparative data, e.g. highest temp. at A is 19.8 and at B is 28.9 / range at A is 3.6 and at B is 3.9; 4 1(c)(i) any two from B has: warm(er) climate / high(er) temperature / optimum temperature / suitable temperature / small temperature range; enough water / enough or suitable rainfall / optimum water; (conditions that allow) faster / more, photosynthesis / respiration / metabolism; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(c)(ii) any two from: large, surface / area; to, capture / absorb / get, (more sun) light; (contain large amount of) chlorophyll / chloroplasts; so more photosynthesis; so more energy for growth; 2 1(d)(i) (crop is) sold (for cash / money); 1 1(d)(ii) max one advantage from: (gain income to) buy, seeds / tools / animals; can invest in the farm; (gain income to pay for): school fees / medicines / bills; improves economy; max one disadvantage from: may be difficult to produce; cannot use as food; loss of income if crop fails; price drops if, too many farmers grow it / lower demand / lots of competition; does not meet, food supply / demand, for, local people / family; stated environmental impact, e.g. clearing land required / soil quality reduces; 2 1(e)(i) any three from: soil always covered by plants / plants act as barrier; (more) rain intercepted; slower infiltration; reduced or no surface run off / soil not washed away; less wind near soil / soil not blown away; (roots) hold or bind (soil); adds organic material or nutrients / improves quality or fertility of soil; 3 Question Answer Marks 1(e)(ii) any one from: other crop can be sold / can gain more income; other crop can be harvested at different time; can be used on the farm as food; biological control / deter pests; provide nutrients for plants / balance nutrients / adds named nutrient; not dependent on one crop / reduces impact of disease or pests; 1 1(f)(i) any valid random method described, e.g. pick numbers out of a bag / use random number generator; 1 1(f)(ii) 395; 1 1(f)(iii) (282 ÷ (f)(ii) × 100 =) 71.4(%); 1 1(f)(iv) any three from: sample: more (than 5), bananas / fruits; more than one bunch / different bunches; more / different, plants; different, varieties / species / types; different locations (of farm); different occasions, e.g. days, months, times, years; 3 1(g)(i) any two from: approx. 3 times more / most, farmers do not use insecticides; approx. 3 times more / most, farmers do not use fertilisers; 4 times more / most, farmers make a profit (each year); 2 1(g)(ii) find / extract, the genes / DNA, from disease-resistant plant; insert them into, Cavendish / host, plant; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(h) any four from (max three from each section): farmers: economic benefit, e.g. more yield / more crops to sell / more income (to invest in the farm / on other services); less impact of crop failure or disease / stops them being dependent on one crop; more food / more nutrients / less risk of malnutrition or famine or hunger; the value of one crop might be determined by external markets; AVP; government: (saves money as) does not have to provide, aid / subsidies; economic benefit, e.g. income (from exports) / more taxes / less cost of imports / improved economy / more money to invest in infrastructure or development / less need to tax locals (as more money); more employment; less urban migration; fewer people in poverty in the country AVP; 4

2 The Dominican Republic has one of the world’s largest surface gold mines. The drawing shows part of this surface mine. In 2018, the government was asked to give a licence for the first subsurface (underground) gold mine in the Dominican Republic. The subsurface mine is expected to work for seven years. The cost of developing this mine is expected to be paid back in three years. (a) The world gold price between 2012 and 2019 is shown in the table. year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 world gold price 50 53 38 38 34 36 40 40/ 1000 USD per kg (i) On the grid, plot a graph of world gold price against year. [4] (ii) Suggest why the mining company thinks that the cost of developing the subsurface mine can be paid back in three years. Use the data to support your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Suggest reasons why a subsurface mine is expected to cause less damage to the environment than the surface mine shown in the drawing. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest two benefits of the proposed subsurface mine to local people. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) A mining licence is only given if the mining company agrees to be responsible for the site for several years after the mine has closed. Suggest reasons why. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 13]

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) x-axis labelled ‘year’ AND y-axis labelled ‘(world gold) price / 1000 USD per kg’; linear scale such that plots occupy at least half of grid; 6 plots correct; 8 plots correct; 2(a)(ii) any two from: price unlikely to fall / price won’t go below 34 ($) / no fluctuation / price similar; price increasing (in last 4 years); price was high in, 2012 / 2013 AND could be this high again; costs (of mine) are less than profit / eq.; company thinks, there is lots of gold underground / more gold will be extracted; AVP; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(i) any three from with a subsurface mine, less / fewer: ground cleared / deforestation; habitats destroyed; impact on, biodiversity / food chains / animals being scared away; dust / debris; waste piles / overburden; noise; surface run off; so less chance of water pollution; visual pollution; 3 2(b)(ii) any two from: employment opportunities / increased income; locals trained to be skilled workers / learn to use complex machines; better infrastructure; improved local economy / more money for local people; AVP; 2 2(b)(iii) any two from: to make sure the company pays for the restoration / so the government doesn’t pay for restoration; to minimise / deter, damage to, land / habitats / biodiversity; to allow time for restoration / because damage continues after mining stops; to encourage company to, keep site pollution-free / dispose safely of waste; 2

3 Many tourists visit the capital city, Santo Domingo, every year. They also visit the beaches near this city. (a) (i) Suggest two economic benefits of tourists visiting Santo Domingo. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest the environmental impacts of large numbers of tourists visiting a city such as Santo Domingo. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) The Ozama River flows through the middle of Santo Domingo into the sea. People living near this river are at risk of flooding every year. The table shows the average monthly rainfall for Santo Domingo. month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average rainfall 67 55 54 85 231 201 189 189 191 201 112 72 / mm (i) State the months when people living near the river are at least risk of flooding. Give a reason for your answer. months .............................................................................................................................. reason ............................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) State two risks to people living near the river after a flooding event. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Santo Domingo was hit by Hurricane Irma, a tropical cyclone, in 2017. Describe the formation of a tropical cyclone. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) Describe strategies to manage the impacts of a tropical cyclone. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) A city official said: After a tropical cyclone, the beaches are polluted with plastic waste from the city. We must send many workers to clean the beaches. This takes several days. sheets fishing nets toothbrushes bottles containers Suggest why these beaches are cleaned. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) any two from: creates jobs / example of job; increased profits or income / named example / eq.; city authorities or government gain money / more taxes; brings in foreign currency; improvements in infrastructure / services, e.g. shops, healthcare, roads; Question Answer Marks 3(a)(ii) any three from more: traffic / air travel; litter / plastic / waste; sewage; building / expansion of cities; water, demand / usage; food, demand / usage; electricity / energy / fuel, demand / usage; demand on infrastructure, e.g. transport, hospitals; damage to tourist attractions; AVP; 3 3(b)(i) February AND March; lowest rainfall / not the rainy season / low rainfall; 2 3(b)(ii) any two from: contaminated (drinking) water; (water-borne) disease; named disease such as typhoid / cholera / malaria; risk of landslides; danger of floating debris; water contains dangerous animals; danger from collapsing buildings; AVP; 2 3(b)(iii) any three from: between 5° and 20° north and south of the equator; ocean depth of at least 60 m; ocean (surface) temperature of at least 27 °C; AVP; 3 Question Answer Marks 3(b)(iv) any four from: monitoring / early warning / prediction; disaster plans / drills / education; evacuation; shelters; emergency supplies / emergency stores of, food / water / medicines; financial / international aid; restoration / rebuilding of, homes / infrastructure ; plant trees / shelter belt / conserve swamps / flood barriers; cyclone-proof / strong buildings; (good) communications; rescue / response / medical, teams; AVP; 4 3(c) any two from: visual pollution; tourists / locals cannot use beach; (impact on) tourism / tourism income; protect marine environment / reduce chance of water pollution; protect organisms; AVP; 2 3(d)(i) table drawn with suitable headings; labelled, rows / columns, for X, Y, Z; cells for 5 trials; 3 3(d)(ii) any two from: underwater plastic / plastic that is not floating; source of plastic (entering the river) / distance from source; mass / volume of plastic; number of people disposing of the plastic; types of plastic; how long the plastic has been there; whether plastic is biodegradable; AVP; 2 Question Answer Marks 3(d)(iii) fishing nets AND from, boats / the sea / the beach OR people in cities do not use fishing nets / eq.; 1 3(d)(iv) any three from: find, mass / volume, of plastic; use a less time-consuming collection method; named example, e.g. use of nets; use more people (to collect the plastic); repeat (at different, location / time); 3 3(d)(v) any five from (max four from each section): advantages: fewer tourists fewer hotels less waste / sewage production less demand for, drinking water / food less demand for, energy less, water / air / noise pollution less, damage to wildlife / loss of biodiversity reserves created; protects natural environments / reduced deforestation / reduced loss of habitats; employment / improves local economy; site protected for future generations; AVP; disadvantages: initial set up costs; increased (local) taxes; lack of local expertise; may not be a popular policy; laws / monitoring needed (to enforce) / expensive to maintain; enforcement / monitoring, needs to be paid for; less, profits / income; AVP; 5