Cambridge A Level Thinking Skills 9694 — 2018 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

* 4 0 4 3 9 4 0 0 7 9 * This document consists of 6 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (SR) 145747/1 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/22 Paper 2 Critical Thinking May/June 2018 1 hour 45 minutes No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer all the questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.

2 9694/22/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 1 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A Letter from Acme Supermarket, Flintown Given to Benji Kitty on 2nd June 2017 Dear Mr Kitty It is with regret that I have to inform you that you have been selected as one of several employees we are making redundant because of declining trade. It has to be said your time here has not been trouble-free. The latest incident, which resulted in the loss of 200 jars of mayonnaise, suggests that you have neither the attention span nor the physical dexterity to be a successful shelf-stacker. However, we wish you well for the future and hope you find employment more suitable to your abilities. Mervyn Evans Manager Source B Newspaper report from Flintown Flyer 4th June 2017 Serious fire damage has been done to the Acme Supermarket in Flintown. The fire brigade was called to the fire last night and experts say that arson is suspected. There has been a series of suspicious incidents in Flintown during the last year. Investigators fear that an arsonist is at work who uses a number of sophisticated methods to set buildings on fire. Source C Twitter feed from Benji Kitty 3rd June 2017 Acme Supermarket! Burn baby burn! LOL #Damian666 Source D Statement from local garage attendant 9th June 2017 Benji Kitty came into the garage to purchase a can of petrol on Monday last week – it was the first day of the month. I knew him because we went to school together and he often comes in to fill a can with petrol. I advised him that the can he was using was not recommended for such use. He didn’t take this very well and told me to mind my own business. Footage from the security camera should confirm that he was here on that day.

3 9694/22/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Source E Statement from Benji’s grandmother 10th June 2017 Benji mowed my lawn last Monday. He is a kind boy and often does this for me. It is a large lawn but I think he actually rather enjoys doing it because he loves driving the sit-on lawn mower. Unfortunately, he is still rather clumsy and usually ends up damaging something when he loses control of the mower. Last time it was three garden ornaments and a prize marrow I had been growing for the local gardening competition. (a) How useful is the information in Source A in determining who started the fire? [3] (b) How significant is the twitter feed in Source C in assessing Kitty’s possible guilt? [3] (c) How reliable is the evidence in Source E? [3] (d) How likely is it that Benji Kitty set fire to the Acme supermarket? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, with critical reference to the evidence provided and considering a plausible alternative conclusion. [6]

4 9694/22/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 2 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A Extract from Art Collector’s Weekly In the 21st century, establishing whether or not a painting is a forgery is a question for scientists rather than art experts. Using techniques such as pigment analysis, they are able to show whether paint and other materials used in the work would have been available to the artist at the time when the work was supposedly produced. If not, then the work must be a forgery produced at a later date. However, the process is very expensive – testing for just one pigment typically costs $300 – and sellers and buyers have little incentive in exposing an art work, potentially worth millions of dollars, as a fake. According to European police experts, as much as half the art in circulation on the international market could be forged. Source B Extract from book Art forgery has been around for centuries but has increased significantly in the last 50 years due to the emergence of a rich global elite interested in art as a form of investment. The low prices that works of art once attracted would have given little financial incentive for them to be faked. Artists such as Picasso in the 1920s, and Bacon as late as the 1960s, often struggled to earn enough to pay for their next canvas. They typically paid for meals in restaurants by offering the proprietor a sketch. In 2013, a Francis Bacon painting achieved $142 million dollars at an auction in New York. Source C Extract from newspaper article How to Spot A Forgery One problem for the art forger is explaining the source of the painting and why it has only just been discovered – this is called the ‘provenance’ of the painting. The typical explanation is that it has been in the possession of an aristocratic family who have fallen on hard times and now need to sell. The potential purchaser is further tempted because this is also used to explain why the painting is a bargain, selling at below the usual market price. Another way to get round the provenance problem is to forge paintings by middle-ranking artists whose work is less well- known and studied. Whilst such paintings have a much lower value, it is far more plausible that somebody could find one in an attic. Source D Extract from advice manual Running A Gallery The problem of art forgery has little relevance to people visiting famous art galleries such as the Louvre in Paris. They typically want to see famous paintings such as the Mona Lisa, which have been fully authenticated. The works of art in such galleries are highly unlikely to be offered for sale, so the problems facing the art market as regards forgery are not relevant. More relevant to visitor numbers are changes in taste and fashion – what is appreciated as good art tends to change over time.

5 9694/22/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Source E Extract from book The History of Art Many paintings in the past, such as those by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, were produced in workshops. The artist may have painted some parts of the work, leaving his assistant to finish them off. It is even likely that workshop assistants forged the signature of their master on their own work in order to increase its value. Art training in the past relied much more on copying than it does today. This would have meant that, historically, many artists’ studios contained individuals highly skilled in mimicking their master’s work. (a) Suggest two additional pieces of information that would enable one to assess the claim in Source A that “the process is very expensive”. [4] (b) Identify and explain the problem the information in Source E creates for the scientific methods outlined in Source A. [3] (c) Is Source D an argument? Justify your answer. [2] (d) ‘Forgery is a major threat to people’s enjoyment and appreciation of art.’ To what extent do you agree with this claim? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, using and evaluating the information provided in Sources A–E. [6]

6 9694/22/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 3 Read the passage and answer the questions below. 1 The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896, when much of the world was becoming fully industrialised. The staging of this event was a clear sign that sport would become central to the ideology of advanced industrial societies. Since then sport has been glorified and seen as central to the psychological and physical health of the population. However, a number of factors suggest that we should not idealise sport. 2 It is increasingly clear that the professional bodies that run sport, such as FIFA in the case of football, are riddled with corruption. It is now being suggested that all world records in athletics should start again as the existing records may have been the product of the unfair use of performance-enhancing drugs. Sport is not something we should be holding up as a model to imitate in life. It is a long way from the ideal of honest and fair competition that people like the founder of the modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Courbetin, promoted. 3 Increasingly, evidence suggests that contact sports such as American Football cause serious long term head injuries. Studies show that 30% of ex-professional American Football players will suffer from dementia. The health-giving benefits of sport are illusory. 4 Compulsory sport in schools has a damaging effect on children. Many biographies of creative artists record how miserable they were at school, and highlight the key role of compulsory sport in creating this misery. Trudging around the rugby field on a cold winter morning was not a lot of fun for them. However, at least they were free of the illusion of those who participate enthusiastically – that sport offers us a model of how to live. 5 Sport encourages competitiveness and aggression. These are the key human traits that lead to war. So idealising sport is little different from idealising war. (a) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify the main conclusion. [2] (b) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify three intermediate conclusions. [3] (c) Evaluate the strength of the reasoning in the argument. In your answer you should consider any flaws, unstated assumptions and other weaknesses. [5] (d) ‘Children with an exceptional talent for sport should be encouraged to take it up professionally.’ Write your own short argument to support or challenge this claim. The conclusion of your argument must be stated. Credit will not be given for repeating ideas from the passage. [5]

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IGCSE™ is a registered trademark. This document consists of 8 printed pages. © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/22 Paper 2 Critical Thinking May/June 2018 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 45 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2018 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 2 of 8 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 3 of 8 Question Answer Marks 1(a) Not very useful [1]. It gives Kitty a motive for setting fire to the store as revenge for his dismissal [1]. However, he is only one of several employees who have been dismissed [1]. It does not offer any evidence that connects him directly with the fire [1]. The letter was given to Benji the day after the petrol was purchased, so this could not have been why he purchased it [1]. Useful because it indicates his clumsiness therefore unlikely to have successfully carried out arson [1]. 3 1(b) Little significance [1]. Whilst he is expressing approval of the fire which is consistent with his guilt [1], it cannot be inferred from this that he actually is responsible for the fire [1]. It is far more likely to be gloating at the misfortune of his ex-employer [1]. 3 1(c) As his grandmother, she is likely to be biased towards Benji [1] and may have provided him with an alibi/an alternative reason for buying the petrol [1]. However, this idea is somewhat implausible as she would not have wanted to be implicated in such a serious crime [1]. Even if the lawn had clearly been mowed, it would be difficult to verify that it had been mowed by Benji, or when [1]. The fact that she unnecessarily derides Benji’s clumsiness increases her credibility [1]. Also she knows Benji well [1] and her comments about Benji’s clumsiness are confirmed by Source A [1]. No mark for judgment. 3 1(d) Level 3 5–6 marks A strong answer, which provides a reasoned argument including thorough evaluation of all or most of the evidence to support an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and evaluates the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 2 3–4 marks An answer which evaluates some of the evidence, draws an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and may mention the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which refers to some of the evidence, possibly including a simple evaluative comment. The conclusion may be unstated or over-stated. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content The possible conclusions are: • Benji is a serial arsonist. • Benji is responsible only for the Acme fire. • Benji is not responsible for the Acme fire. • The fire is not arson. 6

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 4 of 8 Question Answer Marks 1(d) The first conclusion seems unlikely. We have no evidence linking Benji to a series of fires and his clumsiness might mean he is unlikely to be capable of ‘sophisticated methods of arson’. The second conclusion has some evidence to support it as regards motive and means but not convincing enough – there is no evidence that the fire was caused by petrol. The third conclusion is persuasive – his pleasure in the fire is no more than ‘schadenfreude’ and it seems likely that the petrol was for the lawnmower. The fourth conclusion is also somewhat persuasive as arson is only suspected as an initial judgement. Notes for the guidance of markers Simple supported conclusion 1 (if no conclusion cap at Level 2) + simple consideration of alternative +1 AND reasoned rejection of alternative +1 + explicit use of some (3 or fewer) sources of evidence +1 OR explicit use of all or most (4 or more) sources of evidence +2 + critical evaluation of evidence +1 or (more than one case) +2 + good inferential reasoning +1 or (more than one case) +2 Evidence Source A Gives Benji a motive but he is not the only person to be sacked. He was sacked the day after purchasing the petrol so this could not have been the reason he purchased it. Source B Expert confirmation of suspicions of arson though linked to a serial arsonist rather than a single revenge attack and does not mention petrol. Source C Difficult to sustain a link between such expression of pleasure in the fire and Benji actually being responsible. Not sustainable as a principle i.e. approval of something is a likely indicator that we were responsible for it. Source D Gives Benji a possible means of starting the fire and, perhaps, if he often gets petrol, a link to the series of fires. However, using petrol is not, arguably, a ‘sophisticated’ method of arson. Source E Gives a convincing explanation of why Benji has petrol, albeit from a biased source. Confirms his clumsiness which possibly raises doubts about his ability to successfully carry out an arson attack (without setting himself on fire). However, it is possible he had enough petrol left over to start the fire even if he mowed the lawn.

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 5 of 8 Question Answer Marks 2(a) • How many pigments are used in a painting. If only a few, the process might not be that expensive • How many pigments need to be tested in order to detect a forgery. If only one or two, the process will not be that expensive. • How valuable the painting is – the cost of testing, even if high, might be relatively insignificant compared to the potential sale value. 2 marks for each developed answer. 1 mark if undeveloped 4 2(b) The methods mentioned rely on showing that the work was painted using materials unavailable to the artist at the time [1]. The artworks mentioned in Source E would have used materials of the time [1]. The scientific methods in Source A would therefore be unable to discern any forgery [1]. 3 2(c) 2 marks for a correct answer with accurate explanation. 1 mark for a correct answer with vague, incomplete or generic explanation. 0 marks for correct answer without explanation. 0 marks for incorrect answer with or without explanation. 2-mark answers • Source D is not an argument. It is a series of statements containing explanations for why forgeries are not a problem in galleries. • Source D is not an argument. It is a series of statements about forgeries not being a problem in galleries from which no conclusion is drawn. 1-mark answers • Source D is not an argument, because it does not include a persuasive conclusion. • Source D is not an argument. It is an explanation. • Allow: No. It contains an argument (in the third sentence), but is not an argument overall. 2

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 6 of 8 Question Answer Marks 2(d) Level 3 5–6 marks A reasoned argument, which uses and evaluates all or most of the evidence provided. Level 2 3–4 marks A simple argument, which uses and/or evaluates evidence. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which makes some correct reference to evidence but consists of opinion and/or assertion rather than argument or a weak argument which makes no reference to evidence. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content • Source A suggests that, in principle, scientific methods may be able to detect forgeries. • However, in practice, expense and vested interests may inhibit the use of science. • Source B suggests art has become an investment which could degrade the aesthetic aspect of art. • Source C suggests the problem of forgery might not be just confined to the ‘higher end’ art market. • Source D suggests forgery is only a problem for people who buy and sell paintings. It does not affect the enjoyment and appreciation of the famous paintings in galleries. • However, Source E suggests there may be a problem with the authenticity of some art in galleries. There is considerable scope for personal thinking here, especially whether the actual visual impact of a painting is affected by the question of who painted it. Certainly if people think the art work is genuine that might be all that matters as regards their enjoyment and appreciation. Notes for the guidance of markers Simple supported conclusion 1 or nuanced conclusion 2 + use of 1 or 2 sources +1 or use of all or most (3 or more) sources of evidence +2 not just mentioning or summarising or comprehension + critical evaluation of evidence +1 or (more than one case) +2 + good inferential reasoning +1 or (more than one case) +2 not speculation + personal thinking +1 6

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 7 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(a) 2 marks: (However, a number of factors suggest that) we should not idealise sport. 1 mark: Part of the above / paraphrase of the above / including previous sentence. 2 3(b) 1 mark for each of the following, to a maximum of 3 marks: • Sport is not something we should be holding up as a model to imitate in life. • The health-giving benefits of sport are illusory. • Compulsory sport in schools has a damaging effect on children. • Idealising sport is little different from idealising war. Allow one significant omission or addition in each case. 3 3(c) Marks for each evaluative point as follows, up to a maximum of 5 marks: 2 marks: Valid evaluative point, clearly expressed. 1 mark: Weak attempt at a valid evaluative point. Paragraph 2 • Assumption – professional sport cannot be freed of corruption and unfair practices. • Flaw – generalises from professional sport to all sport/lacks relevance to amateur sport. • Flaw – some sport having negative features not sufficient grounds for rejecting it Paragraph 3 • Flaw: generalises from contact sports to all sports • Flaw: post hoc – we cannot assume that the previous involvement in professional American Football caused the dementia OR Assumption: 30% is significantly higher than the proportion of the population that gets dementia. • Flaw – having some negative effects not sufficient grounds for total rejection of health benefits of sport. Paragraph 4 • Assumption – being miserable at school has a damaging effect • Assumption – school has to be fun • Assumption – that it is sport in general rather than the particular sport they had to play which was making them miserable • Assumption – enthusiastic participation means one idealises sport • Flaw – generalises from creative artists to population as a whole/does not support IC which applies to all children Paragraph 5 • Assumption – war should not be idealised. • Assumption – approving of traits that are relevant to an activity mean one approves of the activity itself. 5

9694/22 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 8 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(d) Level 3 4–5 marks Developed, coherent argument. Reasons strongly support conclusion. Development may include intermediate conclusion or apt examples. Simply structured argument – 4 marks. Effective use of IC etc. – 5 marks. Level 2 2–3 marks A simple argument. One reason + conclusion – 2 marks. Two or more separate reasons + conclusion – 3 marks. Level 1 1 mark Some relevant comment. Level 0 0 marks No relevant comment. Maximum 3 marks for wrong conclusion or if conclusion is implied but not stated. No credit for material merely reproduced from the passage. Specimen level 3 answers Support (109 words) Children should be encouraged to ‘follow their dream’. Not trying to make it professionally will always leave them wondering whether they could have been a successful professional sportsperson. Any other career they pursue will seem like ‘second best’ and they will be haunted by the feeling they could have been rich and famous. If they do not succeed they can always take up a more conventional career, but at least in that event they will know that they did try to make it in the field of their chosen sport as a professional. So children with an exceptional talent for sport should be encouraged to take it up professionally. Challenge (110 words) Encouraging talented children to take up sport professionally, even if that talent is exceptional, will almost certainly lead to disappointment. Many professional sportsmen and women struggle in the lower reaches of their chosen sport and find neither fame nor fortune. Their career, even if successful, is short and many find it difficult to adapt to a more normal way of life when they retire. Many sports are physically damaging and this often creates health problems in later life. There are plenty of opportunities to play sport to a good standard at an amateur level. So children with exceptional talent for sport should not be encouraged to take it up professionally. 5