Cambridge A Level Thinking Skills 9694 — 2017 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 1

This document consists of 6 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 insert. DC (RW) 129856/1 © UCLES 2017 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level * 9 0 8 0 9 6 2 2 7 2 * THINKING SKILLS 9694/21 Paper 2 Critical Thinking May/June 2017 1 hour 45 minutes No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer all the questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.

2 9694/21/M/J/17 © UCLES 2017 1 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A News report Pensioner foils burglary attempt In the early hours of Wednesday morning, Mr Peter Day (68), was woken by the sound of intruders at his home. On investigating, he discovered two men in one of the upstairs rooms. Fortunately, he disturbed them before they had time to steal anything from the house. Two men were arrested at the scene and have been charged with breaking and entering. Neighbours report that there have been several burglaries in the area in recent weeks. This paper understands that police have removed a table leg from the house for forensic examination. Source B Statement to police by Peter Day I was awoken by a noise in our spare bedroom and went to investigate, carrying a table leg with which to defend myself if I was attacked. I saw two young men in the room. I challenged them. In their haste to escape, they became so disorientated that they tripped over one another, fell down the stairs and knocked themselves unconscious. I did not hit either of the men. Source C Statement to police by Darren Jones While I was passing Mr Day’s house at about 3 am, I noticed someone entering the house. I thought he seemed suspicious, and so I followed him into the house in order to investigate. I intended to warn the householder if necessary. I followed the man upstairs and into a bedroom. Suddenly, I felt a severe pain in the back of my head. The next thing I knew, I woke up at the foot of the stairs in handcuffs and a police officer told me I had been arrested on suspicion of burglary. Source D News report Have-a-go hero accused Lawyers representing Mr Darren Jones (22) have announced that they have been instructed to prosecute Peter Day for assault on their client. They allege that Day struck Mr Jones with a weapon, knocking him unconscious, and pushed him down a flight of stairs, causing severe headaches and extensive bruising. Source E Home Lawyer reference book Anyone who has reasonable grounds for thinking that their life, physical safety or possessions are being attacked may legally use reasonable force in self-defence. However, anyone who uses greater force than required by the nature of the threat may still be guilty of assault.

3 9694/21/M/J/17 © UCLES 2017 [Turn over (a) Peter Day is a retired Special Forces Marine. Suggest one way in which this additional information might affect your evaluation of his evidence in Source B. [2] (b) Suggest two factors which make Darren Jones’s evidence in Source C unreliable. [4] (c) How useful is Source E in relation to this incident? [3] (d) How likely do you think it is that Peter Day is guilty of assault against Darren Jones? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, with critical reference to the evidence provided and considering a plausible alternative conclusion. [6]

4 9694/21/M/J/17 © UCLES 2017 2 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A Health advice website The popular myth that you can catch a cold or flu from being cold is not true. Colds and flu are caused by viruses. Although cold and flu symptoms occur most commonly during the winter, they are not caused by being out in the cold. According to our expert advisers, the reason why cold and flu infections occur mainly in the winter is because infections spread when people tend to stay indoors for longer periods of time and in closer contact with one another. This closeness makes it easier to catch viruses, which are transmitted in the air and by touching infected surfaces. In order to minimize the risk of catching a cold or flu, we recommend that you • avoid contact with family or friends who are displaying the symptoms of a cold; • wash your hands frequently, especially before you eat and after you use the toilet; • avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands. Source B Research report In research undertaken by Cardiff University, 180 volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups of 90 each. One group immersed their feet in ice water for 20 minutes, and the other group did not. 13 of the ‘chilled’ group and 5 of the ‘not chilled’ group reported symptoms of a cold in the following 5 days. The researchers think that being chilled may reduce people’s ability to ignore symptoms. Source C The Common Cold Pyramid Severe symptoms Mild symptoms Infection but no symptoms Exposure but no infection Most people who are infected by a cold virus are not aware of symptoms at all, and very few experience “severe” symptoms. Source D Research report American scientists have conducted an experiment using a virus which affects mice in a similar way to the effects of the cold virus on humans. At warmer temperatures, mice infected with the virus activated natural defences that fought off the virus. At cooler temperatures, fewer antiviral defences were activated, and so the infection was able to survive and grow.

5 9694/21/M/J/17 © UCLES 2017 [Turn over (a) Source A comes from a company which sells products to relieve the symptoms of cold and flu. How does this affect the reliability of the information given in Source A? [3] (b) (i) Explain why the information in Source C is of limited relevance to the findings in Source B. [2] (ii) Suggest two alternative explanations for the results seen in the experiment in Source B. [2] (c) How useful do you think the research described in Source D is in attempting to answer the question of whether cold temperatures cause people to catch a cold? [2] (d) ‘There is nothing you can do to avoid catching a cold.’ To what extent do you agree with this claim? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, using and evaluating the information provided in Sources A–D. [6]

6 9694/21/M/J/17 © UCLES 2017 3 Read the passage and answer the questions below. 1 The expansion of university places has been a mistake. Roughly half the people who leave school in the UK currently proceed to university. This has led to a catastrophic decline in standards. Too many jobs now require university qualifications. It will soon be impossible to obtain a job sweeping roads without a degree in Environmental Science, while checkout operators will need a degree in Economics. Young people who have chosen not to go to university, or through no fault of their own have been unable to do so, face a lifetime of unemployment, unfulfilment and misery. 2 Apprenticeships are more suitable than university courses to equip people for many occupations. In order to qualify to teach in a university, professors and lecturers need research degrees and a list of publications. The way to achieve these qualifications and publications is to challenge accepted theories, ideas and even facts. This emphasis on research distorts the way most subjects are taught at university and makes them unsuitable as vocational training. 3 Traditionally, school teachers were expected to know a lot of facts and to have mastered various skills; their task was to pass on some of those facts and skills to their pupils. They used to go to specialised training colleges to learn answers, not to raise questions. The university courses which would-be teachers now take have higher status but are less effective at equipping them for this work. We should restore the old training colleges. 4 A very few young adults gain satisfaction from exploring more and more deeply into the nature of their subject without ever knowing anything for certain. But they are a tiny minority. University courses are not suited to the needs of most students, because most people do not benefit from the constant undermining of their knowledge. They want to know more about their subject as a result of their studies, not less. 5 University education is also very expensive. Responsible parents would try to dissuade their sons and daughters from spending borrowed money on pleasure, luxury and self-indulgence. Similarly, they should discourage young adults from wasting money they do not have on a university education. (a) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify the main conclusion. [2] (b) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify three intermediate conclusions. [3] (c) Evaluate the strength of the reasoning in the argument. In your answer you should consider any flaws, unstated assumptions and other weaknesses. [5] (d) ‘University education should be free of charge.’ Write your own short argument to support or challenge this claim. The conclusion of your argument must be stated. Credit will not be given for repeating ideas from the passage. [5]

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8 9694/21/M/J/17 © UCLES 2017 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

® IGCSE is a registered trademark. This document consists of 8 printed pages. © UCLES 2017 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/21 Paper 2 Critical Thinking May/June 2017 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 45 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2017 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 2 of 8 Question Answer Marks 1(a) Mr Day is likely to be fitter than most people of his age / less likely to be afraid of the intruders / likely to be more inclined to use violence towards enemies / may be suffering from PTSD [1]. So he may well have attacked the intruders [1], In which case his statement would be untrue [1]. Alternatively: Mr Day is likely to have an intimidating demeanour [1]; so the intruders may well have panicked when he confronted them [1]; this makes his evidence more likely to be true [1]. 2 1(b) 2 answers required. • Darren Jones has a vested interest to lie [1], in order to avoid being convicted of burglary [1]. • His story is implausible. It is highly unlikely [1] that anyone would enter someone’s house without permission in order to investigate a possible burglary, rather than ringing the doorbell or calling the police [1]. 4 1(c) It implies that, even if Mr Day did hit the men, he may be innocent of assault [1], although if he used excessive force he could still be guilty [1]. But it does not help to establish what Mr Day’s actions in fact were [1], and does not explain what degree of force would be regarded as ‘reasonable’ [1]. 3

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 3 of 8 Question Answer Marks 1(d) Level 3 5–6 marks A strong answer, which provides a reasoned argument including thorough evaluation of all or most of the evidence to support an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and evaluates the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 2 3–4 marks An answer which evaluates some of the evidence, draws an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and may mention the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which refers to some of the evidence, possibly including a simple evaluative comment. The conclusion may be unstated or over-stated. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content The possible conclusions are: • The two intruders may have fallen without being attacked, as Mr Day alleged; • Mr Day may have used a legitimate degree of force in defence of his property; • or he may have used excessive force, in which case he is guilty of assault. The second of these may be the most likely solution. Notes for the guidance of markers Simple supported conclusion 1 (if no conclusion cap at Level 2) + simple consideration of alternative +1 AND reasoned rejection of alternative +1 + explicit use of some (3 or fewer) sources of evidence +1 OR explicit use of all or most (4 or more) sources of evidence +2 + critical evaluation of evidence +1 or (more than one source) +2 + good inferential reasoning +1 or (more than one case) +2 Max 6 6

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 4 of 8 Question Answer Marks 2(a) • The reliability is strengthened by the company’s specialist expertise [1]. • The company would have a vested interest to have people catch colds in order to sell their products [1], but they give advice which may prevent people from ever needing them, which strengthens the reliability of the document [1]. Allow for 1 mark: • The company’s products are for treating symptoms, but the article discusses preventing colds altogether, so the reliability is not affected. • The company has a vested interest to increase sales of its products, and therefore may have lied about colds and flu not being caused by being out in the cold. 3 2(b)(i) Source C confirms that there is variation in the severity of symptoms experienced by people with a cold, which is the basis of the researcher’s suggested explanations for their findings in Source B [1], but does not make any reference to whether the cause of this variation is being chilled [1]. 2 2(b)(ii) 1 mark for each plausible explanation, for example: • At least one of the chilled group already had a cold during the experiment, and infected other members of the group • More of the chilled group were exposed to cold virus after the experiment than the not-chilled group • The chilled group were exposed to a more virulent strain of cold virus than the not-chilled group • Being chilled makes people more likely to catch a cold • More of the chilled group were already infected with cold virus before the experiment • The chilled group were of a personality type more inclined to report symptoms than the not-chilled group • The chilled group may have been expecting to catch a cold as a result of the experiment (nocebo effect – accept ‘placebo’). 2 2(c) The fact that the virus acts in a similar way to the human cold virus means that the findings could be transferable to humans [1], but this is far from certain, because mice are different from humans and / or the viruses are different [1]. The experiment was not about catching a cold, but about fighting it off [1]. 2

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 5 of 8 Question Answer Marks 2(d) Level 3 5–6 marks A reasoned argument, which uses and evaluates all or most of the evidence provided. Level 2 3–4 marks A simple argument, which uses and/or evaluates evidence. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which makes some correct reference to evidence but consists of opinion and/or assertion rather than argument or a weak argument which makes no reference to evidence. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content • The main reason for drawing this inference is that the different sources disagree in their advice. • Source A suggests that susceptibility to infection by cold viruses is greatest when people are indoors in close proximity to one another. • Source A also gives advice on infection control. • Although the hypothesis in Source B is tentative and dubious, • It does support a link between being cold and suffering from a cold. • Source D gives a different hypothesis for similar findings, • Although based on a different species. • The reason for uncertainty and disagreement about how to avoid catching a cold may be that, • as shown in Source C, many people are exposed to a cold virus without becoming infected, or are infected without having symptoms, or have such mild symptoms that they may not take much notice of them. Notes for the guidance of markers Simple supported conclusion 1 OR nuanced conclusion 2 + use of 1 or 2 sources +1 OR use of all or most (3 or more) sources of evidence +2 not just mentioning or summarising or comprehension + critical evaluation of evidence +1 or (more than one case) +2 + good inferential reasoning +1 or (more than one case) +2 not speculation + personal thinking +1 Max 6 6

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 6 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(a) 2 marks: The expansion of university places has been a mistake. 1 mark: paraphrase of the above 2 3(b) 1 mark for each of the following, to a maximum of 3 marks: • Too many jobs now require university qualifications. • Apprenticeships are more suitable than university courses to equip people for many occupations. • We should restore the old training colleges. • University courses are not suited to the needs of most students. • (Similarly,) they [parents] should discourage young adults from wasting money they do not have on a university education. Allow one additional element or one significant omission in each case. If more than three answers are offered, mark the first four only. 3

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 7 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(c) Marks for each evaluative point as follows, up to a maximum of 5 marks: 2 marks: Valid evaluative point, clearly expressed. 1 mark: Weak attempt at a valid evaluative point. Paragraph 1 • The epithet ‘catastrophic’ is an appeal to emotion. • The penultimate sentence is a slippery slope. • The last sentence is a false dichotomy. (Credit this as a slippery slope, but only if the previous sentence has not been credited). • And the last sentence is also an appeal to pity / emotion. Paragraph 2 • The first sentence is inconsistent with the final sentence of paragraph 1. • The verb ‘distorts’ begs the question as to the correct way of teaching a subject. • The final sentence relies on the assumption that being trained to challenge theories and facts is not relevant to the world of work. Paragraph 3 • The first sentence consists of an appeal to tradition, • which relies on the assumption that the nature of school teaching has not and should not have changed. • The penultimate sentence relies on the assumption that the aim of teacher training courses has not and should not have changed. Paragraph 4 • The phrase ‘without ever knowing anything for certain’ is an exaggeration or one-sided description of the nature of academic study. • The first and last sentences rely on the assumption that ‘exploring more and more deeply into the nature of their subject’ results in students knowing less about their subject instead of more. • Assumption (between IC and MC): that university courses cannot change. Paragraph 5 • The validity of the analogy in this paragraph relies on the assumption that university courses are not cost-effective for students. • The choice of the word ‘wasting’ begs the question, on the basis of the assumption that the expenditure is not cost-effective. • Inconsistency with paragraph 1: if it is difficult or impossible to gain a job without a degree, university courses are not a waste of money. • The final sentence relies on the assumption that students have to borrow money to pay for university education, rather than being subsidized by family, sponsors or the government. 5

9694/21 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 8 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(d) Level 3 4–5 marks Developed, coherent argument. Reasons strongly support conclusion. Development may include intermediate conclusion or apt examples. Simply structured argument – 4 marks. Effective use of IC etc. – 5 marks. Level 2 2–3 marks A simple argument. One reason + conclusion – 2 marks. Two or more separate reasons + conclusion – 3 marks. Level 1 1 mark Some relevant comment. Level 0 0 marks No relevant comment. Maximum 3 marks for wrong conclusion or if conclusion is implied but not stated. No credit for material merely reproduced from the passage. Specimen level 3 answers Support (118 words) Every country needs a constant supply of young people who have the knowledge, skills and personal qualities which are developed by university education. Those are the people who will eventually ensure the prosperity of the country. Paying for university education from taxation therefore benefits everyone, not just the students who receive the free education. Not charging the recipients also ensures that the young people who receive a university education are those who are judged to have the greatest potential to benefit from it, rather than those whose parents are wealthy enough to afford the costs. It is good for a society if access to higher education is based on ability. Therefore university education should be free of charge. Challenge (108 words) The best investment any young person can make in their own future is to go to university. The expenditure will be repaid many times over in increased earnings over their lifetime. It is therefore only fair that students themselves should pay the costs. In addition, most people would have much less incentive to work hard and to achieve as much as possible if they could not use their earnings to buy advantages for their children and grandchildren. Therefore it is indirectly beneficial to the whole community if students or their families have to pay the cost of university education. So university education should not be free of charge. 5