Cambridge A Level History 9389 — 2021 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 3

This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. Cambridge International AS & A Level HISTORY 9389/13 Paper 1 Document Question May/June 2021 1 hour You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer one question from one section only. Answer both parts of the question. Section A: European Option Section B: American Option Section C: International Option ● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 40. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. * 8 3 0 9 1 9 8 8 1 3 * DC (MB) 202623/1 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over

2 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Section A: European Option Liberalism and Nationalism in Italy and Germany, 1815–1871 The Problem of Italian Unification 1 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A For us in Sicily, annexation means order and justice. We shall lose none of our rights in doing so, as we shall be joining not Piedmont, but Italy. To insist on any special conditions for us would imply that we do not want Italian unity. It would signify a wish to separate from the kingdom of Victor Emmanuel, or fall again under the Bourbons, or to turn republican or to remain in our present state of uncertainty. In any case, we may be sure that regional liberty cannot be denied us. An Italian Parliament will have to provide for it as all Italy will be represented. Moreover, we should trust the word of Victor Emmanuel. From a Sicilian newspaper, October 1860. Source B The laws of the Two Sicilies are very good and compare well with those of all civilised nations. They are the best in all of Italy. These Napoleonic codes are already in force in Southern Italy, yet you want Naples to submit unconditionally and immediately, with all her eyes shut, to a new Kingdom who has yet no settled laws, whose finances are rocking, where there is serious disorder and violence, and whose administrative organisation seems to be a mystery even to the members of the cabinet themselves. A speech by Giuseppe Ferrari to the Italian Parliament, 8 October 1860. Source C Gentlemen, I have said and I repeat that Rome, and only Rome, must be the capital of Italy. But there the difficulties begin. We must go to Rome, but on two conditions. Firstly, we must go in partnership with France. Second, we must not allow the incorporation of this city into the rest of Italy to be seen by the large mass of Catholics as evidence of the servitude of the Church. We must go to Rome without undermining the true independence of the Pope. We must go to Rome without extending civil authority over the spiritual authority of the Pope. We believe in the independence of the Pope. His dignity and the independence of the Church can be safeguarded through the separation of the two powers applied to the relationship between the civil and religious society. Cavour in the Chamber of Deputies of the first Italian Parliament, 25 March 1861.

3 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over Source D By geographical position, as well as by its traditions, Rome is the natural centre of Italy. It would be hard to think of a strongly established Kingdom of Italy without Rome as its capital. The papal government is so weak that it will always be dependent on foreign armies. At the moment Rome is under French protection. Within Rome plots against us are being hatched and organised acts of violence and terror are spreading in the South. While the spiritual power of the Papacy is accepted, the governing power of the Popes is against both the spirit of the Christian religion and the needs of civil society. Priests and civil government are radically incompatible. The populations of the Papal States suffer from this and hate a system of government which condemns them to idleness and a lack of economic and intellectual progress. As long as this lasts, the Romans will be caught in a terrible vicious circle between mass rebellion and foreign occupation. Italy cannot accept a situation which is such a permanent threat to peace. Ricasoli, Prime Minister of Italy, writing to the Italian Ambassador to Berlin, 15 July 1861. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Compare and contrast the attitudes towards papal authority shown in Sources C and D. [15] (b) ‘Regionalism was the main problem facing those desiring Italian unity.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? [25]

4 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Section B: American Option The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861 The Presidential Election, 1860 2 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A I am of the opinion that it would be unwise for the Southern states to secede, if Lincoln were to be elected. I believe that in the Union we would still have left to us the means of constitutional resistance to aggressions against the equal rights of the people of the Southern states. We would still have a majority in the US Senate opposed to the abolitionists. Without the consent of that body no law could be passed. We have also the US Supreme Court, whose opinions are favourable to the equality, both of persons and of property. We also have a majority of the United States opposed to the faction of which Lincoln is the head. From a published letter from a Breckinridge supporter, Kentucky, October 1860. Source B Every Southern voice which reaches us, whether from press, politicians or the people, is ringing with discontent and a spirit of resistance to oppression in view of the probable success of the Republican party at the Presidential election. However we may deplore the lengths to which their speakers go in spreading divisive principles, it is impossible to ignore the fact that the public declarations of Mr Lincoln and Mr Seward are intended to spread alarm throughout the South. This justifies the South adopting a defensive position. The South is neither so blind or stupid that it cannot comprehend all this. It is not in the South where this danger can be averted. It lies with the conservative men of the North and Middle states to put down this desperate faction. It is the duty of every man who loves peace and the Union to resist the election of Lincoln. From the ‘New York Herald’, October 1860. Source C It is asked, if Lincoln be elected president, what should the South do? Speaking for myself, and for myself alone, I am free to say that the success of Mr Lincoln would justify the Southern states in withdrawing from the Union. I think the Southern states should meet in conference, in order to devise a way of avoiding the disunion of which everyone disapproves. I feel that the South is awakening to the magnitude of the dangers that surround it. Our people, by an overwhelming majority, composed of Whigs and Democrats, will show that, if we cannot win the presidential victory, that we can at least present to the enemy an unbroken and united defiance. From a published letter from the Governor of Louisiana, November 1860.

5 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over Source D The presidential election of 1860 involved three main groups. Its most remarkable feature was that, in advance of the election, a group of leading men of the South had angrily announced that, in the event of the failure to elect their candidate, John Breckinridge, they would proceed to take the slaveholding South out of the Union. In no event whatever would they submit to the rule of Abraham Lincoln. These threats probably cost Republican candidates many votes. A second group thought that this was an empty threat. The third group was tired of the South’s rule-or-ruin intimidation. It came as an insult and a challenge. Had southern men thought about the most effective means to provoke the solid opposition of the North against slavery, they could not have hit on any better way to do this. An extract from ‘The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass’, written by Frederick Douglass, published in 1887. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) To what extent do Sources B and D agree about Northern views on the election campaign? [15] (b) ‘The 1860 presidential election united the South in favour of secession.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? [25]

6 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Section C: International Option The Search for International Peace and Security, 1919–1945 The achievements of the League of Nations 3 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A The policy of collective security has been tried and it has failed to prevent war. There is no reason why we should abandon the idea of the League and give up the ideals for which it stands. But surely we must admit that we have tried to impose upon the League a task which is beyond its power to fulfill. It is time for the members to decide to limit the functions of the League so that they match its real powers. But if the League were to be limited in that way, it must be accepted that it could no longer be relied upon by itself to secure the peace of the world. Is it not apparent that the policy of sanctions involves a risk of war? Is it not apparent that the risk must increase in proportion to the effectiveness of the sanctions? From a speech by Neville Chamberlain, a leading member of the British government, June 1936. Source B The delegates played the game of power politics without any regard for the good of the world. The League was mainly under the influence of Britain and France, with the British government opposing any form of collective security. It did good work in the non-political field, but this does not justify the existence of the League which was founded to preserve peace, not to deal with public health or the opium trade. For its failure, the governments that compose it, and in particular those of the Great Powers, are responsible. The League would have worked better had it been organised differently. The application of sanctions would have been more effective. Finally, the fact that the League’s decisions had to be unanimous was a great hindrance to the efficient working of the League, indeed it has often paralysed it. Many of the decisions of the League have, therefore, been unsatisfactory compromises. From a book entitled ‘The Geneva Racket, 1920–1939’ written by a British anti-fascist journalist, published in 1941.

7 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Source C Have our efforts for those twenty years been thrown away? The work of the League is imprinted on the social, economic and humanitarian life of the world and above all a great advance was made in the international organisation of peace. For the first time an organisation was constructed to abolish war. It strove for an improved civilisation, better international cooperation and protection of the helpless. The League failed to preserve peace, the main reason for its existence. That does not mean that the work of twenty years counts for nothing. All the main ideas I have described remain. There is now a new organisation, the United Nations. Its Charter is an improvement because it recognises more clearly than the Covenant did that peace must be enforced. However, the League’s failure was not due to weaknesses in the Covenant. It failed because member states did not accept the obligation to use the provisions of the Covenant. From a speech by Lord Cecil, one of the architects of the League, speaking at the last meeting of the Assembly, April 1946. Source D It is not the League which has failed. It is not its principles which have been found wanting. It is the nations which have neglected it. It is the governments which have abandoned it. The League leaves behind it lasting works. Some fully succeeded and the new organisation will merely have to carry them on. This applies in public health and social questions. The United Nations will be able to use the League’s achievements. The international armed force is the great innovation and is the most definite gain of the Charter. In the essential task of maintaining peace the League succeeded during a number of years. However, in the case of Italy we were too slow to impose sanctions, and we stopped short of the only two which would have been effective – the cutting off of oil supplies and the closing of the Suez Canal. From a speech by a French delegate at the last meeting of the Assembly, April 1946. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) To what extent do Sources B and D agree about the weaknesses of the League of Nations? [15] (b) ‘The League of Nations achieved little.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? [25]

8 9389/13/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

This document consists of 10 printed pages. © UCLES 2021 [Turn over Cambridge International AS & A Level HISTORY 9389/13 Paper 1 May/June 2021 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 40 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2021 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 10 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 3 of 10 Part(a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks Level 4: Makes a developed comparison Makes a developed comparison between the two sources, recognising points of similarity and difference. Uses knowledge to evaluate the sources and shows good contextual awareness. 12–15 Level 3: Compares views and identifies similarities and differences Compares the views expressed in the sources, identifying differences and similarities. Begins to explain and evaluate the views using the sources and knowledge. 8–11 Level 2: Compares views and identifies similarities and/or differences Identifies relevant similarities or differences between views/sources and the response may be one-sided with only one aspect explained. Alternatively, both similarities and differences may be mentioned but both aspects lack development. 4–7 Level 1: Describes content of each source Describes or paraphrases the content of the two sources. Very simple comparisons may be made (e.g. one is from a letter and the other is from a speech) but these are not developed. 1–3 Level 0: No relevant comment on the sources or the issue 0 Part(b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks Level 5: Evaluates the sources to reach a sustained judgement Answers are well focused, demonstrating a clear understanding of the sources and the question. Reaches a sustained judgement about the extent to which the sources support the statement and weighs the evidence in order to do this. 21–25 Level 4: Evaluates the sources Demonstrates a clear understanding of the sources and the question. Begins to evaluate the material in context, considering the nature, origin and purpose of the sources in relation to the statement. At the top of this level candidates may begin to reach a judgement but this is not sustained. 16–20 Level 3: Uses the sources to support and challenge the statement Makes valid points from the sources to both challenge and support the statement in the question. These comments may be derived from source content or may be about the provenance/nature of the sources. 11–15 Level 2: Uses the sources to support or challenge the statement Makes valid points from the sources to either support the statement in the question or to challenge it. These comments may be derived from source content or may be about the provenance/nature of the sources. 6–10 Level 1: Does not make valid use of the sources Describes the content of the sources with little attempt to link the material to the question. Alternatively, candidates may write an essay about the question without reference to the sources. 1–5 Level 0: No relevant comment on the sources or the issue 0

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 4 of 10 Question Answer Marks 1(a) Compare and contrast the attitudes towards papal authority shown in Sources C and D. Similarities. • There are three main similarities. The first is that both Sources accept that there will be a future role for the Pope in both Rome and Italy as a whole. • The second is that the Pope should retain his spiritual leadership over the Roman Catholic Church. • The third is that there should in future be a clear division between the Pope’s spiritual leadership of the Church and any political leadership. Formerly the Pope had been the political leader of the Papal States. It was accepted in both Sources that the Papacy would no longer be a Head of State with any civil authority. Differences • The main difference is one of tone and attitude towards the Papacy. Source C is very positive and supportive of the Papacy. It wants to retain the ‘true independence’ of the Pope and clearly values the Pope’s spiritual authority. It wants to retain ‘the dignity and independence’ of the Papacy and wants to ‘safeguard’ it. • Source D is highly critical of the Papacy. It sees it as a weak institution, controlling a region which is the centre for plots and violence which ‘condemns’ its citizens to ‘idleness’ and a lack of economic and intellectual progress. It sees the institution as a threat to peace. Source C is a public speech by Cavour who is appealing to the new Italian Parliament over the management of a highly complex problem. Italy was still a strongly Catholic country, so he had to retain Catholic support. However, at the same time there were plenty in both the new Parliament and Italy generally who saw the Pope as a tyrant because of the way in which the Papal States had been ruled. Cavour was trying to steer a middle way between two extremes. Source D is a letter which was not intended to be published. Therefore, it might well contain views which would not be put forward in parliament and be a more accurate reflection of official thinking than would be the case in a parliamentary speech like Source C. 15

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 5 of 10 Question Answer Marks 1(b) ‘Regionalism was the main problem facing those desiring Italian unity.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? Source A can be used to challenge. The writer suggests that Sicily should reject regionalism, be happy to join with the rest of Italy and that ‘annexation means order and justice’. The writer appears much more worried about a Bourbon invasion or the threat of republicanism. They also suggest that Victor Emmanuel should be trusted. Some support could be read against the grain as this may be a response to others worried about joining a united Italy, but this source is generally in favour of unification. Source A is simply a newspaper comment and there is no indication how popular these views might be in Sicily. Contextual knowledge might suggest that the chances of a Bourbon restoration were slight, and there was no republican tradition in the region either. Source B supports the hypothesis and raises the issue of regionalism, seeing this as an important issue. The speaker argues against Sicily giving up its legal system, which is ‘the best in all of Italy’ and handing itself over to a new country which has not got one, has no settled government, and refers to the ‘disorder’ in the South. There is no mention of the capital issue for example. The speaker, evidently part of the representation of Sicily in the new Italian Parliament, would naturally be inclined to favour the current practices of the region he was elected from. However contextual knowledge would suggest that while possibly exaggerating the situation that existed in Italy at the time, there were many valid concerns across the ‘new’ Italy about the extent to which local laws, customs and practices would have to change as a result of unification and forming a truly national government. Source C challenges this hypothesis, and initially has a focus on where the capital should be. It is an important one, but there were several others of even greater importance. French support was still an issue at the time, as Austria was still a significant feature in North Italy. The whole relationship between Church and State needed to be sorted out, with the Pope being distinctly unhappy over the whole idea of the separation of powers. The capital issue was important, but it was far and away from being the only one. There is no mention of any regional issues. Cavour is appealing to the new Italian Parliament over the management of a highly complex problem, and this is bound to affect what he says. Italy was still a strongly Catholic country, so he had to retain Catholic support. However, at the same time there were plenty in both the new Parliament and Italy generally who saw the Pope as a tyrant because of the way in which the Papal States had been ruled. Cavour was trying to steer a middle way between two extremes. 25

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 6 of 10 Question Answer Marks 1(b) Source D also suggests that the issue of the capital is important and has to be dealt with, but, like Source C, suggests there are other problems as well. These include the hostility of the Papacy to both the separation of powers and the loss of its civil authority. There are also the references to the plots against the new Italian government. The feeling is that the issue of the role of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church is more important. There is little comment on any regional issues. While Source C is a public speech, Source D is a letter which was not intended to be published. Therefore, it might well contain views which would not be put forward in parliament and be a more accurate reflection of official thinking than would be the case in a parliamentary speech like Source C. Contextual knowledge, as well as Cavour’s own private letters in the weeks before he died suggest that his real views were similar to those expressed in Source D. Question Answer Marks 2(a) To what extent do Sources B and D agree about Northern views on the election campaign? Agreements/Similarities include: • Both emphasise the discontent of the South • Both stress the determination of the South to oppose Lincoln. Disagreements/Differences include: • Source B says Southern discontent is a response to Lincoln and Seward spreading alarm whereas Source D says ‘a group of leading men of the South’ is responsible. • Source B says the Republicans will be most effectively stopped by the conservative men of the middle and northern states whereas Source D says that the Republicans will not be stopped because Southern discontent has helped provoke Northern opposition – and presumably unity – against the South. Source B comes from a contemporary Northern newspaper while Source D comes from an autobiography published more than twenty-five years later. The author of Source D was the leading ex-slave of the era, who played a major role in the process of emancipation. Therefore, his account of the election campaign is likely to be sympathetic to the Republicans, especially two decades later. [At the time Douglass was more critical.] Source B, written in the heat of the political battle, is unlikely to be impartial. However, before reaching its anti-Lincoln conclusion, it is even-handed in criticising both the South and the Republican leaders. And the conclusion is surprising, coming from a New York newspaper. Both sources are partial and thus unreliable. 15

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 7 of 10 Question Answer Marks 2(b) ‘The 1860 Presidential election united the South in favour of secession.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? Source A challenges the assertion. It argues that ‘it would be unwise for the Southern states to secede’ before going on to give evidence to support its argument. Source A is an appeal for moderation from a Southern source, though from one of the border slave states rather than the Deep South. It is from a letter which was published, presumably to influence opinion in Kentucky in favour of Breckinridge. This letter runs counter to the usual views of the South and of Southern Democrats. And evidence can be provided of Southerners who opposed secession. Source B supports the hypothesis. It argues that the South is united by ‘a spirit of resistance’ against a likely Republican victory. The South, however, cannot stop a Lincoln victory. Doing so depends on men of moderation in the North. Published in a New York newspaper in the middle of the election campaign, this Northern source is convincing in its analysis of the South – and of the election. The South by itself could not defeat Lincoln. The Northern men of moderation which Source B urged to vote against Lincoln did not do so in sufficient numbers. Therefore, the source is reliable in its argument about the 1860 election and its impact on the South. Source C challenges the hypothesis as it doesn’t actually say that the 1860 election did unite the South. Rather, it said that the likely election result should unite the South in such a circumstance, in a conference of all the states. The Governor of Louisiana wants unity to avoid secession, not bring it about. Source C is written just before the presidential election result is announced. It is a public document from the Governor of Louisiana, who rather disingenuously argues that he is speaking only for himself. As an elected politician, he is both influenced by and tries to influence public opinion, aiming to appeal to as many voters as possible. As a public document from an elected politician at such a crucial time, this is hardly likely to be a reliable account of Southern responses to the 1860 election. Source D challenges the assertion. Its main message is that the election of 1860 saw voters divide into three groups: secessionists, sceptics about Southern threats and opponents of the South and its threats. The secessionists are identified as ‘a group of leading men of the South’. It suggests that Southern threats might have united Northern opposition. Source D is taken from Douglass’s autobiography, published several decades after the election. Given events of those two decades, and especially the civil war and its outcomes, its reliability with regards to the attitudes of the South in 1860 is highly dubious. 25

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 10 Question Answer Marks 3(a) To what extent do Sources B and D agree about the weaknesses of the League of Nations? Differences include: • There are differences over what its weaknesses were. Source B suggests that these included: the fact that its decisions had to be unanimous and the fact that it was not organised on a federal system, while Source D thinks that the system of sanctions was far too slow. • Source B also singles out Britain for particular criticism. Source D does not do this, suggesting it was let down by many nations. Similarities include: • Both sources agree that member states have shown insufficient support to the League. Source B is written from the perspective of 1941 and so the author knows about the failure of the League. The author is also an anti-fascist and so was keen for the League to stand up to Italy, Japan and Germany. He wants to explain the failures of the League. Source D is from the final session of the League in 1946. The purpose was to liquidate the League. It was a form of handing on to the UN. The members tended to look back and, despite the Second World War, try to remember positive aspects of the League. It is also trying to be hopeful about the new UN. All this colours the judgement of the author. 15

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) 'The League of Nations achieved little.' How far do Sources A to D support this view? Source A makes the crucial point that the League failed to secure peace and prevent war. It failed because it was asked to do too much. Source A is from Neville Chamberlain, a leading member of the British Government. It is made just after the Abyssinian Crisis where the British Government was not keen on using sanctions or on taking a strong stand against Italy. In fact, Britain was a less than enthusiastic member of the League, and its lack of commitment to the League is reflected in this source. This explains Chamberlain's purpose and argument. He does not want Britain to rely on the League again. It also explains his low expectations of the League. Source B makes the point that the main reason for the League's existence was to preserve peace, and in this it failed. This makes the failure more significant. The areas in which it did succeed were not as important. It also mentions that the League was often paralysed, and it often had to resort to compromises. Source B offers some challenge as, although it thinks the failures were more significant, does mention some achievements – in the 'non-political' field such as public health and the opium trade. Source B is written from the perspective of 1941 and so the author knows about the failure of the League. The author is also an anti-fascist and so was keen for the League to stand up to Italy, Japan and Germany. He wants to explain the failures of the League. Source C also makes the point that the League failed to preserve peace which was the reason for its existence and concludes at the end that it 'failed'. However, Source C challenges the idea because it disagrees strongly. It argues that there were achievements in social, economic and humanitarian areas. More importantly it says that the fact that this was the first organisation set up to abolish war and preserve peace was an important achievement in itself. The ideals it had have been preserved and will live on through the UN – again, an important achievement. Source C is by Lord Cecil. As one of the founders of the League he tends to be more positive towards it then some of the other authors. He is also looking forward to the UN. All this rather colours his judgements about the League. It also raises questions about his claim that there was little wrong with the Covenant and that any problems were the fault of the member countries. 25

9389/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 10 of 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) Source D mentions that in the case of Italy sanctions failed. It also implies at the beginning that there was a failure, but this was not the fault of the League. However, Source D offers some challenge to the idea because it makes similar points about the legacy of the League – its achievements in public health and social issues live on into the future, as do its ideals. These will be taken up by the UN and will help the UN. These are important achievements. Source D is from the final session of the League in 1946. The purpose was to liquidate the League. It was a form of handing on to the UN. The members tended to look back and, despite the Second World War, try to remember positive aspects of the League. It is also trying to be hopeful about the new UN. All this colours the judgement of the author.