Country classification by income level — Paper 2 · A Level Environmental Management (AS only) 8291

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows water use by sector for countries with contrasting levels of economic development. countries with low economic countries with high economic development development Key Agricultural use Domestic use Industrial use Fig. 2.1 (i) Describe two differences in water use between countries with low levels of economic development and countries with high levels of economic development shown in Fig. 2.1. … … … … [2] (ii) As a country becomes more economically developed, its water use changes. Explain two reasons for changes in water use. … … … … [4] (b) Fig. 2.2 shows an area of the Colorado River drainage basin in the United States of America. The Colorado River drainage basin has an area of approximately 640,000 km2. WYOMING Salt Lake COLORADO City iver R n Denver ee r NEVADA UTAH iver oloradoR G C Gunnison River Lake Powell San Juan Las River River Vegas Virgin Little C Lake Mead ol NEW orado Lake MEXICO River Mohave Lake Havasu ARIZONACALIFORNIA Key Phoenix state boundaries River Gila Tucson drainage basin dam city Fig. 2.2 (i) It was predicted that Lake Mead shown in Fig. 2.2 will be dry by the year 2021. Suggest reasons for this prediction. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Suggest two strategies to manage a sustainable water supply to the cities in the Colorado Basin shown in Fig. 2.2. … … … … … … … … [4] (iii) Describe three advantages and three disadvantages of storing water in reservoirs. advantages … … … … … … disadvantages … … … … … … [6] [Total: 20]

20 marks

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) industrial use rises / increases threefold / use of figures; agricultural use falls / decreases / use of figures; domestic shows a slight rise / use of figures; max 2 2 2(a)(ii) increasing economic development increases demand for goods / services; leads to more industry / manufacturing; which use water for products / cleaning machinery; hence increasing demand; 4 2(b)(i) global warming / climate change; leads to less snow melt into the basin; higher temperature increases evaporation; increasing drought in the area; dam reduces flow; leads to silting / increased evaporation; increasing populations in large cities; increased demand for water; max 4 4 2(b)(ii) pipelines; to supply water; maintenance; to prevent leaks; water transfer by canals / aqueducts; from areas of plenty / to drought areas; education in water saving strategies; named examples; use of natural aquifers; max 4 4 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(iii) Advantages water supply increased; recreation possibilities; power generation; aquatic environment enhanced / created; Disadvantages cost; silting of river lower down / reduced flow; environmental damage during building; loss of habitats; displacement of people; max 6

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2019

5 Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds supply. Fig. 5.1 is a bar chart showing total global human population and human population living under severe water stress for 2005 and predicted for 2030. 9 8 key 7 global human population 6 human population living under severe water stress population 5 / billion 4 3 2 1 0 2005 2030 Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1 discuss the factors which lead to people living under severe water stress. [10] (b) Using examples, evaluate the difficulty of providing potable (drinking) water in countries at different levels of economic development. [30] [Total: 40]

40 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) The source material suggests that as population grows the numbers of people living with severe water stress will increase from 38% to 47%. Causes are expanding population requiring more resources, provided by increased industrialisation and increased agricultural production. As a result, more water is used. Increasing aridity and consequent desertification are factors as is the potential of climate change. Countries with low economic development have few resources to build appropriate infrastructure or provide water catchment and storage systems. 5(b) The requirements for this question are: • to demonstrate a knowledge of issues relating to water supply • to discuss the problems of countries with lower income countries • to describe the different systems needed to supply potable water • to make comparisons between different levels of economic development. The cost, lack of resources and lack of political will to solve issues. Lower income countries often rely on NGO for support and input. Infrastructure to build storage systems and the transport from source to use are all expensive. Borrowing leads to debt and more problems. Lack of water can be offset with desalination plants but again there are cost issues. A well- developed economy has the ability and usually the will to provide these essentials 10 please use level descriptors 2 please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B Descriptor Levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Question Answer Marks Section B Part (a) Level Descriptors 1 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Question Answer Marks Section B Part (b): Level Descriptors 2 Responses: Level One, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level Two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Question Answer Marks Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

This question in 8291/22 May/June 2021

5 Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds supply. Fig. 5.1 is a bar chart showing total global human population and human population living under severe water stress for 2005 and predicted for 2030. 9 8 key 7 global human population 6 human population living under severe water stress population 5 / billion 4 3 2 1 0 2005 2030 Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1 discuss the factors which lead to people living under severe water stress. [10] (b) Using examples, evaluate the difficulty of providing potable (drinking) water in countries at different levels of economic development. [30] [Total: 40]

40 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) The source material suggests that as population grows the numbers of people living with severe water stress will increase from 38% to 47%. Causes are expanding population requiring more resources, provided by increased industrialisation and increased agricultural production. As a result, more water is used. Increasing aridity and consequent desertification are factors as is the potential of climate change. Countries with low economic development have few resources to build appropriate infrastructure or provide water catchment and storage systems. 5(b) The requirements for this question are: • to demonstrate a knowledge of issues relating to water supply • to discuss the problems of countries with lower income countries • to describe the different systems needed to supply potable water • to make comparisons between different levels of economic development. The cost, lack of resources and lack of political will to solve issues. Lower income countries often rely on NGO for support and input. Infrastructure to build storage systems and the transport from source to use are all expensive. Borrowing leads to debt and more problems. Lack of water can be offset with desalination plants but again there are cost issues. A well- developed economy has the ability and usually the will to provide these essentials 10 please use level descriptors 2 please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B Descriptor Levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Question Answer Marks Section B Part (a) Level Descriptors 1 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Question Answer Marks Section B Part (b): Level Descriptors 2 Responses: Level One, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level Two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Question Answer Marks Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

This question in 8291/23 May/June 2021

5 Fig. 5.1 is a graph showing human population from 1800 with a prediction to 2100. 10 9 8 7 6 population 5 / billions 4 3 2 1 0 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 year Key predicted population Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe and explain the trend shown in Fig. 5.1. [10] (b) Assess the difficulty of providing resources for the human population. Use examples from countries with contrasting levels of income. [30] [Total: 40] The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

40 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) According to the graph, from 1800 to 1920, the global population was less than 2 billion with a slight increase. But after 1940, this population boomed and reached to 7 billion in the year 2017. The graph shows that this rapid growth / exponential shape of population would continue till 2050 when the population would reach to 9 billion. After that, the global population will plateau / level off and could fall / decline to around 8.5 billion in the year 2100. The rapid growth in population is a result of better diets, hygiene and health care leading to a reduced death rate and increased birth rate. Pressure of increasing population on the use of resources e.g. water, land, food, fuel etc. 5(b) The question requirements are: • demonstrate an understanding of the population growth and its impact on resources • understand the problems of countries with lower economic development • be able to describe the approaches to provision and preservation of resources • make comparison between different levels of economic development. Indicative content: Cost, lack of resources and even political will to solve the issues. Lower income countries often rely on NGO for support and input. Infrastructure to protect resources are all expensive. Lack of infrastructure makes difficulties in transporting items needed. Sometimes produce is exported and not available to local population. Increasing severe weather events also affect resources. Growing populations put stress on demand and supply of resources, whereas stable populations are more able to manage the resources. Example of resources include water, land, food, medicines etc. In higher income countries the infrastructure is present and the population is usually stable or marginally rising which allows for efficient planning. Political will is directed to planning provision of resources for the population. Balance between the two types of economy. 30 please use level descriptors 2 please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B descriptor levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Section B (part a), 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B (part b), Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Level descriptors 2 Question Answer Marks Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2021

5 Fig. 5.1 is a graph showing human population from 1800 with a prediction to 2100. 10 9 8 7 6 population 5 / billions 4 3 2 1 0 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 year Key predicted population Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe and explain the trend shown in Fig. 5.1. [10] (b) Assess the difficulty of providing resources for the human population. Use examples from countries with contrasting levels of income. [30] [Total: 40] The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

40 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a) According to the graph, from 1800 to 1920, the global population was less than 2 billion with a slight increase. But after 1940, this population boomed and reached to 7 billion in the year 2017. The graph shows that this rapid growth / exponential shape of population would continue till 2050 when the population would reach to 9 billion. After that, the global population will plateau / level off and could fall / decline to around 8.5 billion in the year 2100. The rapid growth in population is a result of better diets, hygiene and health care leading to a reduced death rate and increased birth rate. Pressure of increasing population on the use of resources e.g. water, land, food, fuel etc. 5(b) The question requirements are: • demonstrate an understanding of the population growth and its impact on resources • understand the problems of countries with lower economic development • be able to describe the approaches to provision and preservation of resources • make comparison between different levels of economic development. Indicative content: Cost, lack of resources and even political will to solve the issues. Lower income countries often rely on NGO for support and input. Infrastructure to protect resources are all expensive. Lack of infrastructure makes difficulties in transporting items needed. Sometimes produce is exported and not available to local population. Increasing severe weather events also affect resources. Growing populations put stress on demand and supply of resources, whereas stable populations are more able to manage the resources. Example of resources include water, land, food, medicines etc. In higher income countries the infrastructure is present and the population is usually stable or marginally rising which allows for efficient planning. Political will is directed to planning provision of resources for the population. Balance between the two types of economy. 30 please use level descriptors 2 please use level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B descriptor levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Section B (part a), 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–4 marks The response: • may contains errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance Level descriptors 1 Question Answer Marks Section B (part b), Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Level descriptors 2 Question Answer Marks Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary

This question in 8291/23 Oct/Nov 2021

5 It is estimated that air pollution kills seven million people per year. (a) Particulate matter that is less than 2.5 μm in diameter is called PM2.5. Fig. 5.1 shows an air quality map for PM2.5 in Africa. The higher the number, the greater the concentration of PM2.5. Key PM2.5 concentration 200+ 150 100 50 35 20 0 Africa South Atlantic Ocean Fig. 5.1 (i) Suggest reasons why some areas of Africa have a higher concentration of PM2.5 than other areas. … … … … … … [3] (ii) A report stated that there are 50 permanent PM2.5 monitoring stations in Africa and 1000 in Europe. Suggest one reason for this difference in monitoring. … … [1] (b) ‘Pigeon air patrol’ is one strategy used to combat air pollution. Fig. 5.2 shows one of the birds used in the ‘pigeon air patrol’. Fig. 5.2 Ten pigeons were fitted with portable air pollution monitors that measured concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, ozone and volatile organic compounds. The birds were released at the times when people were travelling to and from work. The results are immediately shared on social media and the internet. Suggest the benefits and limitations of this type of air pollution monitoring. benefits … … … … limitations … … … … [4] (c) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to photochemical smog. (i) Define photochemical smog. … … … … [2] (ii) Photochemical smog harms health. State two non‑health related impacts of photochemical smog. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Describe how emissions of VOCs can be reduced. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 15]

15 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) any three from: greater population; urban compared to rural; greater use of open fires; more cars used / more combustion of fossil fuels; more industry; wind circulation patterns; wildfires; reliance on biomass (for energy source); 5(a)(ii) any one from: difference in economic activity; lack of access of electricity to power monitoring stations; difference in pollution monitoring priorities / different legislation e.g. laws; AVP; 1 5(b) max [3] benefits: novel approach raises awareness of the issue of air pollution; residents can avoid pollution hotspots; data available in real time; birds can reach inaccessible / remote places; max [3] limitations: using birds maybe considered cruel / air pollution may harm pigeons; difficult to fit to birds; cannot control where the birds fly; equipment lost if birds do not return/ monitor lost in flight; only three pollutants monitored; not everyone has access to social media; 4 5(c)(i) any two from: mixture of air pollutants and particulates; example of pollutant; e.g. ground level ozone; reaction in presence of sunlight; 2 Question Answer Marks 5(c)(ii) any two from: decreased crop yields; deterioration of plastics / rubber; AVP; 2 5(c)(iii) any three from: safe storage / disposal of household products (containing VOCs); legislation; polluter pays principle; restricted vehicle use in urban areas / use of electric cars; 3

This question in 8291/22 May/June 2023

5 It is estimated that air pollution kills seven million people per year. (a) Particulate matter that is less than 2.5 μm in diameter is called PM2.5. Fig. 5.1 shows an air quality map for PM2.5 in Africa. The higher the number, the greater the concentration of PM2.5. Key PM2.5 concentration 200+ 150 100 50 35 20 0 Africa South Atlantic Ocean Fig. 5.1 (i) Suggest reasons why some areas of Africa have a higher concentration of PM2.5 than other areas. … … … … … … [3] (ii) A report stated that there are 50 permanent PM2.5 monitoring stations in Africa and 1000 in Europe. Suggest one reason for this difference in monitoring. … … [1] (b) ‘Pigeon air patrol’ is one strategy used to combat air pollution. Fig. 5.2 shows one of the birds used in the ‘pigeon air patrol’. Fig. 5.2 Ten pigeons were fitted with portable air pollution monitors that measured concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, ozone and volatile organic compounds. The birds were released at the times when people were travelling to and from work. The results are immediately shared on social media and the internet. Suggest the benefits and limitations of this type of air pollution monitoring. benefits … … … … limitations … … … … [4] (c) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to photochemical smog. (i) Define photochemical smog. … … … … [2] (ii) Photochemical smog harms health. State two non‑health related impacts of photochemical smog. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Describe how emissions of VOCs can be reduced. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 15]

15 marks

Mark scheme: 5(a)(i) any three from: greater population; urban compared to rural; greater use of open fires; more cars used / more combustion of fossil fuels; more industry; wind circulation patterns; wildfires; reliance on biomass (for energy source); 5(a)(ii) any one from: difference in economic activity; lack of access of electricity to power monitoring stations; difference in pollution monitoring priorities / different legislation e.g. laws; AVP; 1 5(b) max [3] benefits: novel approach raises awareness of the issue of air pollution; residents can avoid pollution hotspots; data available in real time; birds can reach inaccessible / remote places; max [3] limitations: using birds maybe considered cruel / air pollution may harm pigeons; difficult to fit to birds; cannot control where the birds fly; equipment lost if birds do not return/ monitor lost in flight; only three pollutants monitored; not everyone has access to social media; 4 5(c)(i) any two from: mixture of air pollutants and particulates; example of pollutant; e.g. ground level ozone; reaction in presence of sunlight; 2 Question Answer Marks 5(c)(ii) any two from: decreased crop yields; deterioration of plastics / rubber; AVP; 2 5(c)(iii) any three from: safe storage / disposal of household products (containing VOCs); legislation; polluter pays principle; restricted vehicle use in urban areas / use of electric cars; 3

This question in 8291/23 May/June 2023

1 (a) The World Bank classifies countries into income groups. Fig. 1.1 shows the number of low-income economy countries (LICs), middle-income economy countries (MICs) and high-income economy countries (HICs) between 1987–2015. Key LICs HICs MICs 120 100 80 number of 60 countries 40 20 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year Fig. 1.1 Compare the trends shown by the data in Fig. 1.1 for LICs and HICs. … … … … … … [3] (b) The United Nations classifies countries using the Human Development Index, HDI. The HDI measures life expectancy, level of education and the income of a country. A country is given an HDI score between 0 and 1. The closer a country gets to HDI 1, the more developed the country has become. Table 1.1 shows information for three countries in 2020. Table 1.1 country China Chad Japan World Bank classification MIC LIC HIC HDI score 0.761 0.328 0.919 income of country ÷ population 10 410 700 45 180 / US$ mean number of births per woman 1.69 6.40 1.42 percentage literacy rate 96.8 22.3 99 expected years of schooling 14.0 7.3 15.2 life expectancy 77 54 81 (i) Use the data in Table 1.1 to suggest why Chad has an HDI score of 0.328. … … … … [2] (ii) Use the data in Table 1.1 to suggest why some people think the HDI score is better than the World Bank classification. … … [1] (c) From 1979 to 2015, China had a one-child policy per family. This policy aimed to limit the increasing population of the country. It is estimated that 400 million births were prevented by this policy. Suggest the impacts of the one-child policy on China’s use of natural resources. … … … … [2] (d) Table 1.2 shows the percentage of the population in different age groups in China. Table 1.2 age group 0 to 14 15 to 64 65+ percentage of 17.8 80.0 12.6 population Use the data in Table 1.2 to calculate the dependency ratio using the equation shown. dependency ratio = [young population (0 to 14) + old population (65+)] × 100 population aged 15 to 64 dependency ratio = … [1] (e) During the one-child policy, the mean number of births per woman in China decreased from 2.75 in 1979 to 1.62 in 2016. The working age population also decreased. The United Nations estimates that 37% of China’s population will be over 60 years of age by 2050. Suggest the impact the one-child policy will have on China’s economy by 2050. Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 13]

13 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) any three comparisons from: 3 overall HICs increased and LICs decreased; 2005 LICs and HICs equal / HICs overtake LICs at crossover point; after 2005, LICs decreasing and HICs increasing / before 2005, HICs always lower than LICs; before 2005, both fluctuate; quote comparative (quantitative or qualitative) data e.g. in 2015 there were 84 HICs compared to 28 LICs or in 1987 LICs were higher than HICs; 1(b)(i) any two from: 2 shows Chad is a developing country / less developed; low level of education / low number of years of schooling / low literacy; low income / Chad is a LIC; low life expectancy / life expectancy only 54; high birth rate; 1(b)(ii) any one from: 1 China: World Bank classification is MIC but HDI score is high; HDI shows how close the country is to a boundary whereas the World Bank classification does not allow this / HDI more specific (e.g. Japan and China only 0.158 difference but classes an HIC and MIC); World Bank classification only measures income / HDI measures more factors / how developed a country is; 1(c) any two from: 2 less use of (natural) resources / reduces depletion of resources; e.g. fossil fuels / food / land / water; so conserved for future generations / idea of sustainability / preserved better; improved food / water / energy security; 1(d) 38; 1 1(e) any three from: 4 reduced economic growth / economy decreases; lower numbers in the work place / high number of job vacancies; lower tax revenues; greater spending on pensions; greater spending on health care; less experience in the workplace; less innovation;

This question in 8291/21 Oct/Nov 2023

1 (a) The World Bank classifies countries into income groups. Fig. 1.1 shows the number of low-income economy countries (LICs), middle-income economy countries (MICs) and high-income economy countries (HICs) between 1987–2015. Key LICs HICs MICs 120 100 80 number of 60 countries 40 20 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year Fig. 1.1 Compare the trends shown by the data in Fig. 1.1 for LICs and HICs. … … … … … … [3] (b) The United Nations classifies countries using the Human Development Index, HDI. The HDI measures life expectancy, level of education and the income of a country. A country is given an HDI score between 0 and 1. The closer a country gets to HDI 1, the more developed the country has become. Table 1.1 shows information for three countries in 2020. Table 1.1 country China Chad Japan World Bank classification MIC LIC HIC HDI score 0.761 0.328 0.919 income of country ÷ population 10 410 700 45 180 / US$ mean number of births per woman 1.69 6.40 1.42 percentage literacy rate 96.8 22.3 99 expected years of schooling 14.0 7.3 15.2 life expectancy 77 54 81 (i) Use the data in Table 1.1 to suggest why Chad has an HDI score of 0.328. … … … … [2] (ii) Use the data in Table 1.1 to suggest why some people think the HDI score is better than the World Bank classification. … … [1] (c) From 1979 to 2015, China had a one-child policy per family. This policy aimed to limit the increasing population of the country. It is estimated that 400 million births were prevented by this policy. Suggest the impacts of the one-child policy on China’s use of natural resources. … … … … [2] (d) Table 1.2 shows the percentage of the population in different age groups in China. Table 1.2 age group 0 to 14 15 to 64 65+ percentage of 17.8 80.0 12.6 population Use the data in Table 1.2 to calculate the dependency ratio using the equation shown. dependency ratio = [young population (0 to 14) + old population (65+)] × 100 population aged 15 to 64 dependency ratio = … [1] (e) During the one-child policy, the mean number of births per woman in China decreased from 2.75 in 1979 to 1.62 in 2016. The working age population also decreased. The United Nations estimates that 37% of China’s population will be over 60 years of age by 2050. Suggest the impact the one-child policy will have on China’s economy by 2050. Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 13]

13 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) any three comparisons from: 3 overall HICs increased and LICs decreased; 2005 LICs and HICs equal / HICs overtake LICs at crossover point; after 2005, LICs decreasing and HICs increasing / before 2005, HICs always lower than LICs; before 2005, both fluctuate; quote comparative (quantitative or qualitative) data e.g. in 2015 there were 84 HICs compared to 28 LICs or in 1987 LICs were higher than HICs; 1(b)(i) any two from: 2 shows Chad is a developing country / less developed; low level of education / low number of years of schooling / low literacy; low income / Chad is a LIC; low life expectancy / life expectancy only 54; high birth rate; 1(b)(ii) any one from: 1 China: World Bank classification is MIC but HDI score is high; HDI shows how close the country is to a boundary whereas the World Bank classification does not allow this / HDI more specific (e.g. Japan and China only 0.158 difference but classes an HIC and MIC); World Bank classification only measures income / HDI measures more factors / how developed a country is; 1(c) any two from: 2 less use of (natural) resources / reduces depletion of resources; e.g. fossil fuels / food / land / water; so conserved for future generations / idea of sustainability / preserved better; improved food / water / energy security; 1(d) 38; 1 1(e) any three from: 4 reduced economic growth / economy decreases; lower numbers in the work place / high number of job vacancies; lower tax revenues; greater spending on pensions; greater spending on health care; less experience in the workplace; less innovation;

This question in 8291/23 Oct/Nov 2023

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows water usage by sector in the USA and Nigeria. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 1.1 Suggest reasons for the differences in water usage for the USA and Nigeria. … … … … [2] (b) A recent report stated that 70% of Nigerians have access to basic water sources. However, more than half of these water sources are contaminated. Explain how contaminated drinking water leads to poverty. … … … … … … [3] (c) Fig. 1.2 shows a cross-section of the Earth’s surface. surface impermeable soil rock water water impermeable rock Fig. 1.2 Draw on Fig. 1.2 the location and depth of an artesian well. [1] (d) Fig. 1.3 shows a water security management strategy. water security management strategy Fig. 1.3 Explain how the strategy in Fig. 1.3 improves water security. … … … … [2] (e) Marshes are one source of surface fresh water. State one other source of surface fresh water. … [1] (f) A water source is contaminated with mercury. Mercury is a toxic metal. Table 1.1 shows the mean concentration of mercury in the water source for a 10-year period. Table 1.1 year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mean concentration 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.01 / arbitrary units Plot the data as a line graph on the grid. Join each point with a straight line. [5] [Total: 14]

14 marks

Mark scheme: 1(a) any two from: comparative idea of different level of economy; Nigeria, recycles water / wastes less water / ora USA; Nigeria large(r) agriculture sector / economy based on agriculture / ora USA; Nigeria small(er) industry sector / less reliant on industrialisation / less industrialisation / less investment in industry / ora USA; idea of restrictions on water usage in stated sector AND country / ora; idea of more efficient appliances in stated sector AND country / ora; 2 1(b) any three from: causes illness or named illness / diarrhoea / cholera / named disease; cannot farm or work / leads to loss of earnings; time is needed to find clean drinking water; idea of cost of, buying clean water or treating water; idea of cost of medical treatment; idea of shortage of water leading to conflict; idea of contaminated water cannot be used to grow crops AND link to impact e.g. which then have to purchased or cannot be sold or food prices increase; idea of needing to move to a different area; 3 1(c) well that starts in surface layer and ends in either water layer; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(d) any two from: collects or uses rain water / rain water is recycled / rain water catchment / stores water; can be used for, irrigation / crops / washing clothes; reduces use of domestic water supply / reduces use of ground water; can be used for drinking water after treatment; water can be used during a drought; idea of lower cost as not buying treated water or paying for water; 2 1(e) ice sheets / glaciers / lakes / rivers / permafrost; 1 1(f) axes labelled with unit for y-axis: x-axis: year AND y-axis: (mean) concentration AND (arbitrary) units; sensible linear scale for both axes with plotted points that cover at least half of grid; 89 plots correct; all 10 plots correct; straight line drawn with ruler between each point AND not extrapolated back to zero or beyond year 10; 5

This question in 8291/21 May/June 2024