Cambridge IGCSE Sociology 0495 — 2008 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 1

This document consists of 4 printed pages. (NH) T65493 © UCLES 2008 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 4 9 5 3 9 5 5 9 2 3 * SOCIOLOGY 0495/02 Paper 2 October/November 2008  1 hour 45 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper www.XtremePapers.com

 0495/02/O/N/08 © UCLES 2008 Section A: Family 1 In modern industrial societies the roles within the family have changed considerably. (a) What is meant by the term role? [2] (b) Describe two examples of how marital roles within the family have changed since the nineteenth century. [4] (c) Explain how the roles of children within families have changed since the nineteenth century.  [6] (d) To what extent are the roles performed by men and women in the family today based on equality? [8] 2 The traditional way of life usually gives rise to the extended family. Social change and economic development often leads to the break up of the extended family. (a) What is meant by the term extended family? [2] (b) Describe two reasons why traditional ways of life are usually associated with the extended family. [4] (c) Explain why the break‑up of the extended family often comes about as the result of economic development. [6] (d) To what extent does the decline in the extended family mean that family life is less important in modern industrial societies? [8] Section B: Education 3 One way that children from poor families can achieve upward social mobility is through the formal education system. (a) What is meant by the term formal education? [2] (b) Describe two ways in which the formal education system can provide children from poor families with the opportunity to achieve upward social mobility. [4] (c) Explain why many children from poor families underachieve at school. [6] (d) To what extent can schools help improve the educational performance of children from poor families, and how likely are they to succeed? [8]

 0495/02/O/N/08 © UCLES 2008 [Turn over 4 Pupils learn what is expected of them (for example in terms of social class, gender and ethnic identity) through the hidden curriculum. (a) What is meant by the term hidden curriculum? [2] (b) Describe two ways in which the hidden curriculum may influence gender roles. [4] (c) Explain how the peer group can influence the values and expectations of pupils. [6] (d) To what extent is the educational performance of pupils influenced by their interaction with teachers? [8] Section C: Crime, Deviance and Social Control 5 Social control can be formal or informal. In small-scale tribal societies social control is mostly informal. (a) What is meant by the term social control ? [2] (b) Describe the difference between formal and informal social control. [4] (c) Explain how social control is maintained in small‑scale tribal societies. [6] (d) How far, and in what ways, does social control serve the interests of the most powerful groups in society? [8] 6 Young working class males are responsible for a high proportion of crimes in modern industrial societies. Official statistics suggest that juvenile delinquency rates are much higher in inner city areas. (a) What is meant by the term juvenile delinquency? [2] (b) Describe two reasons why rates of juvenile delinquency are higher in inner city areas. [4] (c) Explain why a high proportion of recorded crime in modern industrial societies is attributed to young working class males. [6] (d) To what extent do official statistics provide an accurate account of the amount of crime in society? [8]

 0495/02/O/N/08 Section D: The Mass Media 7 The mass media often leave out important information and not all sides to a story are given equal coverage. They are often accused of bias and distortion in the way they present the news to the public. (a) What is meant by the phrase bias and distortion? [2] (b) Describe two reasons why important information may be left out of a news report. [4] (c) Explain how the process of gathering and editing news reports may lead to bias and distortion.  [6] (d) How far, and in what ways, do the owners of newspapers control what is published? [8] 8 In modern industrial societies advertising can influence the type of goods and services that are bought. It may also shape the way that people view themselves and the lifestyle choices they make. (a) What is meant by the term lifestyle? [2] (b) Describe two examples of how advertising may influence the lifestyle choices people make.  [4] (c) Explain the purposes of advertising. [6] (d) How far, and in what ways, are lifestyle choices influenced by factors other than advertising?  [8] Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2008 question paper 0495 SOCIOLOGY 0495/02 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2008 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 Section A: Family 1 In modern industrial societies the roles within the family have changed considerably. (a) What is meant by the term role? [2] The socially accepted patterns of behaviour associated with a particular status. A clear definition along these lines = 2 marks; an incomplete definition showing some understanding = 1 mark (b) Describe two examples of how roles within the family have changed since the nineteenth century. [4] Examples = 2 marks. Description/explanation = 2 marks. (c) Explain how the roles of children within families have changed since the nineteenth century? [6] 0–3 A few basic points, possibly relying on assertion or generalisation. 4–6 Appropriate explanations which demonstrate sound understanding of the relevant issues. To reach the top of the band depth and/or breadth will be evident. (d) To what extent and how far are the roles performed by men and women in the family today based on equality? [8] 0–3 A few commonsensical points, relying on assertion and overgeneralization. 4–6 Relevant sociological observations will appear, possibly offering a fixed answer rather than exploring different perspectives. 7–8 Candidates will provide a well-informed account of the relevant debates surrounding sexual equality and conjugal roles in modern society. To reach the top of the band a well-reasoned conclusion will appear. 2 The traditional way of life usually gives rise to the extended family. Social change and economic development often leads to the break up of the extended family. (a) What is meant by the term extended family? [2] A family with two or more generations living in the same household. A clear definition along these lines = 2 marks; an incomplete definition showing some understanding = 1 mark. (b) Explain two reasons why traditional ways of life are usually associated with the extended family? [4] Reasons = 2 marks. Description/explanation = 1 mark.

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 (c) Explain why the break-up of the extended family often comes about as the result of economic development. [6] Reasons include: increased opportunities for social and geographical mobility; greater financial independence for smaller family units and individual family members; and the weakening of traditional and religious values. 0–3 A few basic points, relying on assertion and overgeneralization. 4–6 Two or more appropriate reasons will be offered. To reach the top of the band a well- developed account may be supported by relevant examples. (d) To what extent does the decline of the extended family mean that family life is less important in modern industrial societies? [8] The family is still very important in some cultures e.g. among the immigrant population. Basic functions are still performed primarily by the family and the family still plays a part in secondary functions e.g. education, health care. However, some of the functions of the family have been taken over by the state. 0–3 A few commonsensical points rather than sociological insight will appear at this level. 4–6 A few relevant sociological observations surrounding the modern family will be offered. 7–8 To reach the top of the band a clear and balanced discussion will be offered. Section B: Education 3 One way that children from poor families can achieve upward social mobility is through the formal education system. (a) What is meant by the term formal education? [2] The academic or vocational knowledge and training provided by schools and colleges = 2 marks. (b) Describe two ways in which the formal education system can provide poor families to achieve upward social mobility. [4] Description/explanation = 2 marks. (c) Explain why many children from poor families underachieve at school. [6] 0–3 A few basic points with little sociological backing. 4–6 A range of factors covering relevant points will be offered e.g. low expectations; needing to leave school to get a job; having to pay for education; few role models, middle class nature of schooling, teachers and parental attitudes.

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 (d) To what extent can schools help improve the educational performance of children from poor families, and how likely are they to succeed? [8] 0–3 A few commonsensical points, lacking development can be expected at this level. 4–6 A range of appropriate suggestions will appear at this level including; compensatory education programmes, strategies to promote equal opportunities e.g. mixed ability teaching, recruitment of teachers from working class backgrounds, home/school initiatives, encouraging role models of deprived children being successful at school. 7–8 To reach the top of the band the second part of the question (how likely are they to succeed) must be answered. 4 Pupils learn what is expected of them (for example, social class, gender and ethnic identity) through the hidden curriculum. (a) What is meant by the term hidden curriculum? [2] All things that pupils learn at school which are not part of the official curriculum = 2 marks (b) Describe two ways in which the hidden curriculum may influence gender roles. [4] Description/explanation = 2 marks (c) Explain how the peer group can influence the values and expectations of pupils? [6] 0–3 A few basic points around the educational performance of pupils. One or two very limited points that are directly relevant to the question would be worth 2 or 3 marks. 4–6 A range of points explaining how the peer group can influence the values and expectations of pupils. To reach the top of the band points will need to be developed and relevant. (d) To what extent is the educational performance of pupils influenced by their interaction with teachers? [8] 0–3 A few basic examples of how teachers can affect the educational performance of their pupils. 4–6 A range of points will be offered at this level but may lack assessment/development. 7–8 Answers in this band will address both parts of the question, though they may not be given equal weighting.

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 Section C: Crime, Deviance and Social Control 5 Social control can be formal or informal. In small scale tribal societies social control is mostly informal. (a) What is meant by the term social control? [2] The mechanisms that society uses to ensure conformity. (b) Describe the difference between formal and informal social control. [4] Two marks for each description. (c) Explain how social control is maintained in small scale tribal societies? [6] 0–3 A few basic points about social control, with little or no development. 4–6 More detailed answers are expected at this level, detailing the different mechanisms used to achieve social control in small tribal societies such as ritual, intermarriage, ostracism, religion and publicly voiced complaints. (d) How far, and in what extent does social control serve the interests of the most powerful groups in society? [8] 0–3 A few points outlining who benefits from social control with little or no sociological detail. Answers at this level may be list like. 4–6 Candidates may consider Pluralist versus Marxist views of social control. 7–8 Answers in this band will be broader and deeper and will be balanced and well expressed. 6 Young working class males are responsible for a high proportion of crimes in modern industrial societies. Official statistics suggest that juvenile delinquency rates are much higher in inner city areas. (a) What is meant by the term juvenile delinquency? [2] Crimes that are committed by young people, usually under the age of 18. (b) Describe two reasons why rates of juvenile delinquency are higher in inner city areas? [4] Description/explanation = 2 marks.

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 (c) Explain why a high proportion of recorded crime in modern industrial societies are attributed to young working class males. [6] . Answers may include: - home backgrounds may not be stable - dealt with more harshly by police - worse off financially than middle class - criminal subcultures - status frustration 0–3 Broadly relevant answers that contain a few simple points. 4–6 A wider range of relevant points will be covered and at the top of the band answers will be coherent and well expressed. (d) To what extent do official statistics provide an accurate account of the amount of crime in society? [8] 0–3 One or two isolated points about the pitfalls of official statistics in general and/or with reference to crime in particular would be worth 3 marks. 4–6 At this level candidates will offer a more solid critique of official crime statistics. 7–8 To reach the top of the band, there will be an attempt to assess/evaluate and an overall conclusion will be reached. Section D: The Mass Media 7 The mass media often leave out important information and not all sides to a story are given equal coverage. They are often accused of bias and distortion in the way they present the news to the public. (a) What is meant by the phrase bias and distortion? [2] One-sided or unfair reporting. (b) Describe two reasons why important information may be left out of a news report. [4] Reasons = 2 marks. Description/explanation = 2 marks. (c) Explain how the process of gathering and editing news reports lead to bias and distortion. [6] 0–3 A few simple but relevant observations, with little development. 4–6 A range of relevant points will be covered. Where the points are accurate and well developed a mark at the top of the band would be justified. Points include: - people are more interested in ‘bad’ news e.g. crime, war, disasters - reporters tend to emphasise the sensational and photogenic - some papers specialise in e.g. sleeze/smut or foreign or business news

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 (d) How far, and in what ways, do the owners of newspapers control what is published? [8] 0–3 Generalised or commonsensical answers can be expected in this band, with little or no understanding of the question. 4–6 Answers which demonstrate a sound sociological knowledge of the subject and identify how and why owners may control the content of newspapers will appear in this band. 7–8 To reach the top of the band candidates must show some attempt to assess the extent to which the owner controls what is published. 8 In modern industrial societies advertising can influence the type of goods and services that are bought. It may also shape the way that people see themselves and the lifestyle choices they make. (a) What is meant by the term lifestyle? [2] The things that people spend their money on and the leisure activities and fashion styles they pursue. A clear definition along these lines = 2 marks; an incomplete definition showing some understanding = 1 mark. (b) Describe two examples of how advertising may influence the lifestyle choices people make. [4] E.g. aspirational, subliminal and those that target emotionally vulnerable groups. Examples = 2 marks. Description/explanation = 2 marks. (c) Explain the purposes of advertising. [6] Advertising provides information; competition, brand identities and loyalties, can create demand through persuasion and helps to shape lifestyles. 0–3 A few observations, possibly relying on assertion or overgeneralization. 4–6 A range of appropriate purposes of advertising will be explained in reasonable detail. (d) How far, and in what ways, are lifestyle choices influenced by factors other than advertising? [8] Relevant points include: - income and status - peer group pressure - media influences, e.g. pop music, fashion, films - individual values - subcultures - green issues - health and fitness consciousness - social issues

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2008 0495 02 © UCLES 2008 0–3 A few basic or general points based on commonsense rather than sociological insight. 4-6 A few relevant sociological points will be made, but may remain undeveloped. More detail would justify a mark at the top of this band though the range of points may be narrow. 7-8 A wider range of relevant factors will be discussed in reasonable detail and a well reasoned conclusion may be offered.