Cambridge IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654 — 2023 May/June Paper 4 · Variant 3

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of parts of a tooth. A B C D E F Fig. 1.1 (i) State the letters from Fig. 1.1 that identify two parts that are dissolved by acid during dental decay. ...................................... and ...................................... [2] (ii) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that identifies part of the nervous system. ...................................... [1] (iii) State the type of organism that causes dental decay. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) State the names of two different types of human teeth. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Table 1.1 shows some information about deficiency of some of the components in the diet. Complete Table 1.1. Table 1.1 component effect of deficiency in the diet protein causes the disease ........................................................... .............................................................. causes the disease scurvy fibre causes .............................................................................. .............................................................. develop weak bones or rickets [4] (c) One risk factor for coronary heart disease is an unhealthy diet. State two other risk factors for coronary heart disease. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2] [Total: 12]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) A ; B ; 2 1(a)(ii) F ; 1 1(a)(iii) bacteria ; 1 1(a)(iv) any two from: incisor ; canine ; pre-molar ; molar ; 2 1(b) protein kwashiorkor / marasmus ; vitamin C ; scurvy fibre causes constipation ; vitamin D / calcium ; rickets / weak bones 4 1(c) any two from: stress ; smoking ; genetic predisposition ; age ; gender ; AVP ; 2

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2 A student investigates the reaction between calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl. Calcium chloride, CaCl 2, water and carbon dioxide are made. (a) Construct the balanced symbol equation for this reaction. ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Describe the test for carbon dioxide. Include the observation for a positive result. test ............................................................................................................................................ result ......................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus used. gas syringe conical flask calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid Fig. 2.1 The student does the experiment at five different temperatures. Table 2.1 shows the results of the experiment. Table 2.1 temperature / °C 21 32 40 48 59 time to collect 50 cm3 of gas / s 131 66 42 24 13 (i) State the temperature when the reaction is fastest. temperature = ..................................................... °C [1] (ii) Describe the relationship between the temperature and the rate of the reaction. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) The student does the experiment again at 21 °C. They use the same amounts of calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. This time they use hydrochloric acid that is more concentrated. The reaction is faster than when using dilute hydrochloric acid. Explain why. Use ideas about collisions between particles in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (e) Fig. 2.2 shows the energy level diagrams for two different reactions, A and B. Reaction A and reaction B are done under the same conditions. reaction A reaction B 25 kJ energy energy 15 kJ 10 kJ 10 kJ progress of reaction progress of reaction Fig. 2.2 Reaction A happens faster than reaction B. Explain why. Use information from Fig. 2.2 in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 10]

Mark scheme: 2(a) correct formulae ; correct balancing ; 2 2(b) test – limewater ; result – turns milky / cloudy ; 2 2(c)(i) 59 (°C) ; 1 2(c)(ii) as the temperature increases the rate of reaction increases / owtte ; 1 2(d) particles are more crowded / more particles per cm³ / owtte ; more frequent collisions / more collisions per second / owtte ; 2 2(e) activation energy for reaction A is lower than for reaction B ; idea that more / higher proportion of reactant particles can react on collision in reaction A ; 2

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows an iceberg floating in the sea. sea level Fig. 3.1 (a) The density of the iceberg is 920 kg / m3 and the volume of the iceberg is 2 × 105 m3. Calculate the mass of the iceberg. mass = ..................................................... kg [2] (b) (i) Some samples of ice are taken from the iceberg so that a scientist can study what happens when the samples melt. The scientist records the masses of three pieces of ice. The pieces of ice are placed on top of blocks made of different materials. The blocks are the same shape and size and are placed in a warm room so that they are all at the same temperature. Fig. 3.2 shows the materials used. ice expanded polystyrene copper glass Fig. 3.2 After 5 minutes, the mass of each piece of solid ice remaining is measured. Table 3.1 shows the scientist’s results. Table 3.1 material used initial mass / g mass after 5 minutes / g expanded polystyrene 8.18 6.14 copper 8.20 4.08 glass 8.17 4.82 Use Fig. 3.2 and Table 3.1 to describe and explain the results of the scientist’s investigation. description ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... explanation ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Liquid water can be boiled to produce steam. Describe the process of boiling in terms of the: • forces between molecules • distances between molecules • motion of molecules. forces between molecules ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... distances between molecules ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... motion of molecules ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 3(a) (m =) 1.84  108 (kg) ; 3(b)(i) any three from: changes in mass calculated: polystyrene: 2.04 g, copper: 4.12 g, glass: 3.35 g ; copper melts the most / polystyrene melts the least ; copper is a good conductor / polystyrene is an, insulator / poor conductor ; maximum (rate of) energy transfer in copper / minimum energy transfer in polystyrene ; copper is a metal / expanded polystyrene contains trapped air ; 3 3(b)(ii) (forces between molecules) decrease ; (distance between molecules) increase ; (molecules) become free to move / move out of container ; 3

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a graph showing the effect of temperature on the rate of transpiration in one leaf. 35 30 25 rate of 20 transpiration / arbitrary units 15 10 5 0 25 30 35 40 45 leaf temperature / °C Fig. 4.1 (i) Complete the sentences to describe and explain the results shown in Fig. 4.1. As the leaf temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases. Higher leaf temperatures result in increased .............................................................. of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells. This causes an increase in the rate water vapour .............................................................. out of the leaf. Water vapour is lost from the leaf through .............................................................. in the lower epidermis. [3] (ii) The investigation is repeated at a greater humidity. Draw a line on Fig. 4.1 to show the effect of greater humidity on the results. [1] (b) Xylem vessels transport water to the leaves. (i) Explain the mechanism that causes the movement of water up the xylem. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) State one other function of xylem apart from transport. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) State the names of two substances that are only transported in phloem. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2] [Total: 10]

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) evaporation ; diffuses ; stomata ; 3 4(a)(ii) line drawn showing a decreased rate of transpiration ; 1 4(b)(i) any three from: ref to transpiration pull ; creation of a water potential gradient / reduction of water potential at top of the xylem ; that draws up a column of water molecules / AW ; water molecules held together by cohesion ; 3 4(b)(ii) support / AW ; 1 4(c) sucrose ; amino acids ; 2

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5 Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals in Group I of the Periodic Table. (a) Describe the trend in reactivity of the Group I elements down the group. ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (b) Table 5.1 shows some information about Group I elements. Complete Table 5.1 by predicting the melting point of potassium and the density of rubidium. Use ideas about trends down the group to help you. Table 5.1 melting point density element / °C g / cm3 lithium 181 0.53 sodium 98 0.97 potassium 0.89 ................................. rubidium 39 ................................. caesium 28 1.93 [2] (c) State the colour of the flame when sodium burns in oxygen. Tick (3) one box. blue lilac red yellow [1] (d) Potassium reacts with water. Potassium hydroxide solution and hydrogen are made. Complete the balanced equation for the reaction. Include state symbols. 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) ..................... (.........) + ..................... (.........) [3] (e) Chlorine and bromine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table. Chlorine displaces bromine from aqueous sodium bromide. Cl 2 + 2NaBr Br2 + 2NaCl Explain why this is an example of a redox reaction. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (f) State which of the following is the electronic structure of an element in Group VIII (Group 0). Tick (3) one box. 2.2 2.8.2 2.8.4 2.8.8 [1] [Total: 10]

Mark scheme: 5(a) increases / owtte ; 1 5(b) melting point of potassium = 64 / 38 to 97 (°C) ; density of rubidium = 1.63 / 0.90 to 1.92 (g / cm³) ; 2 5(c) yellow ; 1 5(d)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g) correct formulae ; correct balancing ; correct state symbols ; 3 5(e) transfer of electrons / loss and gain of electrons ; the Br −/ bromide / bromine ions lose electrons AND chlorine atoms / chlorine gain(s) electrons ; 2 Question Answer Marks 5(f) 2.8.8 ; 1 

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows wind turbines used to generate electricity. Fig. 6.1 (a) Fig. 6.2 shows how the power output of one wind turbine changes with wind speed. 350 300 250 power output 200 / kW 150 100 50 0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 wind speed m / s Fig. 6.2 On one particular day, the wind speed is 10 m / s. Calculate the energy generated by one wind turbine in 1 hour (3600 seconds). energy = ....................................................... J [3] (b) The wind turbine uses a generator to produce electricity. Fig. 6.3 shows a simple a.c. generator. S N voltage output Fig. 6.3 (i) Describe how a simple a.c. generator produces a voltage output. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) On Fig. 6.4, sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator rotating with a constant speed. voltage output time Fig. 6.4 [2] (c) Turbines and generators can also be used to convert the kinetic energy of tidal water into electrical energy. (i) The efficiency of a tidal generator is 80% when the tidal water moves at 5.0 m / s. Calculate the mass of water which would need to pass through the tidal generator to produce 1400 J of electrical energy from kinetic energy. mass = ..................................................... kg [3] (ii) State one advantage of using tidal generators to produce electricity instead of traditional fossil fuel power stations. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 12]

Mark scheme: 6(a) (P =) 50 (kW) ; (E =) Pxt / 50 000  3600 ; (E =) 1.8  108 (J) ; 6(b)(i) coil turns / rotates ; magnetic field through the coil changes / coil, moves across / cuts, magnetic field ; (e.m.f. / voltage output is) induced / ref to induction ; 3 6(b)(ii) sinusoidal wave ; with constant amplitude and constant time period ; 2 6(c)(i) (KE = ) 1400 / 0.8 / 1750 (J) ; (m =) 2KE / v2 / 2  1750/25 ; (m =) 140 (kg) ; OR: ½ m.52  0.8 = 1400 ; m = 1400 25 0.8   2 ; = 140 (kg) ; 3 6(c)(ii) doesn’t release, CO2 / greenhouse gases, / doesn’t contribute to, global warming / climate change, / won’t run out / renewable ; 1

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7 (a) Albinism is an inherited condition that results in no pigments being made in the skin. The allele for albinism is recessive a. The allele for no albinism is dominant A. Fig. 7.1 is a pedigree chart diagram of albinism in one family. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Key female without albinism female with albinism male without albinism male with albinism Fig. 7.1 (i) Use the information in Fig. 7.1 to state: the genotype of person 4 ....................................................... the genotype of person 1 ....................................................... the sex chromosomes of person 5. ....................................................... [3] (ii) A couple without albinism decides to have a child. Complete the genetic diagram in Fig. 7.2 to calculate the percentage chance of having a child with albinism. parental gametes A a A parental gametes a Fig. 7.2 percentage chance of child having albinism = ......................................................% [2] (b) Mitosis and meiosis are two forms of cell division. (i) State two roles of mitosis. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) State the name of one organ in the human body where meiosis occurs. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) An organism has 32 chromosomes. State the number of chromosomes in a cell formed by meiosis in this organism. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 9]

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) aa ; Aa ; XX ; 3 7(a)(ii) AA Aa Aa aa ; 25 (%) ; 2 7(b)(i) any two from: growth ; repair (of damaged tissues) ; replacement of cells ; asexual reproduction ; 2 7(b)(ii) testes / ovary ; 1 7(b)(iii) 16 ; 1

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8 (a) Petroleum is separated into different fractions. Fig. 8.1 shows the percentage composition of fractions from a sample of petroleum. lubricants 1% bitumen 3% heavy fuel oil 4% jet fuel 9% other products 11% 46% gasoline 26% diesel oil Fig. 8.1 (i) State one use of bitumen. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) 225 kg of the sample of petroleum is placed into a barrel. Calculate the mass of diesel oil, in kilograms, in this barrel. mass of diesel oil = ..................................................... kg [2] (b) Petroleum is separated into different fractions by fractional distillation. Describe how petroleum is separated by fractional distillation. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (c) Diesel oil, gasoline and other fuels made from petroleum naturally contain some sulfur impurities. Suggest why sulfur impurities are removed from these fuels before the fuels are used. ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (d) Gasoline used in cars causes air pollution by producing oxides of nitrogen such as nitrogen monoxide, NO. Describe how a catalytic converter removes nitrogen monoxide from exhaust emissions. Include a balanced symbol equation in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] [Total: 10]

Mark scheme: 8(a)(i) road surfaces ; 1 8(a)(ii) 225 26 100  ; = 59 (kg) ; 2 8(b) fractions are separated according to their boiling point ; petroleum is heated AND idea that vapours rise (and cool) ; idea that vapours condense when they become cool enough ; 3 8(c) idea that sulfur impurities cause acid rain ; 1 Question Answer Marks 8(d) idea that nitrogen monoxide is removed from exhaust emissions by reaction over a hot catalyst / at high temperature ; AND ONE EQUATION FROM 2NO + 2CO  N2 + 2CO2 or 2NO  N2 + O2 correct formulae ; correct balancing ; 3

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9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a butterfly resting on a leaf attached to the branch of a tree. X pivot point F 5.0 cm Fig. 9.1 (i) State the name of the force labelled F. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) The leaf will break off the branch if the moment about the pivot point X is greater than 0.14 N cm. The leaf does not break off the branch when the butterfly rests on it. Calculate the maximum mass of the butterfly. The gravitational field strength, g, is 10 N / kg. maximum mass = ..................................................... kg [3] (b) A scientist captures the butterfly in a plastic container to study it more closely. The scientist places a converging lens across the top of the plastic container. Fig. 9.2 shows the butterfly in the container. converging lens Fig. 9.2 Complete Fig. 9.3 to show how a thin converging lens forms a real image. Label the image with the word image. F F = principal focus object Fig. 9.3 [3] (c) The scientist uses a filament lamp to illuminate the butterfly while she is studying it. (i) The filament lamp is in a series circuit with a cell and a switch. Complete Fig. 9.4 to show this circuit. Fig. 9.4 [2] (ii) Fig. 9.5 shows the current–voltage characteristic of a filament lamp. current voltage Fig. 9.5 Use Fig. 9.5 to explain how the resistance of the filament lamp changes as the voltage across it is increased. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 12]

Mark scheme: 9(a)(i) weight ; 1 9(a)(ii) (weight =) moment / distance / 0.14 / 5.0 ; (weight =) 0.028 (N) ; (mass = W/g = 0.028 / 10 =) 0.0028 (kg) ; 3 9(b) first ray drawn ; second ray drawn ; image drawn and labelled ; 3 9(c)(i) correct symbols ; in series and all else correct ; 2 9(c)(ii) any three from: (as voltage increases) current increases ; (initially) straight line / gradient is constant, so resistance is constant ; (then) line curves / gradient reduces, so resistance increases ; (resistance increases because) the temperature (of the filament) increases ; 3

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10 (a) The pH of the fluid in muscles changes during vigorous exercise due to the changing concentrations of lactic acid. Table 10.1 shows the difference in pH before and immediately after vigorous exercise. Table 10.1 measurement taken pH before exercise 7.08 immediately after exercise 6.58 (i) Calculate the decrease in pH shown in Table 10.1. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain why there was a decrease in pH of the muscles during vigorous exercise. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) Muscle cells are adapted for movement as they are able to contract. (i) Define the term movement. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) State the name of the cell adapted for: antibody production ...................................................................................................... movement of mucus ...................................................................................................... photosynthesis. ...................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 9]

Mark scheme: 10(a)(i) 0.50 ; 1 10(a)(ii) not enough oxygen (for aerobic respiration) ; ref to anaerobic respiration ; increasing lactic acid (reduces the pH) ; 3 10(b)(i) (an action by,) an organism / part of an organism ; (causing a) change of, position / place ; 2 10(b)(ii) white blood (cell) ; ciliated (cell) ; palisade (mesophyll cell) ; 3

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11 (a) Element X is found in Group II of the Periodic Table. State the formula of the ion formed by element X. Tick (3) one box. X2– X6– X2+ X6+ [1] (b) Determine the formula of the compound formed by NH4+ and CO32– ions. formula = ......................................................... [1] (c) The number of subatomic particles in an ion is different from the number in a neutral atom. Table 11.1 shows information about two different ions. Complete Table 11.1. Table 11.1 proton (atomic) nucleon (mass) ion protons neutrons electrons number number Al 3+ 13 27 13 10 .......................... F– 9 19 9 10 .......................... [2] (d) Carbon has the electronic structure 2.4. Oxygen has the electronic structure 2.6. Carbon reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide, CO2. Complete the dot‑and‑cross diagram in Fig. 11.1 to show the bonding in carbon dioxide. Only show the outer‑shell electrons. O C O Fig. 11.1 [2] (e) Carbon exists in several different forms. Graphite and diamond are two of these forms. Fig. 11.2 shows the structures of graphite and diamond. graphite diamond Fig. 11.2 (i) Explain why the structure of graphite makes it suitable for use as a lubricant. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Explain why the structure of diamond makes it suitable for use in cutting tools. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 10]

Mark scheme: 11(a) X2+ ; 1 11(b) (NH4)2CO3 ; 1 11(c) ion proton (atomic) number nucleon (mass) number protons neutrons electrons Al 3+ 13 27 13 14 10 F- 9 19 9 10 10 ;; 2 Question Answer Marks 11(d) double bonds between C and O atoms ; rest of structure correct ; 2 11(e)(i) (graphite has) weak forces between the layers ; layers can slide over each other / owtte ; 2 11(e)(ii) any two from: (diamond) has many strong bonds ; bonds are covalent bonds ; (diamond has) giant molecular / macromolecular / giant tetrahedral / lattice / giant covalent, structure ; 2

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12 X‑rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hospitals use X‑rays for medical imaging. (a) (i) State the speed of X‑rays. ................................................... m / s [1] (ii) An X‑ray machine in a hospital uses X‑rays with a wavelength of 2.0 × 10–11 m. Calculate the frequency of these X‑rays. frequency = .................................................... Hz [2] (b) Hospitals also use ultrasound waves for medical imaging. (i) Ultrasound waves are high frequency sound waves which are longitudinal. X‑rays are transverse waves. Complete the sentences to describe the nature of longitudinal and transverse waves. Longitudinal waves are produced by vibrations that are .............................................................. to the direction of energy transfer. Transverse waves are produced by vibrations that are .............................................................. to the direction of energy transfer. [1] (ii) During an ultrasound scan, ultrasound waves travel through gaseous air, solid bone and liquid blood. Sound waves, including ultrasound waves, travel at different speeds in gases, solids and liquids. Place the speed of sound in a gas, a solid and a liquid in order from fastest to slowest. fastest ......................................................... ......................................................... slowest ......................................................... [1] (c) Hospitals use radioactive tracers such as technetium‑99 (9943 Tc) for medical imaging. (i) 9943 Tc has a half‑life of 6 hours. Calculate the percentage of 9943 Tc remaining in a sample after 24 hours. percentage remaining = ......................................................% [2] (ii) 9943 Tc is produced in hospitals from molybdenum‑99 (9942Mo). Use the correct nuclide notation to complete the decay equation for molybdenum‑99. 99 99 ........ ............ [1] 42Mo 43 Tc + ........ [Total: 8]

Mark scheme: 12(a)(i) 12(a)(ii) (f =) v /  / 3  108 / 2.0  10–11 ; (f =) 1.5  1019 (Hz) ; 2 12(b)(i) parallel AND perpendicular ; 1 12(b)(ii) solid liquid gas ; 1 12(c)(i) 4 half-lives ; 6.25 (%) ; 2 12(c)(ii) 0 1  ; 1

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