Cambridge IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654 — 2011 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

This document consists of 27 printed pages and 1 blank page. IB11 06_0654_22/4RP © UCLES 2011 [Turn over *0983619879* For Examiner's Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/22 Paper 2 (Core) May/June 2011 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 28. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. www.XtremePapers.com

2 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 1 Fig. 1.1 shows layers of sedimentary rocks lying under the sea bed near a coast. The diagram is not drawn to scale. Some of these rock layers are permeable and contain fossil fuels trapped inside them. layers of sedimentary rocks natural gas crude oil trees sea Fig. 1.1 (a) (i) Wood obtained from trees and compounds obtained from crude oil and natural gas can be used as fuels. State two reasons why crude oil and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels but wood is not. 1 2 [2] (ii) Fossil fuels contain mainly hydrocarbons. Wood contains cellulose which is a carbohydrate. Name an element which is combined in carbohydrate molecules but not in hydrocarbons. [1]

3 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (iii) Plants produce both glucose and cellulose. Describe briefly how cellulose molecules are formed from glucose molecules. [2] (b) The molecular formulae of three hydrocarbon molecules are shown below. C6H14 C3H8 CH4 Suggest and explain briefly which one of these formulae is of a hydrocarbon least likely to be found in natural gas. formula explanation [1]

4 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use (c) In a car engine, the combustion of hydrocarbons produces a mixture of very hot waste (exhaust) gases. These gases are released from the car into the atmosphere, and some of them cause pollution because they are poisonous. exhaust gases hydrocarbon fuel and air Some of the gases in a car’s exhaust are listed in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 substance in exhaust gases carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen nitrogen dioxide oxygen water vapour (i) Write the names of gases chosen from Table 1.1 which match the following descriptions. unreactive element which makes up most of the atmosphere condenses when cooled to form a colourless liquid compound [2]

5 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) Suggest how a sample of the exhaust gases from a car could be tested to show the presence of carbon dioxide. [2] (iii) Two of the gases in Table 1.1 are hazardous air pollutants because even small amounts can have harmful effects on humans who inhale them. Name these hazardous air pollutants. 1 2 [2]

6 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 2 (a) A builder does 8000 J of work in ten minutes. Calculate the average power he produces. State the formula that you use and show your working. State the units in your answer. formula used working [3] (b) A brick falls from a crane on a building site. It hits the ground at a speed of 40 m / s. The air resistance on the brick can be ignored. (i) The brick has a mass of 2 kg. Calculate the kinetic energy of the brick as it hits the ground. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula used working J [2]

7 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) State the value for the potential energy of the brick before it fell from the crane. Explain your answer. potential energy J explanation [2] (c) Fig. 2.1 shows the structure of the walls of a house in a cold climate. Heat can escape through the walls of the house. Explain how the structure of the wall in Fig. 2.1 reduces heat loss. inside house outside house concrete block concrete block aluminium foil expanded polystyrene with trapped gas Fig. 2.1 [3]

8 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 3 Fig. 3.1 shows some of the bones and muscles in the human arm. A B C Fig. 3.1 (a) (i) Name the structures labelled B and C. B C [2] (ii) State how each of these structures, shown in Fig. 3.1, helps to cause the arm to straighten. structure B structure A structure C [3]

9 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Bone contains the mineral calcium phosphate. A study was carried out in Brazil into the mineral content of the leg bones of school children between the ages of 10 and 19 years. The mineral content was measured as the mass of mineral per cm3 of bone. Some of the results are shown in Fig. 3.2. 10–11 12–13 14–15 16–17 18–19 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 ages / years mineral content / g per cm3 Fig. 3.2 (i) Describe how the mineral content of bone changes between the ages of 10 and 19 years. [2] (ii) Suggest why a teenager should have a diet containing plenty of dairy products such as milk and cheese. [2] (iii) Bone also contains a protein called collagen. Vitamin C is required to make collagen. Name one food that contains large amounts of vitamin C. [1]

10 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use (c) Some parts of the human skeleton are made of cartilage. (i) State one difference between the properties of bone and cartilage. [1] (ii) State precisely where cartilage is found in the human arm shown in Fig. 3.1, and describe its function. [2]

11 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over BLANK PAGE Please turn over for Question 4.

12 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a skier being pulled up a mountain slope by a cable (lift). 55 m 120 m cable skier pulley Fig. 4.1 The skier weighs 700 N. She travels 120 m along the slope and rises by a vertical height of 55 m. Calculate the work done lifting the skier from the bottom to the top of the slope. You should ignore the work done against friction. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula used working J [2]

13 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Fig. 4.2 shows the speed-time graph for a skier competing in a race. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 40 30 20 10 0 time / s speed m / s Fig. 4.2 (i) State the length of time the skier was moving. [1] (ii) Describe the motion of the skier between 30 and 40 seconds. [2]

14 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use (c) Skiers use a ski pole in each hand to help control their motion. The ski poles work best when they only go into the snow for a few centimetres. Fig. 4.3 shows a skier using ski poles. disc point Fig 4.3 Explain, in terms of pressure, force and area, why the ski pole has a pointed end and a large disc a few centimetres above this. [2] (d) Explain why a skier keeps the lower surface of her skis smooth and well polished. [1]

15 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use 5 Guanacos are relatives of camels and live in the Andes mountains in South America. They feed on grasses and other plants. They are hunted by pumas, and young guanacos may be killed by foxes. Fig. 5.1 shows a guanaco. Fig. 5.1 (a) (i) State one feature, visible on Fig. 5.1, that indicates that guanacos are mammals. [1] (ii) State one feature, visible on Fig. 5.1, that could help guanacos to avoid being killed by pumas. [1] (b) Guanacos can live at very high altitudes, above 4000 metres, where there is less oxygen in the air than at sea level. (i) Describe how oxygen from the air enters the blood of a mammal, such as a guanaco. [2]

16 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use (ii) The blood of a guanaco contains four times as many red blood cells per cm3 as the blood of a human. This helps the guanaco to adapt to its environment. Suggest an explanation for this. [2] (c) Guanacos are an endangered species. Their numbers have fallen because of loss of suitable habitat and because of hunting by humans. Several countries in South America have conservation programmes to try to increase the numbers of guanacos. In one conservation programme, five male and five female guanacos were introduced into a suitable habitat of about 25 km2. They were protected from humans. Fig. 5.2 shows what happened to the guanaco population over the next few years. time number of guanacos Fig. 5.2

17 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (i) Explain why the guanaco population eventually stopped increasing. [2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why it is important to conserve guanacos. 1 2 [2]

18 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 6 Lithium and its compounds have many important uses. (a) (i) State the group number and period number of lithium in the Periodic Table. group number period number [1] (ii) Fig. 6.1 shows how pieces of lithium metal are stored. Li hydrocarbon oil pieces of lithium Fig. 6.1 State and explain why it is necessary to store lithium in this way. [2] (iii) Fig. 6.2 shows a student’s attempt to draw the arrangement of all the electrons in a lithium atom. Fig. 6.2 State two mistakes that the student has made. 1 2 [2]

19 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Lithium is extracted from the salt lithium chloride by electrolysis. Lithium chloride is first made by reacting lithium carbonate with an acid A. (i) Suggest the name of acid A. [1] (ii) When acid A reacts with lithium carbonate a gas is given off. Name this gas. [1] (iii) Complete the word equation below which describes the electrolysis of lithium chloride. lithium chloride → lithium + [1] (c) Lithium carbonate is widely used as a drug to treat some types of mental illness. (i) State the general meaning of the term drug. [1] (ii) It is very important that compounds for use as drugs are made to high standards of purity. State one important reason for this requirement. [1]

20 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 7 (a) Optical fibres are used to see inside the human body. Light is sent along some of the fibres to enable doctors to see what is there. Fig. 7.1 shows an optical fibre with a ray of light travelling down part of it. Draw the path of the ray of light as it travels down the fibre. [2] Fig. 7.1 (b) A doctor wants to use a small torch to look down a patient’s throat. The torch does not work. Fig. 7.2 shows the circuit diagram for the torch. Fig. 7.2 Draw the correct circuit diagram to make the torch work. [1]

21 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Human eyes are able to detect the three primary colours. (i) Name these colours. 1 2 3 [1] (ii) These three colours of light are electromagnetic waves. Apart from their colour, state one other way in which they differ from each other. [1]

22 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 8 Many plants can reproduce sexually. The parts of a plant that carry out sexual reproduction are the flowers. (a) Name the part of a flower that carries out each of the following functions. (i) attracts insects to the flower [1] (ii) makes pollen [1] (iii) contains the female gametes [1] (b) Explain the differences between pollination and fertilisation. [2] (c) The cells of a sunflower plant contain 34 chromosomes. (i) How many chromosomes will there be in a male gamete of a sunflower? [1] (ii) State the part of a cell in which chromosomes are found. [1] (iii) Name the chemical that stores coded instructions in chromosomes. [1]

23 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (d) The cells in the petals of most flowers do not contain chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesise. (i) Suggest how the cells in flowers obtain sugars and other nutrients. [2] (ii) Suggest one reason why cells in flowers need sugars. [1]

24 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 9 A student investigated the reactivity of four metals A, B, C and D, by comparing the rate at which these metals reacted in dilute acid. Fig. 9.1 shows what the student observed during the experiment. no reaction A very slow bubbling B no reaction C fast bubbling D Fig. 9.1 (a) (i) State three variables (experimental conditions) that the student must keep the same if her assessment of the relative reactivity of the four metals is to be reliable. 1 2 3 [3] (ii) Predict and explain what would be observed if a lighted splint is held in the mouth of the test-tube in which metal D is reacting. [2] (iii) Explain briefly why the student’s observations did not allow her to place all four metals into order based on their reactivity. [1]

25 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) The student was asked to use some larger pieces of metals A and C as electrodes in an electrochemical cell. In addition to the electrodes and connecting wires, the student was given a voltmeter, a beaker and a bottle containing potassium nitrate solution (an electrolyte). (i) Draw a diagram to show how the student should set up the apparatus and materials to produce an electrochemical cell. [3] (ii) The student successfully set up the electrochemical cell using metals A and C as electrodes. She measured the voltage of this cell. She then replaced the electrode made of metal A by one made of metal B. State and explain the effect, if any, that this had on the electrochemical cell. [2]

26 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use 10 (a) Nuclear reactors in power stations released energy through nuclear fission. (i) Plutonium is a fuel used in nuclear reactors. Another element used as nuclear fuel has the symbol U. Name this element. [1] (ii) Using words from the list below, complete the flow chart to show the stages of generating electrical energy in a nuclear power station. energy generator nuclear nuclei turbine In the nuclear reactor plutonium … undergo fission. The … released is used to turn water into steam. The pressure of the steam is used to drive a … which turns a … producing electrical energy. [3]

27 © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 For Examiner's Use (b) A nuclear reactor can also be used to power a submarine. Radiation is released during nuclear fission. The reactor has to be shielded to protect the crew from this radiation. (i) Suggest one material which could shield a nuclear reactor to stop radiation escaping. [1] (ii) Describe how exposure to ionising radiation can affect the human body. [2] (c) Waste from a nuclear reactor contains radioactive material with a half-life of 100 years. A sample of this material gives a count rate of 3200 counts per minute. (i) What instrument could be used to measure the count rate? [1] (ii) Calculate the time taken for the count rate to drop to 400 counts per minute. Show your working. years [2]

28 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2011 0654/22/M/J/11 Group 140 Ce Cerium 58 141 Pr Praseodymium 59 144 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 150 Sm Samarium 62 152 Eu Europium 63 157 Gd Gadolinium 64 159 Tb Terbium 65 162 Dy Dysprosium 66 165 Ho Holmium 67 167 Er Erbium 68 169 Tm Thulium 69 173 Yb Ytterbium 70 175 Lu Lutetium 71 232 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 238 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium 99 Fm Fermium 100 Md Mendelevium 101 No Nobelium 102 Lr Lawrencium 103 1 H Hydrogen 1 7 Li Lithium 3 23 Na Sodium 11 24 Mg Magnesium 12 40 Ca Calcium 20 45 Sc Scandium 21 48 Ti Titanium 22 51 V Vanadium 23 52 Cr Chromium 24 55 Mn Manganese 25 56 Fe Iron 26 59 Co Cobalt 27 59 Ni Nickel 28 64 Cu Copper 29 65 Zn Zinc 30 70 Ga Gallium 31 27 Al Aluminium 13 11 B Boron 5 12 C Carbon 6 14 N Nitrogen 7 16 O Oxygen 8 19 F Fluorine 9 28 Si Silicon 14 31 P Phosphorus 15 32 S Sulfur 16 35.5 Cl Chlorine 17 40 Ar Argon 18 20 Ne Neon 10 4 He Helium 2 73 Ge Germanium 32 75 As Arsenic 33 79 Se Selenium 34 80 Br Bromine 35 84 Kr Krypton 36 39 K Potassium 19 88 Sr Strontium 38 89 Y Yttrium 39 91 Zr Zirconium 40 93 Nb Niobium 41 96 Mo Molybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 101 Ru Ruthenium 44 103 Rh Rhodium 45 106 Pd Palladium 46 108 Ag Silver 47 112 Cd Cadmium 48 115 In Indium 49 119 Sn Tin 50 122 Sb Antimony 51 128 Te Tellurium 52 127 I Iodine 53 131 Xe Xenon 54 137 Ba Barium 56 139 La Lanthanum 57 * 178 Hf Hafnium 72 181 Ta Tantalum 73 184 W Tungsten 74 186 Re Rhenium 75 190 Os Osmium 76 192 Ir Iridium 77 195 Pt Platinum 78 197 Au Gold 79 201 Hg Mercury 80 204 Tl Thallium 81 207 Pb Lead 82 209 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 Fr Francium 87 227 Ac Actinium 89 9 Be Beryllium 4 I II III IV V VI VII 0 85 Rb Rubidium 37 133 Cs Caesium 55 226 Ra Radium 88 The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). a X b a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number Key *58-71 Lanthanoid series 90-103 Actinoid series DATA SHEET The Periodic Table of the Elements

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0654 CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/22 Paper 2 (Core Theory), maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2011 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0654 22 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 1 (a) (i) reference to: timescale / time to renew ; action of heat / pressure ; action of microorganisms / decay ; [max 2] (ii) oxygen ; [1] (iii) glucose molecules join / link together ; to form long chains ; [2] (b) (C6H14) largest / heaviest ; [1] (c) (i) nitrogen ; water (vapour) ; [2] (ii) (mix gas with) limewater ; goes cloudy ; [2] (iii) carbon monoxide ; nitrogen dioxide ; [2] [Total: 12] 2 (a) power = energy / time ; = 8000 / 600 = 13.3 ; W ; [3] (b) (i) KE = ½ mv2 ; = 0.5 × 2 × 40 × 40 = 1600 (J) ; [2] (ii) 1600 J (or same answer as (i)) ; energy is conserved ; [2] (c) expanded polystyrene / air / gas is a poor conductor of heat ; concrete block is a poor conductor of heat ; trapped air cannot carry heat around by convection ; aluminium reflects heat back into house ; [max 3] [Total: 10]

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0654 22 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 3 (a) (i) triceps ; biceps ; [2] (ii) B: contracts ; A: transmits force from B to bone ; C: relaxes ; [3] (b) (i) increases ; steady / linear, (increase) ; from 0.6 to 1.1 (g / cm3) / by 0.5 (g / cm3) ; [max 2] (ii) these foods contain calcium ; needed for bones ; [2] (iii) any citrus fruit / blackcurrants / other valid food source ; [1] (c) (i) (bone is) harder / stronger / less elastic / less smooth ; [1] (ii) (on the surface of the bones) at the joint ; reduces friction / allows bones to move smoothly over each other ; [2] [Total: 13] 4 (a) work done = force × distance ; = 700 × 55 = 38500 (J) ; [2] (b) (i) 50 s ; [1] (ii) constant speed ; of 36 m / s ; [2] (c) relationship between pressure, force and area ; pointed end has small area and large pressure ; disc has large area and small pressure ; [max 2] (d) less friction ; [1] [Total: 8]

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0654 22 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 5 (a) (i) hair ; [1] (ii) large ears / large eyes / long neck (so eyes high above ground) / long legs ; [1] (b) (i) diffusion ; from alveoli ; [2] (ii) more oxygen can be absorbed (from the air) / taken in by lungs / compensates for less oxygen ; more oxygen supplied to cells ; for respiration ; [max 2] (c) (i) ref. to limiting factors ; not enough grass to eat ; many eaten by, foxes / pumas ; [max 2] (ii) ref. to species diversity ; idea of their importance in food chain / provide food for pumas / so pumas won't become extinct ; other, e.g. tourism / moral arguments ; [max 2] [Total: 10] 6 (a) (i) Group 1, Period 2 ; [1] (ii) lithium is (very) reactive / easily combines with other elements / substances ; oil prevents reaction with air / oxygen / water / forms a protective barrier ; [2] (iii) lithium atoms have two shells / only have two electrons in first shell ; lithium atoms have three electrons ; [2] (b) (i) hydrochloric (acid) ; [1] (ii) carbon dioxide ; [1] (iii) chlorine ; [1] (c) (i) substance which changes the way the body works ; [1] (ii) avoid unexpected / uncontrolled effects (of impurities) ; avoid harming the user ; ensure correct dosage / owtte ; [max 1] [Total: 10]

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0654 22 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 7 (a) straight lines ; approx angles of incidence and reflection (correct by eye) ; [2] (b) correct diagram ; [1] (c) (i) red, blue, green ; [1] (ii) frequency or wavelength ; [max 1] [Total: 5] 8 (a) (i) petals / nectary ; [1] (ii) anther / stamen ; [1] (iii) ovule ; [1] (b) (pollination is) the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma ; (fertilisation is) the fusion of male and female gametes ; pollination takes place before fertilisation ; [max 2] (c) (i) 17 ; [1] (ii) nucleus ; [1] (iii) DNA ; [1] (d) (i) sugars produced by photosynthesis in leaves ; transported to flowers in phloem ; as sucrose ; mineral ions in xylem ; [max 2] (ii) for respiration / for energy / to make nectar / any energy-requiring process ; [1] [Total: 11]

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2011 0654 22 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 9 (a) (i) temperature ; acid concentration ; use the same acid ; surface area of the metal ; [max 3] volume of acid ; (ii) ignites / pops ; hydrogen is given off ; [2] (iii) both A and C did not react / cannot decide between A and C / two of the metals did not react ; [1] (b) (i) electrolyte in beaker ; electrodes in electrolyte ; voltmeter connecting electrodes ; [3] (ii) voltage changes ; because voltage depends on the metals used for electrodes ; [2] [Total: 11] 10 (a) (i) uranium ; [1] (ii) nuclei ; energy ; turbine, generator ; (both needed for mark) [3] (b) (i) lead or concrete ; [1] (ii) causes ionisation inside cells ; [2] damages cells / kills cells / mutation / damages DNA ; cancer ; radiation sickness ; radiation burns / burns skin ; [max 2] (c) (i) Geiger counter / GM tube etc. ; [1] (ii) 3 half-lives ; 300 (years) ; [2] [Total: 10]