Cambridge IGCSE History (9-1) 0977 — 2021 May/June Paper 4 · Variant 2

1 How important to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan was Russia’s mobilisation in 1914? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–18 1 How important to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan was Russia’s 40 mobilisation in 1914? Explain your answer. YES – Russia mobilised in 10 days as opposed to the 6 weeks believed by the Schlieffen Plan; Russian army was the largest in Europe with over 3 million soldiers; meant von Moltke had to divert troops on the Western Front to the Eastern Front – only 10% of the German Army was in the East; led to a war on two fronts for Germany and splitting of resources; some early successes against Austria forced Germany to reinforce its weaker ally, etc. NO – More important – von Moltke changed the route of the Schlieffen Plan and marched directly through Belgium instead of partially through Holland; led to Belgian resistance, e.g. Liege which held up German advance; von Moltke did not take into account supply lines being stretched and the use of conscripts as opposed to professional soldiers; BEF entered war due to London Treaty (1839); BEF 120 000 professional soldiers held up German advance at Mons; BEF also took part with French at Marne and forced Germans to dig in; race to the sea and First Battle of Ypres saw neither side able to outflank each other; new weapons were defensive rather than offensive, etc.

2 How significant was the impact of conscription in shaping civilian life on the British Home Front? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

Mark scheme: 2 How significant was the impact of conscription in shaping civilian life 40 on the British Home Front? Explain your answer. YES – Conscription introduced in 1916 as volunteers dried up; unmarried men aged 18–41 and then later married men as well; led to 16 000 conscientious objectors with about 1500 refusing any non-combatant role; led to some production issues in Britain and women had to take on male roles in public services and factories as well as in agriculture; more families suffered as casualties remained high – widows and orphaned children, etc. NO – Conscription not used by British until 1916 – volunteers before then with over 3 million being recruited; more significant – rationing introduced in 1918 with use of ration cards and strict laws passed for breaches of Rationing Order; meat, sugar were in short supply due to German unrestricted warfare; DORA, 1914 gave government greater powers to secure ‘public safety’; British Summer Time introduced to increase daylight hours; government took charge of essential transports (rail), munitions and mining – Lloyd George Minister for Munitions and later Prime Minister; Ministry of Information set up to coordinate wartime propaganda and censorship; government boosted wheat production by farming more land – Women’s Land Army set up; women involved in war effort, e.g. VAD; munitionettes and canaries worked in dangerous conditions but vital to war effort, etc.

3 How important was the Weimar Constitution in creating instability in Germany, 1919–33? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 3 How important was the Weimar Constitution in creating instability in 40 Germany, 1919–33? Explain your answer. YES – Weimar Constitution signed by same ‘November Criminals’ that signed Armistice; unpopular with right-wing groups such as Freikorps, DNVP, etc.; many saw the Constitution as weak and too democratic for Germany; Proportional Representation meant German Reichstag had lots of political parties; % of vote = % of seats; allowed extremist parties (e.g. Communists and Nazis) to gain seats; led to coalition governments and frequent elections; relied at times on Presidential Decree under Article 48 to get laws passed which bypassed democracy; Chancellors relied on support of Reichstag to legislate, etc. NO – Article 48 helped President maintain stability at times; used multiple times by Ebert to crush left-wing uprisings and Hindenburg during Depression; more important – effects of the First World War – debt, social problems such as homelessness and unemployment, widows and orphans; Treaty of Versailles and financial, territorial and military restrictions; Article 231 War Guilt Clause; left and right extremists and their uprisings; Ruhr occupation and hyperinflation; Wall Street Crash and rise of Nazi popularity, etc.

4 How significant were the churches in the opposition to Nazi rule after 1933? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41

Mark scheme: 4 How significant were the churches in the opposition to Nazi rule after 40 1933? Explain your answer. YES – Catholic Church: some Catholic priests helped protect persecuted minorities; Bishop Galen spoke out against Nazi policies and T-34 Programme (killing of mentally ill and physically disabled); Nazis failed to silence him and led to a change in public policy; Pope still able to criticise Nazi regime from Rome; Protestant Churches: Pastor Niemoller and Bonhoeffer created Confessing Church and opposed Nazi interference in Church; many ministers opposed Reich Church; many preached against Nazis in church sermons and aided resistance groups, etc. NO – Concordat in 1933 effectively got Catholic Church on side with the Nazi regime; many churchgoers supported Nazi regime or did little to oppose it and attended the Reich Church under Bishop Muller; Nazis also attempted German Faith Movement – a pagan alternative; more significant – underground political parties and trade unions distributed leaflets and encouraged strikes; Swing Movement; Edelweiss Pirates; White Rose; army resistance – Blomberg and Fritsch opposed Nazi war plans; 5 attempts by military to assassinate Hitler – 1944 July Bomb Plot; low-level resistance (anti-Nazi jokes); conservative Kreisau Circle, etc.

5 How important was agriculture as a cause of Russia’s problems by March 1917? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 5 How important was agriculture as a cause of Russia’s problems by 40 March 1917? Explain your answer. YES – Peasants in countryside did not own the best land compared to Russian landlords; led to riots in countryside and killing of landlords, burning of property (peasant land issue); grain requisitioning during war time; peasants also made up the mass of the Russian Imperial Army and were not available during harvest which led to food shortages in the cities and inflation of food prices; led to mutiny on ships and desertion from front line; Russia's agriculture was undeveloped and still used old methods; lack of mechanisation and new farming methods; Stolypin's reforms encouraged a rich kulak class to grow at expense of poorer peasants who gained little leading to greater support for left-wing populist parties such as SRs, etc. NO – More important – Tsarist autocracy outdated and did not allow proper representation or democracy demanded by some liberals and socialists; led to poor decision making; weaknesses of Tsar – 1915 went to front line as Supreme Commander leaving Tsarina and Rasputin in charge which alienated nobility and ministers; 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War humiliating defeat for Russia and caused socio-economic problems at home; led to Bloody Sunday and 1905 Revolution weakening Tsar who enacted October Manifesto which allowed Duma, individual rights and legalisation of political parties, many of which were anti-Tsarist; socio-economic effects of the First World War – food and fuel shortages, inflation in cities; workers' living and working conditions; growth of trade unionism and left-wing socialist/Marxist parties, etc.

6 How significant was War Communism in the consolidation of Bolshevik rule to 1924? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41

Mark scheme: 6 How significant was War Communism in the consolidation of 40 Bolshevik rule to 1924? Explain your answer. YES – War Communism nationalised all industries and the banks; put under direct control of Bolshevik government; state planning of production under GOSPLAN; Vesenkha used to coordinate and requisition grain from countryside; allowed for Red Terror – Grain Requisition Squads and executions of counterrevolutionaries; strict discipline in factories and strikers could be shot; food rationing; free enterprise made illegal; allowed government to support Red Army and win Civil War, etc. NO – War Communism led to terrible famine, harsh social policies; one reason for Kronstadt Rebellion; more significant – Bolshevik victory in Russian Civil War; Lenin's Decrees on peace, land, women and workers delivered some Bolshevik promises; use of Cheka; creation of Sovnarkom and shutting down of Constituent Assembly after one day; Bolshevik politburo effectively leading committee in Russia – chaired by Lenin; one- party dictatorship established by Lenin; Decree against forming of factions in the Communist Party; NEP, etc.

7 How important was the availability of electricity as a reason for economic growth in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 7 How important was the availability of electricity as a reason for 40 economic growth in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer. YES – Electrification more widely available across all of the USA in the 1920s; new power stations – oil and gas as well as coal; allowed for the use of powered assembly lines in factories such as Ford factory in Detroit; mass production; allowed for advertising on radio/movie reels; led to use of consumer appliances in more households – radios, washing machines and fridges; allowed for growth in movie industry and cinema, etc. NO – Electricity still not available in parts of USA, especially rural areas in South and Midwest; more important – Republican policies of laissez-faire, low taxes and tariffs; motor industry and knock-on effects to steel, rubber, glass, road building, motels, etc.; mass consumption due to advertising and hire-purchase schemes; confidence in stock markets and rising share prices; USA's natural resources; First World War, etc.

8 How significant was Prohibition in changing the lives of the American people, 1919–33? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

Mark scheme: 8 How significant was Prohibition in changing the lives of the American 40 people, 1919–33? Explain your answer. YES – Prohibition led to decrease in alcohol consumption – fell by 30% in early 1920s; sale and manufacture of alcohol led to loss of jobs in brewing and worsened effects for farmers in grain and barley sectors; increased crime rate, especially in urban areas for illegal brewing, distribution, moonshine production; led to bootleg alcohol from Canada and Caribbean; growth in number of speakeasies; gangsterism led to violence – St Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929; gun crime; Al Capone and Chicago Mafia; police corruption and bribery of officials at local and state level; Prohibition Agents underfunded, etc. NO – More significant – Roaring Twenties and Jazz Age; new music, film, fashions; increased liberal attitude towards women in urban areas – flappers; women increasingly employed and could vote from 1920; Red Scare and Palmer Raids; Sacco and Vanzetti; immigration; KKK and racism in the South; segregation and Jim Crow Laws; religious fundamentalism and Scopes' Trial, impact of the Crash and the Depression social impact of economic boom, e.g. increased disposable income, etc.

9 How important was the Yenan Soviet in increasing support for the Chinese Communist Party by 1949? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 9 How important was the Yenan Soviet in increasing support for the 40 Chinese Communist Party by 1949? Explain your answer. YES – Yenan Settlement set up after Long March; CCP headquarters for 13 years; Mao indoctrinated followers with Marxism–Leninism/Maoism; focused on gaining the support and help of the peasantry in China; turned the CCP into the party of the people against the Nationalist government; trained peasant army in guerrilla tactics; many visited out of curiosity; foreign coverage of settlement and some outside supporters to help revolution; membership reached 100 000 by 1937 and was 1.2 million by 1945; allowed Mao to preach of KMT atrocities during the Second World War and Civil War, etc. NO – More important – Long March had been great propaganda for CCP and helped gain initial peasant support; cemented Mao as leader who was popular with peasants; Second World War saw Nationalist government focus their efforts and foreign aid on defeating CCP rather than Japanese leading to many viewing them as corrupt; many swapped sides and joined CCP; military tactics of CCP – guerrilla warfare; Nationalists failed to solve economic problems; loss of Chinese Civil War and capture of Shanghai in 1949, etc.

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

Mark scheme: 10 How significant were improved relations with the USA in establishing 40 China as a superpower by the time of Mao’s death? Explain your answer. YES – Improving relations between USA and China as part of the USA's strategy to side-line the USSR; China's relations had also broken down with the USSR in the 1960s; 1971 saw Kissinger visit China to negotiate trade deals; ping-pong diplomacy; 1972 Sino-American trade agreement and peace treaty signed; USA recognised PRC as legitimate government of China and not Taiwan – admittance into the United Nations; allowed Chinese economy to increase foreign trade and boosted exports to fund technological enhancements in industry; access to US business expertise, etc. NO – More significant – 1950s relationship with USSR; Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship saw Soviet loans of money, experts and technology to aid First Five-Year Plan and industrialisation; China becomes a nuclear power in 1967; world's largest military; China dominated its allies and client states such as Tibet; alliance with North Korea; defeat of India over borders; Agrarian Reform Law and development of collective farming, etc.

11 How important were the Land Acts in shaping the lives of the non-white population in South Africa before 1948? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 11 How important were the Land Acts in shaping the lives of the non- 40 white population in South Africa before 1948? Explain your answer. YES – 90% of black South Africans lived in rural areas as small farmers; many were sharecroppers; Land Acts allocated just 7% of land to black population in 1913 and 13% by 1936; sharecropping was banned by government; black people were forbidden to buy or rent land outside of their reservations; led to poverty for many families and migration to urban areas to look for work; prosperous farmers disappeared – infant mortality rose more than 20%; fuelled migrant labour system, etc. NO – More important – Representation Act of 1936 ended all participation for non-whites in government; Immorality Act banned sexual relations between white people and black people; housing was segregated in towns and cities under Urban Areas Act, 1923; Pass system introduced which restricted freedom of travel and movement for non-whites; colour bar in employment; strike action made illegal in 1911; impact of the Second World War on non-white labour in industry etc.

12 How significant was anti-communism as a motive for the government’s repression of political opponents in South Africa to 1966? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

Mark scheme: 12 How significant was anti-communism as a motive for the 40 government’s repression of political opponents in South Africa to 1966? Explain your answer. YES – Communist groups opposed apartheid sometimes with other opposition groups; South African government viewed any anti-apartheid movement as communist; Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 banned Communist Party and nearly all political activism in general; seen as part of the wider Cold War; government given legal powers to arrest suspected communists and critics of the regime; targeted trade unions; over 8500 arrests by 1952, etc. NO – More significant – Public Safety Act, 1953 gave government the power to declare a state of emergency and suspend all laws for public safety; public meetings that were anti-apartheid viewed as treason and government outlawed public meetings in Riotous Assemblies Act 1956; led to Treason Trial and 18 000 arrests as well as banning of ANC and PAC; Rivonia Trial and General Laws – police could detain for 90 days without charge or access to lawyer; militant action by ANC and PAC, e.g. MK; Sharpeville Massacre etc.

13 How important was the Yom Kippur War (1973) in shaping Arab–Israeli relations up to 1996? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 13 How important was the Yom Kippur War (1973) in shaping Arab–Israeli 40 relations up to 1996? Explain your answer. YES – Yom Kippur War showed Israel that Arab states could launch a tactical offensive against them; Soviet SAM missiles showed Israel and USA that Egypt had hardware to defend itself against Israeli Air Force; brought USA onto the side of Israel with supply of tanks; Nixon supported Israeli re- conquest of lost land; heightened Cold War tensions with USSR who threatened to intervene to stop collapse of Egypt and Syria; oil producing states embargo – oil was used as a weapon against USA by Saudi Arabia; resulted in closer ties between USA and Egypt; made Israel move towards a diplomatic solution to Arab-Israeli conflict – Sadat and Begin with Carter and Camp David Accords – Egypt banned from Arab League and isolated until 1989, etc. NO – More important – Wars in 1948–49, 1956 and 1967 which led to refugee problems in neighbouring Arab states; creation of Al-Fatah and PLO to coordinate Palestinians – led by Arafat; initial terrorism changed to diplomacy in 1980s; role of USA and UN in peacekeeping; Oslo Agreements and Palestinian Authority; West Bank and Gaza; Lebanese War, 1982; Gulf War 1991 and PLO support, etc.

14 How significant has the peacekeeping and diplomacy of the United Nations been in attempts to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 14 How significant has the peacekeeping and diplomacy of the United 40 Nations been in attempts to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict? Explain your answer. YES – First phase during 1948–49 war supervised armistice between Israel and Arab states such as creating buffer zones between each state; second phase 1956–82 – each conflict 1956, 67, 73 and 1982 superpowers relied on the UN to act as the peacekeeper (ordered French and British forces to leave Egypt in 1956 for example); UNEF (United Nations Emergency Force) used to police hotspots; UN Resolutions – UN Resolution 242 to remove Israeli forces from occupied territories; 1973 peace-keeping UNIFIL created which later oversaw Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon; Arafat's UN speech; General Assembly Resolution 3379 equated Zionism with racism, etc. NO – UN role decreased after Cold War; UN side-lined by USA and unilateral involvement in Arab–Israeli conflict; more significant – role of PLO and Arafat in 1980s; President Carter and Clinton; Sadat and Begin and Camp David Accords; Oslo Agreements; Prime Minister Rabin, etc.