Cambridge IGCSE History (9-1) 0977 — 2019 May/June Paper 4 · Variant 2

1 How important was the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in halting the German advance in 1914? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1 How important was the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in halting the 40 German advance in 1914? Explain your answer. Yes 120 000 professional troops; well-equipped and trained against conscripts; held up the German advance at Marne; the BEF helped create a stalemate at Ypres in 1914, etc. No The BEF was only small; they pushed back at Mons in Belgium; more important was Russian mobilisation which created war on two fronts; the Belgian resistance; French counter-attack at Marne; defensive tactics – new technology, etc.

2 How significant were the superior resources of the Allies in bringing about the German surrender in 1918? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–1945

Mark scheme: 2 How significant were the superior resources of the Allies in bringing 40 about the German surrender in 1918? Explain your answer. Yes Tanks caused psychological issues for German troops; combined arms and creeping barrage; ‘bite and hold’ tactics; US entry into the war brought fresh troops and equipment, etc. No More significant – failure of the war at sea; the British blockade of German ports which led to shortages of food and fuel; German Revolution; failure of the Ludendorff Offensive; war weariness, etc.

3 How important was the Dawes Plan in the recovery of Germany, 1923-29? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 3 How important was the Dawes Plan in the recovery of Germany, 40 1923–29? Explain your answer. Yes The Dawes Plan lowered reparation instalments to the Allies; US loans of 800 million marks were arranged; this allowed investment into the economy; this led to new homes and infrastructure; loans were renewed with the Young Plan; this helped lead to the Golden Age, etc. No The Locarno Pact, 1925; German admission into the League of Nations, 1926; Stresemann’s use of the Rentenmark and burning old currency – the French leave the Ruhr and hyperinflation ends; election of Hindenburg in 1925; new culture and night life; 1929 Wall Street Crash; accept counter- argument that the Dawes Plan led to dependency on US loans, etc.

4 How significant was the Munich Putsch as a reason for the lack of Nazi electoral success by 1928? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–1941

Mark scheme: 4 How significant was the Munich Putsch as a reason for the lack of Nazi 40 electoral success by 1928? Explain your answer. Yes The Munich Putsch led to Hitler's imprisonment for treason; Nazis were banned and labelled extremists; 16 Nazis were killed in an uprising; the SA banned the organisation – it was seen as too violent by the middle classes; Hitler was forced to change tactics and win power legally, etc. No Nazis were always viewed as extremists; anti-Semitism put many off; the SA was too violent; 1924–28 were Golden Years – economic growth and political stability; the election of nationalist Hindenburg appeased right-wing voters, etc.

5 How important was Trotsky in Stalin’s emergence as leader by 1928? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 5 How important was Trotsky in Stalin’s emergence as leader by 1928? 40 Explain your answer. Yes Trotsky failed to turn up to Lenin's funeral – so Stalin was seen as chief mourner; Stalin alienated him from the Party leadership; Trotsky was viewed as arrogant by many; permanent revolution was not popular with rightists; people were worried about his control of the Red Army; anti-Semitism, etc. No Stalin's political manoeuvrings between left and right; Lenin's death; Lenin's Testament; Socialism in one country was more popular; luck – Trotsky was recovering from a malaria-like illness at the time of Lenin’s funeral; Stalin’s use of his position as General Secretary to gain support at Party conferences and Congress, etc.

6 How significant was industrialisation to the development of the Soviet Union after 1928? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY D: THE USA, 1919–1941

Mark scheme: 6 How significant was industrialisation to the development of the Soviet 40 Union after 1928? Explain your answer. Yes The Five Year Plans were to build up infrastructure and catch up with the West within 10 years; primary and secondary industry were the focus of the first two Plans; they were needed for defence in any future war; a command economy using Gosplan was created, etc. No Collectivisation was more significant – socialism in the countryside; removal of the kulaks and Nepmen as a class; propaganda and cult of personality to develop a totalitarian state; control of education and the media, etc.

7 How important were Republican presidents in creating prosperity in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 7 How important were Republican presidents in creating prosperity in 40 the 1920s? Explain your answer. Yes (Harding, Coolidge and Hoover) Laissez-faire; low intervention in the economy encouraged growth and prosperity; low taxation; tariffs on imported goods; isolationism and protectionism stimulated US industry; trusts, etc. No Mass production – the Ford assembly line; advertising and mass marketing; new inventions; the First World War; natural resources; electrification; consumer society; confidence, etc.

8 How significant were social reforms as an aspect of the New Deal? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

Mark scheme: 8 How significant were social reforms as an aspect of the New Deal? 40 Explain your answer. Yes The Second New Deal – Wagner Act, 1935; Social Security Act, 1935; these improved the lives of pensioners and the unemployed; the right to bargain; sick and disabled benefit, etc. No Alphabet Agencies were more important – AAA, WPA, TVA, CCC, PWA, CWA all helped to provide jobs; Emergency Banking Act; NRA to promote business/worker relations; FERA for the poor, etc.

9 How important to the economic progress of China was the First Five-Year Plan? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 9 How important to the economic progress of China was the First Five- 40 Year Plan? Explain your answer. Yes Private business was taken over by the state; a command economy was created; there were production targets; growth in oil, coal, iron, steel, chemicals and cement; rapid growth in towns and cities; a new railway network was established, etc. No More important – Agrarian Land Reforms, 1950; the establishment of cooperatives and collective farms gave peasants land; communes in the Great Leap Forward established communes – industry and agriculture together; Soviet loans and experts; US trade deals in the 1970s, etc.

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

Mark scheme: 10 How significant for China’s international relations was the Sino-Soviet 40 dispute? Explain your answer. Yes The Sino-Soviet alliance began to break down after the death of Stalin; the Soviets had had a military and financial alliance with China since 1950; they provided experts and loans for the First Five-Year Plan; Mao criticised Khrushchev for his handling of crises in Hungary and Suez; the Soviets refused to share nuclear technology with Mao; Mao criticised Khrushchev for the Cuban Missile Crisis – this led to the Sino-Soviet split and by 1971, China had a trade alliance with the USA, etc. No More significant – Maoist ideology; disputes with Tibet; border disputes with India, 1962; the US and UN failed to recognise PRC and engaged in diplomacy with Taiwan; Sino-American trade agreements under Nixon, etc.

11 How important were restrictions on movement as a feature of the apartheid system after 1948? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 11 How important were restrictions on movement as a feature of the 40 apartheid system after 1948? Explain your answer. Yes The Group Areas Act, 1950 – this moved black people out of white areas; the Pass Laws restricted freedom of movement for black people; the Native Laws Act, 1952 banned black people from white urban areas; the Bantu Self Government Act, etc. No More important – Prohibition of Mixed Marriages; Immorality Act; Bantu Education Act; Separate Representation of Voters Act – no longer allowed to vote, etc.

12 How significant were international sanctions in the opposition to apartheid after 1960? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

Mark scheme: 12 How significant were international sanctions in the opposition to 40 apartheid after 1960? Explain your answer. Yes UN criticism of apartheid; Special Committee created – in 1973 apartheid was declared a ‘crime against humanity’; sports sanctions; US and EEC economic restrictions, etc. No Economic sanctions were limited in effect – many kept trading with South Africa; more significant – anti-apartheid movement; Black Consciousness and Steve Biko; ANC and PAC; Mandela and Tutu, etc.

13 How important was President Nasser in shaping events in the Middle East? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 13 How important was President Nasser in shaping events in the Middle 40 East? Explain your answer. Yes Nasser (1954–70) announced the nationalisation of the Suez Canal and a blockade of the Straits of Tiran; Nasser officially recognised Communist China; Nasser's creation of the PLO; he took the lead in the struggle against Israel; he signed an alliance with Syria, etc. No More significant – role of the superpowers and the UK; actions of Israel; Yasser Arafat and the PLO; Sadat and actions leading to the 1973 war; terrorism; the United Nations, etc.

14 How significant have Gaza and the West Bank been as factors in the Arab-Israeli conflict? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 14 How significant have Gaza and the West Bank been as factors in the 40 Arab-Israeli conflict? Explain your answer. Yes The disputed area between Israel and neighbouring states; attempts at Israeli expansion after the 1967 War; areas of terrorist activity; the West Bank was annexed by Israel in the Six-Day War – continued settlement in both the West Bank and Gaza, leading to Palestinian nationalism and terrorism – the growth of Hamas, etc. No More significant – actions of the PLO; Israeli aggression; raids into Israel from neighbouring Arab states – Jordan, Syria; the role of the UN and US in diplomacy and peacekeeping, etc.