Cambridge IGCSE History (9-1) 0977 — 2018 May/June Paper 4 · Variant 2

1 How important was the use of artillery in the development of stalemate on the Western Front? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1 How important was the use of artillery in the development of stalemate 40 on the Western Front? Explain your answer. Yes Artillery caused the highest number of casualties in the First World War; used to destroy enemy positions and defences and pin down soldiers in their trenches leading to static fighting; contributed to war of attrition as used to wear the enemy down gradually; artillery used to great effect in major battles – Somme and Verdun; artillery shells being produced in huge quantities by both sides and supplied constantly to both sides; large rail guns used by Germans to bombard positions and French cities from over 100 km away, etc. No More important – machine guns made advances over no man's land very difficult with huge casualties; lack of tactics to avoid high casualties; development of trench defences made advances problematic – zig-zag design, dug-outs, sniper positions, pill boxes; poor conditions in trenches led to low morale and disease; failure of new weapons such as gas and tanks to break stalemate; failure of Schlieffen Plan led to trenches being dug; ‘race to the sea’, etc.

2 How significant was the impact of the German U-boat campaign on civilian life in Britain? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–1945

Mark scheme: 2 How significant was the impact of the German U-boat campaign on 40 civilian life in Britain? Explain your answer. Yes Unrestricted submarine warfare from 1915 onwards; targeted military and merchant ships which led to sinking of Lusitania in 1915, leading to greater US intervention in the war; U-boat campaign from 1917 led to losses of over 2.5 million tonnes of shipping from the USA to Britain; led to food shortages and the introduction of rationing in 1918, etc. No U-boat campaign effectively dealt with by new counter-measures – use of Q ships, mines, depth charges, long-range aircraft protection and convoy system; by the end of 1917 U-boat campaign effectively ended; more significant on civilian life – recruitment and conscription (1916); DORA, 1914; women’s war work; 1914 coastal bombardment, 1915 Zeppelin raids and 1917-18 long-range bombers, etc.

3 How important were weaknesses in the Weimar Constitution in causing Germany’s problems, 1919–1933? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 3 How important were weaknesses in the Weimar Constitution in causing 40 Germany’s problems, 1919–1933? Explain your answer. Yes The Constitution was not accepted by many nationalists and conservatives at first; associated with November Criminals and ‘stab in the back’ myth; opposition from the far right, especially former monarchists who supported the Kaiser and autocracy; created a democratic system using PR – led to coalition governments that were weak which made it difficult for Chancellors to run the country; extremist parties – communists and nationalists were able to win seats; President had to use Article 48 to rule by decree over 100 times up to 1923; 1930–33 Presidential government by decree; emergency decrees aided Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, etc. No More important – aftermath of First World War left Germany in debt and bankrupt; huge social and economic problems – unemployment, income 30% of 1913 levels, industrial output two thirds pre-war level, civil unrest, huge numbers of widows, ex-soldiers; Treaty of Versailles – harsh terms – financial, military and territorial; 1923 crises – Ruhr occupation and hyperinflation; extremist opposition from left and right – Spartacists, Kapp Putsch, Munich Putsch; effects of Wall St Crash and Depression, etc.

4 How significant was Mein Kampf (published 1925–1926) in helping Hitler win support during the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–1941

Mark scheme: 4 How significant was Mein Kampf (published 1925–1926) in helping Hitler 40 win support during the 1920s? Explain your answer. Yes Hitler wrote Mein Kampf while in Landsberg Prison after failed Munich Putsch; Hitler recognised that the Nazis would have to change tactics and win power legally; Hitler wrote in his book that the Nazi movement would have to concentrate on gaining votes rather than attempting an armed coup; the book proposed reorganising the party under a single leader – the führer; increase in Nazi membership, especially SA who had a copy of Mein Kampf, etc. No Very few copies sold prior to 1930s; only won 3% of vote in 1928 elections; more significant – Hitler ordered the SA to become less violent so as to not frighten middle-class supporters; reduced anti-Semitic focus and increased anti-communist and nationalistic rhetoric; propaganda used more effectively to gain support from all classes; SA used to march and demonstrate discipline; Hitler increased number of speeches and rallies well planned by Goebbels; Wall St Crash – allowed Hitler to focus on unemployment problem and attack Weimar’s weaknesses and anti-communism; Hitler Youth set up in 1925 to attract young supporters; support from traditional elites in the 1920s; Munich Putsch and trial, etc.

5 How important were the July Days in the downfall of the Provisional Government? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 5 How important were the July Days in the downfall of the Provisional 40 Government? Explain your answer. Yes July Days saw Bolshevik Party protests against Provisional Government after Kerensky's decision to continue the war and launch a summer offensive; soldiers and sailors supported the Bolshevik-led uprising – joined by workers; riots broke out and government troops used to crush revolt; Lenin realised that a disorganised uprising would only lead to greater government repression; Kerensky introduced more hard-line approaches – e.g. death penalty reintroduced and many leading Bolsheviks were imprisoned which caused further opposition in the Soviets, etc. No July Days actually led to decline in support for Bolsheviks; Lenin fled to Finland; more important – Lenin's April Theses – promised 'Peace, Land and Bread' and 'All Power to the Soviets'; Lenin effective public speaker and intellectual; Bolsheviks committed revolutionaries; social and economic effects of war highlighted the Bolsheviks as the only anti-war party; Trotsky swapped from Mensheviks and organised Red Guard to plan November seizure of power; Kornilov Affair increased Bolshevik support, etc.

6 How significant were the Five-Year Plans in maintaining Stalin’s dictatorship? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY D: THE USA, 1919–1941

Mark scheme: 6 How significant were the Five-Year Plans in maintaining Stalin’s 40 dictatorship? Explain your answer. Yes Five-Year Plans used to replace NEP which was seen as too capitalistic by left-wing communists; helped increase Russia's military strength; gave Stalin control over economy; helped Stalin expose those who opposed 'Socialism in One Country'; economic growth would help the world and Russia see Stalin as a great leader of an emerging superpower; Plans would help establish communism in Russia – Stalin to be seen as completing Lenin's legacy, etc. No More significant – the use of propaganda to create Stalin's cult of personality; censorship and control of the media – art, architecture, religious and cultural suppression all helped Stalin create a totalitarian state; use of terror – NKVD used to suppress counter-revolutionaries – mass arrests of political opponents; use of gulags where many died; Great Purges and show trials – 1.5 million victims; Russification, etc.

7 How important were new industries in causing growth in the US economy in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 7 How important were new industries in causing growth in the US 40 economy in the 1920s? Explain your answer. Yes Mass production and the use of the assembly line to increase production efficiency and lower prices; motor car industry; USA could support its own industries without the need for large numbers of imports, and growing population allowed for a thriving domestic market; mining of new metals (e.g. zinc and aluminium) and minerals allowed the development of new inventions; domestic appliances available due to electrification in towns and cities such as refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, etc. No More important – USA vast country with a wealth of natural resources and growing population, mostly in towns and cities by the 1920s; raw materials included oil, coal, iron, natural gas as well as suitable land for arable farming and cattle ranching; mass marketing through advertising over radios and on billboards; Republican economic policies – laissez-faire, tariffs and low taxes; use of hire-purchase and the availability of credit; confidence in the stock market; First World War – European markets and war loans, etc.

8 How significant was racial intolerance in changing the nature of US society in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

Mark scheme: 8 How significant was racial intolerance in changing the nature of US 40 society in the 1920s? Explain your answer. Yes Racism entrenched in parts of US society, especially in the South; segregation in the South under Jim Crow Laws; history of slavery; more Black Americans than White Americans in parts of the South – denied decent jobs and had lower wages; they were prohibited from voting, although they had the right to vote; the film ‘Birth of a Nation’ in 1915 led to the revival of the KKK which promoted white supremacy and intolerance towards Black Americans; KKK infiltrated local, state and even federal government; many KKK members in local and state law enforcement; KKK violence 'accepted' in many parts of the South – lynchings, beatings and intimidation; by 1925 the KKK had 4.5 million members across all of the USA, etc. No More significant – Red Scare and fear of communist immigrants from Eastern Europe; religious intolerance towards Jews and Catholics; religious fundamentalism across the Bible Belt – 1925 Scopes ‘Monkey Trial’; Sacco and Vanzetti; rural conservatism versus urban modernism – differing attitudes towards women; Prohibition and growth of gangsterism and illegal alcohol abuse in speakeasies; motor car increased freedom of movement – more leisure and entertainment available – cinema, sports, nightlife, etc.

9 How important was the Long March in increasing Communist support in the period to 1945? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 9 How important was the Long March in increasing Communist support in 40 the period to 1945? Explain your answer. Yes The Long March helped secure Mao's position as leader, giving him the support of party members; it was great propaganda for the Communist Party – seen as heroic as the party overcame the treacherous terrain in parts of China; it gave the Party time to rebuild and reorganise after the extermination campaigns; by travelling through rural China, the Party was able to live and work alongside the Chinese peasantry, who were often overlooked by the KMT, increasing Communist support – the Party often redistributed land to the peasants and armed them with captured KMT weapons, etc. No More important – Yenan settlement allowed Mao to indoctrinate his followers in Marxism-Leninism/Maoism; Maoism focused on the peasants as the revolutionary class rather than industrial workers; many peasants flocked to the Yenan settlement to become part of the revolution – Party membership grew from 100 000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945; it allowed Mao to advertise KMT atrocities; Second World War weakened Nationalist government – KMT focused efforts on Communists rather than Japanese invaders – many deserted KMT; KMT seen as corrupt, etc.

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

Mark scheme: 10 How significant was Communist China’s relationship with the Soviet 40 Union in its economic development during the 1950s? Explain your answer. Yes USSR and China were two communist states against the capitalist West; 1950 saw Treaty of Friendship and Alliance; low interest loans of $300 million and a 30-year military alliance; USSR supported China during Korean War; during the 1950s, USSR gave financial help and expert advisors during the Five Year Plan to help China industrialise rapidly – technical aid in 156 industries and 520 million roubles in loans; relations soured after Stalin’s death and Mao opposed Khrushchev’s policies; both countries wanted to become the model for communist revolution; some border disputes emerged, etc. No More important to China’s development – Mao’s ideology; Land Reform in 195 collective farming and communes developed; social reforms that improved women's rights, education and healthcare – more literate and healthy workforce; Five Year Plan and Great Leap Forward focused on heavy industry, etc.

11 How important was government legislation in white minority control of South Africa between 1966 and 1980? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 11 How important was government legislation in white minority control of 40 South Africa between 1966 and 1980? Explain your answer. Yes Acts of Parliament amended apartheid legislation, often strengthening it; PM Vorster acquired a reputation as an enforcer of apartheid legislation; two new security bodies were established – BOSS and the SSC – these imposed harsher security measures on non-whites; Terrorism Act of 1967 made the crime equal to treason; the Internal Security Amendment Act allowed suspects to be detained without charge for up to 12 months; the Voters Amendment Act of 1968 completed the abolition of non-white representation; Bantu Homelands Act of 1971 strengthened previous laws to separate black homelands, etc. No More important – expansion in the numbers of police and especially the military – now accounted for 20% of national budget; all white people conscripted into the army for 2 years; 1976 South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) set up – monopolised radio and TV broadcasting and became the voice of government propaganda; reports by the ANC or PAC were heavily censored; many white South Africans were oblivious to what was happening in their country, etc.

12 How significant were political reforms in ending the apartheid regime? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

Mark scheme: 12 How significant were political reforms in ending the apartheid regime? 40 Explain your answer. Yes Botha's Total Strategy brought moderate political reform – 1979 black trade unions were recognised by law; job reservations for white people were abolished; allowed black people to become more militant; 1984 Constitution allowed coloureds some representation – black people could elect local councils which further soured relations; pass laws reformed in the 1980s allowed freer movement from the homelands to urban areas; increased spending on education of non-whites; some segregation laws were repealed, e.g. interracial marriage – petty apartheid; reforms raised expectations but failed to deliver, etc. No More significant – Steve Biko and Black Consciousness Movement; Soweto riots in 1976 brought international condemnation; 1967 UN criticised apartheid; 1973 UN declared apartheid a ‘crime against humanity’; 1970s sports sanctions; mid-1980s economic sanctions from EEC and USA; individual leaders – Tambo, Mandela and Tutu; de Clerk; state of emergency, etc.

13 How important was external support for Israel in determining the outcome of the 1948–1949 war? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 13 How important was external support for Israel in determining the 40 outcome of the 1948–1949 war? Explain your answer. Yes Financial support from Jews in Europe and the USA; huge numbers of weapons and firearms bought from Western Europe and the USA; USA taught Israeli fighter pilots; France and Czechoslovakia transported arms to Israel; British blockade lifted; Haganah gained military experience and weaponry from fighting with Allies during WWII and from guerrilla campaign against the British, etc. No More important – Israeli desire to protect Jewish homeland; USA supported Israel politically; Israeli army better led and had air superiority; Arab forces were poorly led and inexperienced; poor communication between different Arab forces; Arab forces outnumbered (23 000 compared to Israel’s 30 000); Syria and Lebanon offered little support; few Arab leaders trusted King Abdullah of Transjordan after secret deal with Israel, etc.

14 How significant was the refugee crisis in causing the hostility between Israel and its neighbours? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 14 How significant was the refugee crisis in causing the hostility between 40 Israel and its neighbours? Explain your answer. Yes 1948–49 saw over 300 000 Palestinian refugees flee the conflict; many settled in neighbouring Arab states such as Syria, Egypt, Lebanon and Jordan; led to growth of Arab nationalism in refugee camps; many joined Al Fatah and later the PLO which were committed to seeing a Palestinian homeland; some joined more extremist groups in the PLO such as the PFLP and Black September which carried out raids and terrorist attacks; number of refugees continued to grow after 1967 and 1973 wars – total number of refugees grew to over 700 000; atrocious conditions in the camps produced a breeding ground for nationalism and Islamism – Hamas, etc. No More significant – 1948 Palestine rejected UNO Partition Plan; Britain refused to grant UN access to Palestine in 1948 and withdrew forces from Palestine; Israeli nationalism; religious conflict; superpower financial and military support (USA to Israel, USSR to Egypt and Syria); nationalist President Nasser in Egypt; control of Sinai and Suez Canal; control of Golan Heights, etc.