Cambridge IGCSE History 0470 — 2022 May/June Paper 4 · Variant 2

Cambridge IGCSE™ 0470/42 May/June 2022 1 hour HISTORY Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS • Answer one question from your chosen Depth Study. • Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION • The total mark for this paper is 40. • The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. This document has 4 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over 06_0470_42_2022_1.6 © UCLES 2022 *6313332978*

Answer one question from your chosen Depth Study. DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–18 How important were new and improved weapons in the development of a war of attrition on the Western Front? Explain your answer. [40] 1 How significant was Turkish resistance as a reason for Allied failure in the Gallipoli campaign? Explain your answer. [40] 2 DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45 How important were Stresemann’s economic policies to the stability of the Weimar Republic, 1923-29? Explain your answer. [40] 3 How significant were resistance groups in the opposition to Nazi rule? Explain your answer. [40] 4 DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41 How important was Russia’s continued involvement in the First World War as a reason for increased support for the Bolsheviks between March and November 1917? Explain your answer. [40] 5 How significant were gulags to Stalin’s system of control in the Soviet Union after 1928? Explain your answer. [40] 6 DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41 How important was government economic policy as a cause of prosperity in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40] 7 How significant were problems in agriculture as an aspect of the Great Depression in the USA? Explain your answer. [40] 8 DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990 How important was the Japanese invasion of China as a reason for increased support for the Chinese Communist Party before 1949? Explain your answer. [40] 9 How significant was the treatment of landlords as an aspect of Mao’s land reforms in the 1950s? Explain your answer. [40] 10 06_0470_42_2022_1.6 © UCLES 2022 2

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994 How important was the PAC in determining the nature of resistance to apartheid in the 1950s and 1960s? Explain your answer. [40] 11 How significant was Desmond Tutu in ending white minority rule in South Africa? Explain your answer. [40] 12 DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945 How important was Jewish immigration as a cause of tension in the Middle East by 1948? Explain your answer. [40] 13 How significant were Israeli military tactics in determining the outcome of the Yom Kippur War, 1973? Explain your answer. [40] 14 06_0470_42_2022_1.6 © UCLES 2022 3

BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. 06_0470_42_2022_1.6 © UCLES 2022 4

This document consists of 15 printed pages. © UCLES 2022 [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ HISTORY 0470/42 Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework May/June 2022 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 40 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2022 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 15 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with:  the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question  the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question  the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively:  marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate  marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do  marks are not deducted for errors  marks are not deducted for omissions  answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 3 of 15 Question Answer Marks Assessment Objectives 1 and 2 Level 5 [33–40] Candidates:  Produce well-balanced and well-developed explanations that directly assess importance/significance to reach substantial judgements and conclusions.  Select, organise and deploy effectively and relevantly a wide range of in-depth contextual knowledge to support explanations and conclusions.  Demonstrate a strong understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.  Produce well developed, well-reasoned and well supported judgements/conclusions.  Write with precision and succinctness, showing explicit structure and focus. Level 4 [25–32] Candidates:  Produce well-balanced and partially developed explanations that assess importance/significance, although some of these may be implicit, to reach partially substantiated judgements and conclusions.  Select, organise and deploy effectively and relevantly contextual knowledge to support explanations and conclusions that will demonstrate some range and depth.  Demonstrate a sound understanding of the significance of the key features, reasons, results and changes of societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.  Produce partially developed and partially supported judgements/conclusions.  Write with precision and succinctness, showing structure and focus. Level 3 [17–24] Candidates:  Produce balanced and developed descriptions that explicitly address the question OR produce one-sided, well-developed explanations that assess importance/significance.  Select, organise and deploy relevantly appropriate contextual knowledge to support descriptions/explanations and that will demonstrate some range and/or depth.  Demonstrate some understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.  Produce unsupported judgements/conclusions.  Write with some precision and succinctness and focus.

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 4 of 15 Question Answer Marks Level 2 [9–16] Candidates:  Produce balanced but limited descriptions that lack scope/focus/supporting material OR produce one-sided descriptions that address the question. Responses may be narrative in style.  Select and organise limited contextual knowledge to support descriptions. This is only deployed relevantly on a few occasions and will demonstrate limited range and depth.  Demonstrate a limited understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of the societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.  Attempt generalised conclusions but these are often asserted or undeveloped.  Present work that lacks precision, succinctness and focus. Level 1 [1–8] Candidates:  Produce balanced but limited descriptions that fail to properly address the question OR produce responses in which the material cited is largely inaccurate or irrelevant. Responses may be overly short.  Demonstrate limited contextual knowledge that lacks range or depth or is only linked to the general topic relating to the question.  List a few key features, reasons, results, and changes of societies, events, people and situations. The work contains some relevant material but this is not deployed appropriately.  Attempt generalised conclusions but these are asserted, undeveloped and unsupported.  Present work that shows little understanding or focus on the question. Level 0 [0] Candidates: Submit no evidence or do not address the question. Information Suggestions The information listed below attempts to indicate some of the detail and issues that candidates may wish to address in their answers. This list does not claim to be exclusive or exhaustive. Marks should be awarded on the quality of detail used and quality of argument deployed as defined in the generic mark scheme.

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 15 Question Answer Marks 1 How important were new and improved weapons in the development of a war of attrition on the Western Front? Explain your answer. Yes Artillery used to pin soldiers down in trenches and cause continual casualties; massive bombardments before offensives led to huge casualties; machine guns meant offensives had huge numbers wounded and dead – could fire up to 600rpm and had the power of 100 rifles; gas weapons used to create fear and terror in enemy trenches; aviation technology allowed both sides to photograph enemy trench positions, etc. No Some weapons aided in breaking the stalemate, e.g. tanks by 1918 and creeping barrage; combined warfare tactics; more important: lack of tactics/poor leadership – generals on both sides were trained in mobile warfare and lacked tactics to launch offensives against enemy trenches; trench system itself was nearly impenetrable – multiple lines, some concreted and bunkers and dugouts offered protection; weather, disease, lack of clean water, boredom, etc. 40 Question Answer Marks 2 How significant was Turkish resistance as a reason for Allied failure in the Gallipoli campaign? Explain your answer. Yes Royal Navy failed to knock out gun defences on the Gallipoli shoreline; mines placed in the Dardanelles Straits; element of surprise was lost due to naval raids and the arrival of 70 000 new Turkish troops to defend Gallipoli; Turkish troops received German help – General Liman von Sanders organised Turkish defences; Turkish soldiers occupied high ground and were well dug-in; well equipped with artillery and machine guns and could take advantage of troop numbers to overwhelm Allied positions, etc. No More significant: poor military leadership – Lord Kitchener refused to give General Hamilton the required number of men (only half the 150 000 asked for); Hamilton commanded the battle miles offshore and failed to identify the crises as ANZACs tried to establish bridgeheads on the two beaches – 2000 Australian casualties on the first day; Hamilton failed to advance after a more successful landing as at Suvla Bay, resulting in stalemate; campaign mainly fought in trenches like the Western and Eastern Fronts and suffered the same issues; intense summer heat made conditions even worse – shortages of fresh, clean water; fly-ridden food and difficulty burying corpses led to outbreaks of disease that spread quickly; malnutrition made soldiers even more susceptible; winter brought torrential rain and snow meant frostbite, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 15 Question Answer Marks 3 How important were Stresemann’s economic policies to the stability of the Weimar Republic, 1923-29? Explain your answer. Yes Stresemann ended hyperinflation by burning old currency and introducing Rentenmark; ended passive resistance in the Ruhr to restart industries; restarted reparation payments to Allies which led to French and Belgian troops leaving the Ruhr; Dawes Plan, 1924, brought 800 million gold marks of US loans which were invested in public amenities and used to invest in industry – German steel dominant again in Europe by 1926; reparation payments linked to ability to pay; renewed in Young Plan, 1929; inflation fell, industry expanded and exports increased and reached pre-war levels by 1928, etc. No Economic policies based on US loans and linking German economy to US banks; unemployment remained high and did not fall below 1 million; Wall Street Crash in 1929 triggered a worldwide depression and Germany saw loans recalled; more important: political stability as extremists saw a reduced vote in 1928; more stable coalition government; election of nationalist Hindenburg as President in 1925 appeased many conservatives; Locarno Treaty saw improved international relations; 1926 Germany admitted to LON; cultural revival in cities – art, literature, film and architecture; increased nightlife, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 7 of 15 Question Answer Marks 4 How significant were resistance groups in the opposition to Nazi rule? Explain your answer. Yes Left-wing groups remained active in Nazi Germany (Communists and Social Democrats), although they were kept underground – posters, leaflets and illegal newspapers; trade unions remained underground and organised illegal strikes; conservative opposition such as the Kreisau Circle included aristocrats, army officers and professionals who opposed Nazi rule; churches, both Catholic and Protestant, spoke out against the Nazi regime – Bishop Galen helped stop the T-4 euthanasia programme temporarily and Pastor Niemoller organised the Confessing Church and preached against the Nazis; army resistance, most notably the July Bomb Plot in 1944; youth opposition – Edelweiss Pirates and White Rose distributed pamphlets, broadsheets and scrawled graffiti on walls; Swing Movement, etc. No Organised opposition mainly ineffective at bringing down the Nazi regime; SS and Gestapo along with other intelligence agencies were effective at shutting down organised opposition; propaganda, censorship and control of the media; between 193342, the Nazis enjoyed widespread support and organised opposition failed to make any headway; informers used to keep watch at local level and report to local Nazi Block Wardens; SS and Gestapo used fear and terror to suppress opposition; fear of concentration camps; legal system biased towards Nazi officials and overlooked Nazi excesses; more significant – private grumbling, Nazi jokes; allow Galen as a NO argument; Second World War led to loss of support for the Nazis after 1942; Nazi regime used an increasing amount of propaganda, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 8 of 15 Question Answer Marks 5 How important was Russia’s continued involvement in the First World War as a reason for increased support for the Bolsheviks between March and November 1917? Explain your answer. Yes Provisional Government agreed to continue fighting with Allies in FWW; the Kerensky Summer Offensive launched in June 1917 to try and push Germans back in eastern Europe; offensive was a massive failure and two million Russian soldiers deserted the front line; many officers killed by their soldiers and soldiers’ committees set up (allow references to July Days); socio-economic impact of FWW continued after the abdication of the Tsar; food and fuel shortages in the cities; inflation due to shortages; bread rationing aided revolutionaries’ cause; unemployment increased rapidly as 568 factories closed between February and July 1917 with 100 000 jobs lost in Petrograd alone; Provisional Government became target for radicals in the Petrograd Soviet; Bolsheviks-only party with an anti-war stance, etc. No More important: role of the Petrograd Soviet; allowed Bolsheviks to propagate their message and oppose dual power system; Soviets controlled workers, soldiers and communications across Russian Empire; undermined Provisional Government; land issue unsolved and peasants seized land and killed landlords in countryside; Lenin promised Peace, Bread, Land as part of April Theses; Bolshevik propaganda effective in cities; Lenin and Trotsky’s leadership; July Days demonstrated anti-government sentiment; Kornilov Affair saw Bolsheviks released from prison, armed with rifles and able to halt the coup; Bolsheviks and Red Guards seen as heroes of the revolution and saving Petrograd, etc. 40 Question Answer Marks 6 How significant were gulags to Stalin’s system of control in the Soviet Union after 1928? Explain your answer. Yes Gulags were set up to replace labour camps in Siberia; used to detain opponents of Stalin; estimated 50 million died in gulags between 193050; fear of being sent to gulags kept population in check; NKVD had powers of police, jury and judge; purges used to round up opponents, many of whom were sent to gulags – citizens, old Bolsheviks, military (especially officers) and the secret police itself, etc. No NKVD itself the tool of terror in Stalin's Soviet Union; estimated 700 000 shot by NKVD and 1.5 million victims detained (maybe 3 higher according to some estimates); Great Purge of 1930s (as in YES argument); Cult of Personality – propaganda, censorship, statues, art, music, photos, media; Five-Year Plans and collectivisation; dekulakisation; control of religion and culture; Russification, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 9 of 15 Question Answer Marks 7 How important was government economic policy as a cause of prosperity in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer. Yes Republican Presidents followed a policy of laissez faire; low taxation encouraged spending, consumerism, investment in business, expansion; Trusts used to control major industries; limited government regulation allowed companies to keep workers’ wages low and profits high; encouraged speculation in Wall Street; business friendly policies; tariffs helped promote American business and increase prices of imported goods, etc. No Republican policies meant that nearly 50 of population remained in poverty; encouraged rampant speculation on stock exchange and eventual Wall St Crash in 1929; more important: invention and innovation – new machines, synthetic products, domestic appliances; electrification allowed industry and homes to have a cheap power source; mass production – Henry Ford’s assembly line; motor industry boomed – knock-on effect to road building, petroleum, motels, etc.; mass marketing and advertising; hire purchase schemes, etc. 40 Question Answer Marks 8 How significant were problems in agriculture as an aspect of the Great Depression in the USA? Explain your answer. Yes Agriculture continued to suffer the same issues as it had done in the 1920s – low prices, overproduction; most farmers overproduced and saw prices drop continually; many farmers failed to keep up rents and mortgages and lost farms and homes; migration to cities to look for work; farm labourers and sharecroppers hit hardest; tariffs and overseas competition meant US produce too expensive overseas; lack of government help; Dust Bowl hit farmers in parts of the South and Mid-West, etc. No More significant: bank closures as savers emptied accounts – confidence in banking system lost; lack of business loans saw businesses fold; unemployment at 25 by 1933; homelessness, Hoovervilles, soup kitchens – charities unable to keep up with demand; political issues – Bonus Marchers; Hoover’s policies – ‘do-nothing President’; Roosevelt’s election victory in 1932; New Deal – government reforms and involvement, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 10 of 15 Question Answer Marks 9 How important was the Japanese invasion of China as a reason for increased support for the Chinese Communist Party before 1949? Explain your answer. Yes Second World War weakened the Nationalist government; Chiang Kai-Shek focused military efforts on wiping out Communists rather than attacking Japanese; led to corruption and hoarding of foreign funds and weapons – unpopular with Chinese people during invasion and occupation by Japan; lack of military confrontation against Japanese annoyed both Chinese and foreign allies; Communists relied on guerrilla warfare against Japanese and employed the help of villages and peasants; destroyed railways, ambushed troops and disrupted Japanese supply lines increasing their support among the Chinese peasants; Communists ended up taking control of large areas of rural China while the KMT attempted to control urban areas; Communists introduced key reforms in villages such as increased taxes on the rich landlords which were popular with peasants, etc. No More important: Long March, 19345 was great propaganda for the CCP and secured Mao’s position as leader; gave the Party time to rebuild and gain support from rural areas during the march across rural China; Yenan Settlement was new HQ of CCP and gave Mao opportunity to indoctrinate followers and spread message to peasants; membership increased from 100 000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945; settlement gave CCP broader coverage thanks to worldwide attention from media; Chinese Civil War saw CCP defeat KMT using guerrilla warfare tactics, better leadership, effective propaganda and saw many ex-KMT join CCP taking useful supplies with them, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 11 of 15 Question Answer Marks 10 How significant was the treatment of landlords as an aspect of Mao’s land reforms in the 1950s? Explain your answer. Yes Landlords viewed as ruling class and Nationalist supporters by CCP in many rural areas; Mao aimed to give status and power to peasants at the expense of the landlords; 1950 Agrarian Reform Law encouraged peasants to take over from landlords; animals, machinery and land were given to the peasants from the landlords; persecution encouraged through ‘speak bitterness meetings’; landlords were often beaten up or harassed; People’s Courts heard crimes and a jury of peasants decided on guilt; over 1 million landlords were executed between 194953; many others sent to re- education camps, etc. No More significant: 1950 Agrarian Reform Law redistributed land to the peasants (could be included on both sides) and set up cooperatives and later collective farms; land was still owned privately at first; collective farms allowed machinery and labour to be shared to increase food production; 3050 families combined their landholdings into one large farm; in 1955 cooperatives moved toward collective farms with 200 families in each; by 1956, 95 of peasants were in collectives; private ownership ceased to exist and peasants received a wage and land was owned by the state; 1958 Great Leap Forward saw creation of communes which combined industrial production with agriculture; 600 000 backyard furnaces produced 11 million tonnes of steel; led to lack of harvest and famine in 1959 with 2040 million dying of starvation; communes also gave peasants access to healthcare, schools, training and allowed Communist officials to control and spread propaganda, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 12 of 15 Question Answer Marks 11 How important was the PAC in determining the nature of resistance to apartheid in the 1950s and 1960s? Explain your answer. Yes PAC broke away from ANC in 1959; led by Robert Sobukwe; PAC did not support Freedom Charter and believed black South Africans should work on their own to achieve their rights; 1960 PAC began a campaign against Pass Laws; PAC encouraged black South Africans to leave pass books at home and then protest outside police stations; planned to be peaceful but in Sharpeville in 1960, police fired on the crowd killing 35 and wounding 186; in Langa Township the same day, a similar demonstration resulted in 3 deaths; government declared a state of emergency using Public Safety Act, 1953, when 30 000 protestors marched in Cape Town; 18 000 were arrested and the ANC and PAC were banned; forced PAC underground and militant wing, Poqo, created which adopted violent resistance; along with MK violence, the government passed the General Laws Amendment Act in 1963 allowing police to detain for 90 days without charge and without access to a lawyer, etc. No More important: actions of ANC and its Youth League led by Mandela – Programme of Action led to Suppression of Communism Act in 1950, Defiance Campaign led to Public Safety Act and the government could declare a state of emergency; Freedom Charter led to Treason Trial, 195661: 156 people charged with treason; also led to Riotous Assemblies Act in 1956 which outlawed public meetings that might cause problems for the government; role of Black Sash in opposing Pass Laws; role of Vorster in strengthening security measures in SA – BOSS set up to coordinate intelligence; Terrorism Act increased police powers to detain further, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 13 of 15 Question Answer Marks 12 How significant was Desmond Tutu in ending white minority rule in South Africa? Explain your answer. Yes Tutu was a prominent Anglican priest in South Africa; Archbishop of Cape Town and Bishop of Johannesburg as well as Secretary General of the South African Churches; Tutu was consistently vocal against apartheid which he claimed was unchristian and evil; campaigned tirelessly across South Africa and globally; campaigned for equal rights in South Africa, a common system of education and abolition of pass laws; supported economic sanctions against South African government; in 1984 he won the Nobel Peace Prize; helped persuade white community they would not be the victims of revenge in a new South Africa and promised fairness and consideration for all, etc. No More significant: role of Oliver Tambo as a leader of the ANC; Tambo travelled abroad to establish ANC offices in foreign capitals and mobilise anti-apartheid groups; addressed UN in 1970s; President of ANC 196791; he told people in townships to make South Africa ungovernable; role of Slovo – white defence lawyer and active communist; spent 27 years in exile and helped found MK; joined ANC Executive in 1985; role of de Klerk – he accepted apartheid was not working and had to be dismantled; accepted new Constitution needed to be created based on democracy and equality of rights; role of Mandela; role of Buthelezi, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 14 of 15 Question Answer Marks 13 How important was Jewish immigration as a cause of tension in the Middle East by 1948? Explain your answer. Yes Before WWI, over 60 000 Zionists had left Europe and settled in Palestine; led to increased anti-Zionist elements in Palestine from Arabs and helped develop Arab nationalism; greater number of Jewish settlers in the inter-war period gave rise to further problems with Arab nationalists against the British mandate; Zionist settlers feared Britain would create an Arab state in Palestine leading to further hostility; riots caused in 1929 over fears that Jews were attempting to seize control of the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem; Jews in Palestine supported Britain in WWII and 20 000 enlisted; fear from Arabs over Zionist plans to allow unlimited Jewish immigration into Palestine after the war; Truman supported European Jews moving to Palestine in 1945; Britain’s attempt to limit immigration after the war, especially after the Holocaust created international sympathy; Truman pressured Britain to lift their limits on Jewish immigration after the Exodus incident; many resistance movements fought the British and forced them to withdraw in 1948 and hand over problem to UNO, etc. No More important: Arab nationalists’ plan to create an Arab state in Palestine angered Jews and was not supported fully by the British; many Arabs felt betrayed by promises of a Jewish state after WWI; British involvement in Palestine after the war and promises to both sides fueled conflict between Arabs, Jews and the British forces in Palestine during the mandate; 1936, a 3-year revolt by Arabs against the British; British White Paper which did not mention partition (1939) outraged many Jews, but was supported by Arabs; Britain failed to withdraw from Palestine rapidly after WWII; Bevin wished to keep Palestine as a mandate and with it control over the east Mediterranean; role of Truman and US in support of Zionists; funding for Jews from Zionists; armed Haganah in WWII – they kept their weapons; Jewish Resistance Movements – Haganah, Irgun and Leh’i; terrorism against British – King David Hotel bombing; Arab nationalism – Pan-Arab League; failure of UN and partition plan to appease Arabs and some Jews, etc. 40

0470/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 15 of 15 Question Answer Marks 14 How significant were Israeli military tactics in determining the outcome of the Yom Kippur War, 1973? Explain your answer. Yes Israeli Defence Force needed only 3 days to mobilise their forces against the surprise attack from Egypt and Syria; by 9 October there were counterattacks on Arab targets and positions in the Golan Heights and Sinai; after 2 days, Israel had recaptured lost territory in the Golan Heights from Syria; Israel was aided by the influx of US arms to help – tanks; war demonstrated military superiority of the Israelis – 16 000 Arab deaths vs 2800 Israeli dead, etc. No More significant: US under Nixon refused to broker a ceasefire until Israel had retaken lost territory; oil used as a weapon by Arab states which helped force the USA and the USSR initiative in the UN to end the fighting; Cold War dimension to the conflict as it threatened to bring in the two superpowers, etc. 40