Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453 — 2007 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 1

This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. SPA (SM/KS) T25095/8 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer both questions. You should read and study the sources before answering the questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 0 4 0 9 0 7 2 6 5 9 * DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/02 Paper 2 October/November 2007 2 hours 15 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper www.XtremePapers.com

2 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows the balance of trade of a country that has a lot of foreign debts. IMPORTS EXPORTS Fig. 1 (i) What is meant by the balance of trade? [1] (ii) What sort of balance of trade is shown in Fig. 1? [1] (iii) What type of products does the country export? [1] (iv) Suggest two reasons for this type of balance of trade. [2]

3 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over (b) Study Fig. 2, which shows how a country earns and uses foreign currency. exports services tourism remittances loans foreign currency imports debts amount borrowed interest Fig. 2 (i) Explain fully three ways that a country earns foreign currency. [3] (ii) Explain, using an example to help you, why the amount of a debt may keep on increasing. [2] (iii) Using Fig. 2, describe in detail how a government might encourage its citizens to earn more foreign currency. [4]

4 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 (c) Study Fig. 3, which shows the connection between foreign debt and poverty. Debt and poverty In the poorest countries in the world, debt is holding back economic growth and preventing the reduction of poverty. Debt relief is a system set up by the World Bank to reduce the large debts of some poor countries. In 2005, 38 of these countries were in need of debt relief. Of these countries: • 32 were in Sub-Saharan Africa • 18 had qualified for debt relief and it was agreed that their debts would be cancelled • 9 had qualified for some debt relief • 11 had not qualified for debt relief from the World Bank Fig. 3 (i) In 2005, where were most of the world’s poorest countries? [1] (ii) How many of the 38 countries had qualified for debt relief from the World Bank? [1] (iii) Suggest three reasons why most of these countries will find it very difficult to create economic growth and reduce poverty. [3]

5 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over (d) Study Figs 4A and 4B. Zambia has qualified for debt relief from the World Bank by introducing a Poverty Reduction Strategy, which included: • selling many of its state enterprises to private companies • cutting public spending • charging fees for education and healthcare • cutting food and agricultural subsidies • employing fewer civil service staff • freezing wages in the public sector • removing import taxes • opening up trade to the outside world Fig. 4A Esther has this to say about the effect of the Poverty Reduction Strategy on life in Luanshaya, Zambia: “My husband and I have four children. My husband used to work in the copper mine, but it was sold off by the government to a foreign company and was later closed. So now he can’t get a job. When the mine closed, so did lots of other things, even the barbers’ shops and some of the stalls in the market. Now the local council doesn’t spend money on the roads, which are full of holes and rubbish. The local hospital is short of nurses, doctors, medical equipment and drugs. My sister used to work in a clothing factory in Ndola, but that closed because it couldn’t compete with cheap foreign clothes. Her husband died of AIDS and now she is ill and has come to live with us with her three children. My parents have a small farm but they can’t help because they are old and their farm doesn’t make as much money as it used to. We all have to live on what I earn selling vegetables in the market. On a good day I can earn about US$ 2 a day – that has to keep us all. We can’t afford to pay school fees to send the children to school.” Fig. 4B (i) Explain why the closing of the mine affected lots of other businesses. [2] (ii) Suggest one reason why there has been an increase in cheap foreign clothes in Zambia. [1] (iii) Describe some of the ways that cuts in public spending have affected the lives of poor people in Zambia. [3] (iv) Describe some of the ways that the Poverty Reduction Strategy may have affected either Esther’s parents and their farm or Esther’s sister and her family. [4]

6 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 (e) Study Fig. 5, which shows the Gross National Product and the total debt of some of the countries getting debt relief from the World Bank in 2005. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total debt GNP Senegal Niger Nicaragua Mozambique Mali Honduras Guyana Ghana Benin US$ billion Fig. 5 (i) GNP is the total income of a country in one year. What was the GNP of Ghana in 2005, as shown in Fig. 5? [1] (ii) How many US$ billion did Senegal owe? [1] (iii) Which country shown on Fig. 5 is most in need of debt relief? Give reasons and provide data to justify your answer. [4] [Total: 35 marks]

7 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over 2 (a) Study Fig. 6, which is taken from the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, published in March 2005. ‘Human activity is putting such strain on the Earth that the ability of the planet’s ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted. The provision of food, fresh water, energy and materials to a growing population has come at great cost to the complex system of plants, animals and biological processes that make the planet habitable. The food and fresh water that keep us alive, the wood that gives us shelter and furniture, even the climate and the air we breathe; all are products of the living systems of the planet. The recent changes made to natural systems have helped not just to feed a rapidly growing human population, but to improve the lives of billions. The benefits have been achieved by using up natural resources. We are endangering our ability to rid the world of hunger, extreme poverty and avoidable disease, as well as increasing the risk of sudden changes to the planet’s life-support systems.’ Fig. 6 (i) What phrase is generally used to describe the ability of the Earth’s ecosystems to sustain future generations? [1] (ii) Identify three ways people have benefited by using natural resources. For each, explain how this uses up natural resources. [6] (iii) Using evidence from Fig. 6, suggest two possible effects of using up the world’s resources. [2]

8 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 (b) Study Fig. 7, which shows average temperatures on the surface of the earth since 1900. Trend in global average surface temperature actual annual average global temperature (°C) average for whole period degrees above average degrees below average –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 °C 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 year Fig. 7 (i) What was the average surface temperature in 1910? [1] (ii) In which year did the average surface temperature last drop below 15.1 °C? [1] (iii) How much above the average was the temperature in 1998? [1] (iv) Describe the changes shown in Fig. 7 that have taken place in average surface temperatures since 1900. [3]

9 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over (c) Study Figs 8A and 8B. The greenhouse effect Much of the increase in temperatures on the world’s surface is due to the increase in the blanket of gases, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), in the earth’s atmosphere. This is trapping the heat and stopping it from escaping into space. Fig. 8A North North America America Europe Europe Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Africa Africa North Africa North Africa and Middle East and Middle East Asia Asia Oceania Oceania South South America America Central America Central America and Carribean and Carribean North America Europe Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa and Middle East Asia Oceania South America Central America and Caribbean CO2 emissions from industrial processes and land-use changes 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 –1000 CO2 emissions (million tonnes) industrial processes land-use changes Key Fig. 8B (i) Which part of the world created the most CO2 emissions from both industrial processes and land-use changes? [1] (ii) Which part of the world seems to have reduced its CO2 emissions from land-use changes? [1] (iii) How do the CO2 emissions from Europe differ from those of South America? Suggest reasons for these differences. [4]

10 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 (d) Study Fig. 9, which shows CO2 emissions for selected countries. 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Nigeria India Egypt South Africa Mexico Argentina Czech Republic France United Kingdom United States CO2 emissions per head (tonnes) GNP per head (US$ billion) Fig. 9 (i) Which country has a GNP per head of US$12 000 billion and CO2 emissions of 3.9 tonnes per head? [1] (ii) Describe the relationship between GNP per head and CO2 emissions, using data from Fig. 9 to help you. [2] (iii) Suggest three ways that the industrialised countries (GNP of over US$20 000) could cut their CO2 emissions. [3]

11 0453/02/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 (e) Study Figs 10A and 10B, which show changes in forest areas and the main causes of deforestation in the tropical forests of the developing world. Forests take in CO2 and therefore limit the amount of greenhouse gases escaping into the atmosphere. 0 5 –5 –10 –15 forest plantation natural forests million hectares per year Estimated annual changes in forest areas in developing countries between 1990 and 1995 Fig. 10A 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% logging energy development, mining and new infrastructure ecosystem disturbance by overhunting land clearing for agriculture vegetation removal (overgrazing and overcollection of wood) percentage of forests threatened Today’s threats to forests worldwide Fig. 10B (i) How many additional hectares of forest should have been planted annually to make up for the loss of natural forests? [1] (ii) Explain why it is very difficult for developing countries to reduce deforestation. [3] (iii) Suggest a programme that would help to conserve the tropical forest of a developing country and give details of how it would be carried out. [4] [Total: 35 marks]

12 0453/02/O/N/07 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 2 Fig. 7 © http://www/grida.no/climate/vital/17.htm Copyright: School of Environmental Sciences, Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, 1999. Question 2 Fig. 8B © UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2007 question paper 0453 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/02 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 70 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 02 © UCLES 2007 1 (a) (i) The difference/comparison between the value of imports and exports/exports minus imports. NOT balance between imports and exports unless explained NOT equal amounts of imports and exports unless explained. [1] (ii) A negative/unequal balance/unbalanced/deficit. [1] (iii) Primary products/raw materials. [1] (iv) Two reasons: The value of the imports is greater than the exports. Must refer to value. It exports primary products which have a low value/ it imports manufactures which are high value. It needs to import oil because it is not an oil producer and the price of oil is high. The country is not industrialised/ or is a primary producer. [2] (b) (i) Explanation in own words three ways: By selling goods abroad By providing services abroad (call centres/ power supplies/ financial services etc.) By earning money from tourists visiting the country By money sent home by citizens working abroad By earning money from foreign investment. NOT money from loans. [3] (ii) Paying interest each year on the amount borrowed so that amount increases. 1 mark And a well explained example. 1 mark OR an explanation or a cycle of debt/ borrowing from IMF/ keeping on borrowing. [2] (iii) Description making four points based on the first four boxes at the top of the diagram. Must be encouraging own citizens. e.g. Encourage tourism − set up training schemes for guides − keep cities, parks etc. clean/attractive − training for hotel trade/waiters etc. − educate people to appreciate local culture/encourage cultural entertainment etc. − grants to set up craft industries − educate through schools/TV about local ecology etc. − advertising hotels on the inter-net − devaluation of currency − e.g. encouraging exports − growth of crops or products for export − reducing tariffs on exports etc Similarly encourage services and encouraging remittances from citizens living abroad, etc. [4]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 02 © UCLES 2007 (c) (i) Sub-Saharan Africa. [1] (ii) 27 [1] (iii) Three reasons: must imply money/investment difficulties. Reserve 1 mark for poverty [P] and 1 mark for economic growth [E] Most of their money will be spent on reducing debt. [E] There will be no money to improve medical facilities/import medicines and medical equipment. [P] There will be no money to spend on education to improve skills/they haven’t got skills. [E or P] Most investment will go towards infrastructure e.g. roads/improved communications/ power/ major projects etc (and cannot be diverted to helping the poor). [E] Priorities will be for economic growth/ industrial development (and not the relief of poverty). [E and P] There will not be enough money to improve housing etc. [P] There will be no money to spend improving food supplies/food production [E or P] Lack of stable government/corruption/wrong priorities [E and P] High population growth is swallowing investment. Population answer must be related to investment. [E and P] [3] (d) (i) 1 mark – simple point: with closing of the mines people were not earning so much. 2nd mark –idea of vicious circle of decline No income -
less money spent-
local businesses couldn’t survive
no income etc. [2] (ii) One reason: Because of opening up of trade to the outside world/ globalisation/ removing import taxes. [1] (iii) Description referring to some of the following: Bad roads Rubbish Unemployment Deterioration in services Cost of health care Cost of education Cut food subsidies Cut agricultural subsidies. [3]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 02 © UCLES 2007 (iv) 4 marks for four points/development points: EITHER Parents and their farm: No agricultural subsidies
no cheap inputs
lower yields
less profit Imported food competing with local produce More difficult transport because road poor etc. Distress due to being unable to help family/family can’t help them High cost of medical care OR Sister and rest of the family: Husband lost his job Lost her job because clothing factory closed due to competition No income for needs
have been caught in the poverty cycle Can’t afford health care and drugs for AIDS
fees for health care
high cost of drugs Dependent on sister’s family to keep her and children. No money for education/ children not at school. [4] (e) (i) $5.7 billion allow 5.5 to 5.8 Must state billion [1] (ii) 3.0 allow 2.8 – 3.1 [1] (iii) Nicaragua 1 mark: Reasons: 1 mark: Nicaragua’s debt is more than three times GNP/ annual income. 1 mark: they can never get out of debt/ mounts each year 1 mark: a thorough explanation using the data for one country to illustrate the impossible amount of outgoings. Nicaragua’s debt is 5.6 – 6.0 and GNP 1.5 – 2.0 difference about 4.0 Not necessary to state $ or billion. [4] Allow MAX 2 for an explanation based on Ghana’s data. 1 mark Ghana’s debt is more than its GNP/ annual income. 1 mark Ghana’s debt is 7.0 – 7.3 and GNP 5.5 – 5.8 difference about 1.5 [Total: 35]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 02 © UCLES 2007 (2) (a) (i) Sustainable development/sustainability. [1] (ii) Three ways: 1 mark each for example and 1 mark explanation of damage to environment for food production
depletes soil fertility/salination/soil erosion by using fresh water
depleting water supplies/pollutes/effects river ecosystems etc. for energy production
uses up fossil fuels or non/renewable resources for mining
using up minerals/non-renewable resources etc. by using trees
deforestation by fishing
effects marine and river ecosystems by hunting
leads to animal extinction Other examples will be acceptable. [6] (iii) Two effects described: can be copied Unable to rid world of poverty Unable to rid world of hunger Unable to rid world of disease Risk sudden changes in the world’s life-support systems/global warming Loss of plant/animal/complex ecosystems/resource systems [2] (b) (i) 14.55ºC allow 14.65 to 14.60 Must state ºC [1] (ii) 1977–78 [1] (iii) 0.6ºC [1] (iv) Description of the changes since 1900. Reference to general trend upwards 1 mark (without dates or figure) Reference to fluctuation 1 mark Details of changes giving figures and years 1 mark. OR 1900–1938 below average 1939–1970’s fluctuates 1980 onwards above average [3] (c) (i) Asia [1] (ii) North America [1] (iii) 2 marks: Explanation of difficulties: either referring to both Europe and SA or using a comparative word to imply difference. Europe produces more emissions from industry and less from land use changes/ South America uses less emissions from industry but also a great deal more land use changes. 2 marks for two reasons: South America is not as industrialised as Europe is very industrialised Not just not as developed South America has faster growing populations than Europe South America has still a great deal of virgin forest/ Europe has largely cut down it forests. South America is improving the standard of living of its populations and Europe already has higher standards of living. South America is clearing land for agriculture (Not just has a lot of agriculture) [4]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 02 © UCLES 2007 (d) (i) Argentina. [1] (ii) Description of general trend 1 mark: As GNP per head rises so do CO2 emissions/positive relationship. 2nd mark for: One set of correct data e.g. U.S. : 39–41, 19–21 or referring to anomalies. [2] (iii) Three ways that industrialised countries could cut: Energy saving programmes Increasing the price/taxing of fuel/petrol Recycling Lowering central heating Not using cars so much etc. Using alternative fuels Laws/fines for penalising large emitters Reafforestation Many answers possible Not reduce industry/build elsewhere Not stop deforestation. [3] (e) (i) 12.0 – 14.0 million hectares. [1] (ii) Explanation of difficulties: High extra cost of power saving Wood is an important export Need for land for agriculture. Need to industrialise/modernise rapidly Rapid growth of populations need land Political difficulties – need to please population etc. Need for wood for fuel Need for wood for building/furniture/infrastructures [3] (iii) A government programme to preserve the tropical forest: 4 points: Insistence on replanting when trees removed Government laws to prevent illegal logging/ punishment etc Creation of National Parks Encouragement of eco-tourism/ protection of endangered species etc. Prevention of export of logs/wood except under licence Provisions of alternative sources of fuel for indigenous populations etc. Limited usage of forest land e.g. hunting/ tourism/infrastructure Educational programmes Not family planning programmes [4] [Total: 35]