Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453 — 2007 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 8 printed pages. SP (SM/KS) T25094/7 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer any four questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 1 6 2 7 9 8 7 9 6 2 * DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/01 Paper 1 October/November 2007 2 hours Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper www.XtremePapers.com

2 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 Answer four questions. 1 Study Fig. 1, which shows a diagram drawn by OXFAM, which is a leading NGO. How the cow loan scheme can change lives Family in need Milk Manure for crops and soil fertility Improved diet Milk sold Income throughout the year Money for food and other needs Clothes Paper and school uniforms Female calf returned to scheme for another family Family is given cow from loan scheme Fig. 1 (a) What do the letters NGO stand for? [1] (b) Why is manure good for the crops and soil fertility? [2] (c) Give two reasons why the family’s diet is improved. [2] (d) Give two reasons why income throughout the year is important. [2] (e) (i) Name one basic need that the cow loan scheme meets directly. [1] (ii) Suggest two other needs that the scheme might help to satisfy. [2] (f) (i) What is the difference between a loan and a gift? [1] (ii) Some NGOs give gifts of money to families in need. Suggest how this could cause problems. [4] [Total: 15 marks]

3 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over 2 Study Fig. 2, which shows some links between human, physical and biological environments. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT HUMAN HEALTH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Soils Atmosphere Rainfall Temperature BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Plants Animals Insects Bacteria Agriculture Industry Services Modern farming Traditional farming Modern industry Craft production Medical services Water and energy supply Sanitation and waste disposal Fig. 2 (a) Identify the three sectors of production shown in Fig. 2. [1] (b) (i) What is meant by traditional farming ? [1] (ii) Explain how changes in rainfall might affect the health of a traditional farming community. [2] (c) Modern industry is growing in most developing countries. (i) Explain how this may lead to improvements in human health. [2] (ii) Explain how this may sometimes result in more health problems. [2] (d) Give three examples of ways that the biological environment can cause health problems. [3] (e) Choose one of the services shown in Fig. 2 and describe fully how a government programme improving that service would result in better health for the population of your country. [4] [Total: 15 marks]

4 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 3 Study Fig. 3, which shows why cities are growing in developing countries. Reasons for urban growth in developing countries • Natural population growth is higher in urban areas. • Government and foreign investment tends to be concentrated in urban areas. • Development has led to more people working in manufacturing and fewer in primary occupations. • People migrate from rural to urban areas in search of new opportunities. • Media communications show images of urban living, which encourage people to look for a better life. Fig. 3 (a) Give one reason why natural population growth is higher in urban areas than in rural areas in developing countries. [1] (b) (i) Suggest three reasons why government investment tends to be concentrated in urban areas. [3] (ii) Give three reasons why multinational companies are often attracted to urban areas in developing countries. [3] (iii) Give one example of the kind of investment that non-governmental organisations undertake in urban areas in developing countries. [1] (c) What is meant by primary occupations? [1] (d) Describe, using examples, the different types of ‘new opportunities’ that encourage people to migrate to urban areas. [6] [Total: 15 marks]

5 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over 4 Study Fig. 4, which shows selected statistics for Mexico, a country in Latin America. Mexico Population 107 million Infant mortality rate 21 per 1000 live births Life expectancy 75 years Gross National Product (GNP) US$ 497 billion Adult literacy rate 92% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 5.3% growth per year Line telephones 15 million Mobile telephones 28 million Internet users 10 million Employed in sectors of the economy: Agriculture 4% Industry 28% Services 68% Population below the poverty line 40% Illicit drug cultivation: Opium poppies for heroin production 4400 hectares Cannabis 4100 hectares Unemployed and employed in the informal sector 25% Mexico City (capital city) • Population of built-up area over 24 million • Street children 600 000 Fig. 4 (a) What is meant by: (i) infant mortality rate, [1] (ii) Gross National Product (GNP)? [1] (b) (i) Choose two statistics from Fig. 4 and explain why they suggest that Mexico is developing rapidly. [2] (ii) Choose two statistics from Fig. 4 and explain how they show that Mexico still has some of the problems associated with a low level of development. [2] (c) Mexico is a democratic republic, with an elected President. What three parts of the government would you expect Mexico to have? [3] (d) Mexico City is one of the world’s most polluted cities. Choose two kinds of pollution that you would expect to find. For each, state the source of this pollution and how it could be reduced. [6] [Total: 15 marks]

6 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 5 Study Fig. 5, which shows data about Unilever, one of the largest multinational companies (MNCs) or transnational companies (TNCs) in the world. feel good, look good and get more out of life 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2004 1994 Latin America Asia Africa North America Europe Unilever turnover area of the world % of total turnover 1994 Asia and Pacific Latin America Africa and Middle East North America Europe Key 2004 Percentage share of Unilever employees in different parts of the World Fig. 5 (a) Explain the meaning of the term multinational (transnational) company. [1] (b) The bar graph in Fig. 5 gives information about the turnover for Unilever across the continents. Turnover relates to the value of the business. (i) In which area of the world did the percentage share of Unilever’s total turnover drop between 1994 and 2004? [1] (ii) Suggest one reason why the percentage share of Unilever’s total turnover increased in Asia. [1] (iii) In which area of the world has the percentage share of Unilever’s employees decreased the most? [1]

7 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over (c) (i) What is the name given to this spread of business and trade throughout the world? [1] (ii) Give two reasons why people often buy goods made by a MNC rather than those made locally. [2] (d) Suggest the advantages to a MNC of expanding into a developing country. [4] (e) MNCs often operate in developing countries. Suggest some of the disadvantages that may result for these countries. [4] [Total: 15 Marks]

8 0453/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 6 Study Fig. 6, which shows some of the problems of poor farmers in developing countries. ,OWYIELDS ,OWQUALITY LAND 5NRELIABLE WATERSUPPLY 0OOR TRANSPORT 3MALL FARMS ,ACKOFADEQUATE FOOD .OMONEYFOREDUCATION CLOTHINGETC ,OWINCOME .OALTERNATIVE LOCALEMPLOYMENT .OMONEYFORBETTER TECHNOLOGYSEEDS FERTILISERSETC Fig. 6 (a) Give two reasons why poor farmers often have low quality land. [2] (b) How might an unreliable water supply affect a poor farmer? [1] (c) What is meant by low yields? [1] (d) Suggest three effects that a lack of adequate food will have on a poor farmer’s family. [3] (e) (i) Give two reasons why there is often no alternative local employment for poor families in farming areas. [2] (ii) Where do most children of poor farmers have to go to find work and what kind of work is it likely to be? [2] (iii) Describe fully a government rural development programme that could help poor farming families. [4] [Total: 15 marks] Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 Fig. 1 © The material for this question is adapted by the publisher from: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what you can do/give to oxfam/company/cow loan with the permission of Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford OX4 2JY UK. Oxfam GB does not necessarily endorse any text or activities that accompany the materials, nor has it approved the adapted text. Question 5 Fig. 5 © Unilever. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2007 question paper 0453 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/01 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 01 © UCLES 2007 1 (a) Non Government/al Organisation. [1] (b) Two reasons why manure is good for the crops and soil fertility: Adds nutrients/minerals to soil Helps to bind soil/improves soil structure Increases yields/more/ better crop. [2] (c) Two points: Milk to drink Quality of crops/food improved Can buy food with income from milk Balanced diet Protein/minerals from milk etc. More crops but no double credit if already given for (b) above. [2] (d) Two reasons: No period of shortage Expenses come all the year therefore income needed all year Possible to budget/plan An example of a regular expense. [2] (e) (i) Food. [1] (ii) Two points Education Money for medicines/health etc. Clothing There are other possible answers. [2] (f) (i) Loan has to be paid back/pay interest/and reverse for gift. [1] (ii) Four reasons: People do not value what they do not have to work for They might not spend the money wisely/ might spend money on consumables etc. Their general standard of living may not be improved It might benefit individuals rather than the whole community Promotes dependency culture/no need to work Resentment/jealousy Open to abuse/corruption Ways NGO’s not achieving their aims. [4] [Total: 15]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 01 © UCLES 2007 2 (a) Agriculture, Industry, Services/Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. [1] (b) (i) Farming without modern inputs/in the old way etc. [1] (ii) Two points must refer to effect on health: Shortage of rain might lead to crop failure – malnutrition/starvation – more vulnerable to disease Too much rain results in flooding – spread of waterborne disease – example of disease Shortage of rain causes problems with – lack of water for drinking – personal hygiene leading to skin problems [2] (c) Four points: MAX 3 for either improvements or increases in health problems: (i) Improvements: Greater prosperity leading to ability to buy medicine and pay for hospital /medical treatment Higher standard of living results in better sanitation/water supply which means less waterborne diseases etc. Industrial products linked to improvements in health. [2] (ii) Increasing health problems: Dangers of industrial diseases to workers Air pollution/increased energy use/ fumes causes breathing problems etc. Water pollution by industrial waste contaminates drinking water Work in crowded factory conditions/ long hours etc. helps spread of disease/weakens workers etc. [2] (d) Three ways: Insects/bacteria/animals carry diseases Mosquitoes carry malaria Chickens carry bird flu etc Dangers from wild animals/ trampling etc. Poisonous plants could be eaten Locusts could eat people’s food Pollen causes allergies[3] (e) One service – Description of need for improvement, what might be done and the advantages to the health of the population. [4] [Total: 15]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 01 © UCLES 2007 3 (a) One reason: There is a young population Medical services are available/more babies survive. [1] (b) (i) Three reasons: Easier to bring services to populations that are concentrated/where most people live Need to please largest number of voters/tax payers Where tourists come Where the industries/MNCs are Where government and civil service is located Where more skilled/educated people are. [3] (ii) Three reasons: Only places with infrastructure Well developed example of infrastructure benefiting industries Plenty of labour/cheap labour/skilled (no double credit with (b)(i)) Industrial sites with services laid on Facilities for expatriots Free trade zones established/tax concessions/land with low rents etc. Access to educated elites/government officials Large market. [3] (iii) One example: Loans for housing Medical and health care Advice for small businesses/training etc. [1] (c) Work in agriculture/mining/or fisheries. [1] (d) Different types with examples and descriptions: Employment opportunities Sports activities Bright lights/entertainment Educational opportunities Medical care/hospitals etc. Max 1 for list of 2 Max 2 for list of 3 [6] [Total: 15]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 01 © UCLES 2007 4 (a) (i) number of new born babies that die per 1000 each year / die before age 1 etc. Accept different definitions. [1] (ii) The total income of a country. [1] (b) (i) Two statistics must explain why statistic shows development: Infant Mortality Rate is fairly low because of good health care Life expectancy is high due to a high standard of living etc. Adult literacy is high due to good education Number of mobile phones is quite high as there is high technology Number of Internet users is quite high as people can afford computers Number employed in agriculture is low as people have moved into services which generate greater wealth Growth of GDP is high. [2] (ii) Two statistics: Must explain to gain each mark: Population below poverty line of 40%
prosperity is not shared by 40%/ uneven growth with large number not able to get jobs etc. Illicit drug cultivation
shows agricultural population unable to make enough money from legitimate agriculture Unemployment and informal sector 25%
many people have migrated to cities and unable to find work Street children
some poor families unable to look after their children (No double credit with b)i if select line telephones etc.) [2] (c) Executive, legislature and judiciary. [3] (d) Two types of urban pollution: “Air pollution”
Smog due to large number of cars could be improved with
use of lead free petrol/catalytic converters/testing of cars etc. Industrial pollution
due to use of fossil fuels
need to install filters/use alternative energy sources. “Water pollution”
industrial waste/sewage entering water systems
legislation such as fines/clean-up policies/building of better sewage systems. “Land pollutions”
Waste dumps due to huge size of city/industrial dumping/litter etc.
recycling/ control of packaging etc. MAX 4 for each type For each of the two types of pollution, MAX 1 on source No double credit for reduction methods Other forms of pollutions may be suggested. [6] [Total: 15]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 01 © UCLES 2007 5 (a) A company that trades/ operates/ has subsidiaries all over the world. [1] (b) (i) Europe. [1] (ii) One reason: Growing purchasing power of Asian countries/increase in demand Desire to get into the new markets of Korea, China etc. [1] (iii) Europe or North America. [1] (c) (i) Globalisation. [1] (ii) Two reasons: Better quality Reliable quality/trusted Want to be seen to be modern/fashionable/brand names Believe them to be better/know about them because of advertising Cheaper. [2] (d) Four advantages to the MNC Cheap labour/large labour supply Amenable labour Lack of labour laws Lack of Trade Unions Lack of safety regulations Lack of pollution controls Tax concessions/cheap land/services laid on etc. Increased market Closer to raw materials. [4] (e) Disadvantages to the country: Employ expatriots in senior positions May pull out and leave many people unemployed Decisions made in interests of the company not the country Profits are sent out of the country Capital intensive methods May pollute environment Effect on local companies Exploitation of labour Exploitation resources Destruction of forests/habitats/farmland Expatriots bring disease Manipulation/corruption of government officials. [4] [Total: 15]

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0453 01 © UCLES 2007 6 (a) Two reasons: Pushed onto marginal land by rich/commercial farmers Come from lowest social class/ caste without access to power Land taken by whites Cannot afford to buy good land Cannot afford fertilisers Land exhausted Lack of knowledge to improve quality. [2] (b) One point: Inability to irrigate land during drought/dry season Not enough water for animals Not enough water to grow crops/have to buy in fodder. [1] (c) A low production of crop per hectare. [1] (d) Three effects: Become malnourished/suffer from malnutrition/starvation Will catch diseases/become chronically sick/children will be sickly etc. Will not be strong enough to work hard/regularly Will have to spend money on buying food/medicines etc. Turn to crime in order to survive/steal. [3] (e) (i) Two reasons: Mechanisation by richer farmers means less work locally Rural areas lack industries/governments invest in urban areas Work in rural areas is seasonal/other farmers only need labour during harvest etc. Lack of transport to go outside village for work Poor education/lack of skills for other work. [2] (ii) In the cities Unskilled work/in the informal sector/example of type of work. [2] (iii) Description of a government rural development programme, object of programme, how organised and benefits: Co-operative Road building programmes Irrigation schemes Clean water programmes No mark for name of scheme. [4] [Total: 15]