Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453 — 2005 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page. SP (SLM/SLM) S79439/1 © UCLES 2005 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/01 Paper 1 October/November 2005 2 hours Additional Materials: Answer paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the Paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer any four questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. www.XtremePapers.com

2 0453/01/O/N/05 © UCLES 2005 1 Fig. 1 shows six people talking about their government’s new laws to protect forests. Fig. 1 (a) Explain in your own words what is meant by “We have to think about future generations”. [1] (b) Which of the speakers are mainly concerned about making money? [2] (c) (i) Give two reasons why so many households in the developing countries use wood as fuel. [2] (ii) Suggest how alternative fuels could be made available to households. [1] (d) Suggest three laws that might be brought in by a government to protect the forests. [3] (e) (i) Give three reasons why it is important that the birds and animals have somewhere to live. [3] (ii) Explain how the removal of forests contributes to global warming. [3] [Total: 15 marks] I need wood to build my house. We have to think about future generations. We need to give the birds and animals somewhere to live. Wood is all I have for fuel. I am only interested in selling lots of timber abroad. I can earn more from selling wood and charcoal than from farming. A B C D E F

3 0453/01/O/N/05 © UCLES 2005 [Turn over 2 Study Fig. 2 which is about childhood diseases in Africa. Fig. 2 (a) (i) According to Fig. 2 which disease kills the most children in Africa? [1] (ii) Explain the difference between prevention and cure. [2] (iii) Explain why clean water and improved sanitation help to prevent the spread of diarrhoea. [2] (b) (i) How is malaria spread? [1] (ii) How will keeping home areas clear of standing water help to prevent the spread of malaria? [1] (c) Name one disease (not measles) that can be prevented by vaccination. [1] (d) Children that suffer from malnutrition are the most likely to die from childhood diseases. (i) What is meant by malnutrition? [1] (ii) Explain the way different types of food are used by the body. [3] (e) Describe the way in which a health education programme could be used to help prevent disease in your own country. [3] [Total: 15 marks] Deaths per year of Methods of prevention and cure children under 5 Diarrhoea 800 000 Clean water supplies, improved sanitation, oral rehydration salts Pneumonia 1 500 000 Primary health care, cheap antibiotics Malaria 1 000 000 Keeping areas clear of standing water, spraying Measles 550 000 Immunisation (vaccination) programmes

4 0453/01/O/N/05 © UCLES 2005 3 Study Figs 3A and B. Fig. 3A Fig. 3B (a) (i) What percentage of households in Sub-Saharan Africa has no adult male? [1] (ii) Suggest three reasons why it is hard for women in rural areas when there is no adult male in the household. [3] (b) (i) What is meant by the informal sector? [1] (ii) Give two examples of work in the informal sector. [2] (c) (i) Give three reasons why women usually work longer than men. [3] (ii) What do Figs 3A and 3B show you about households in industrialised countries compared with those in the less developed parts of the world. [2] (d) Suggest three ways in which governments can improve the position of women. [3] [Total: 15 marks] Women are becoming poorer • Rural women the number of women living in poverty has increased; the men often have to leave their families to look for work. • Urban women many women are just surviving in the informal sector. • In less developed countries women work for 30% longer than men. • In some industrialised countries women in formal sector jobs work 20% longer than men; women earn 40% less for the same work. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 percentage of households with no adult male N. Africa S. E. Asia Sub-Saharan Africa E. Asia Latin America Industrialised countries Caribbean

5 0453/01/O/N/05 © UCLES 2005 [Turn over 4 Study Fig. 4 which shows some statistics about Indonesia, a country in South East Asia, which stretches across 17 000 tropical islands. Fig. 4 (a) (i) By how much did the population increase between 1960 and the year 2000? [1] (ii) What evidence is there to show that the health of the population of Indonesia improved between 1960 and the year 2000? [2] (b) Describe the changes that Fig. 4 shows in the urban population of Indonesia. [2] (c) (i) What is meant by the poverty line? [1] (ii) Suggest two reasons why the number of children living on the streets of Jakarta has increased. [2] (d) (i) What is a dictatorship? [1] (ii) Give three characteristics of a democratic republic. [3] (iii) Use Fig. 4 to explain why Indonesia has had many violent civil disturbances. [3] [Total: 15 marks] Year 1960 2000 Population 100 million 204 million Infant mortality rate per 1000 births 128 45 Life expectancy 41 years 65 years % living in urban areas 15% 37% Rate of increase of urban population 3.7% 4.4% Poverty 100 million people live below the poverty line. 40 000 children live on the streets of the capital Jakarta. Politics 1965 The dictator General Suharto seized power. 1965-98 Military dictatorship by Suharto and family. 1998 Suharto overthrown by democracy movement. 1999 a democratic republic set up. 2002 East Timor became independent of Indonesia. Corruption and the power of the military continue to be a problem. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group and hold most of the economic and political power.

6 0453/01/O/N/05 © UCLES 2005 5 Study Fig. 5 which shows the balance of trade of selected countries in 2001 and the size of each country’s foreign debt. Fig. 5 (a) (i) What is meant by the balance of trade? [1] (ii) Which country has a balanced trade? [1] (iii) Name one country shown in Fig. 5 which has a negative (deficit) balance of trade. [1] (iv) Suggest three difficulties this negative balance of trade may create for a country. [3] (b) (i) What type of product do many least developed countries export? [1] (ii) Suggest three ways in which a country might try to improve its balance of trade. [3] (c) (i) What is meant by debt? [1] (ii) How much larger is Argentina’s debt than the value of its exports? [1] (iii) Explain why it is difficult for a country to pay off its debts if it is not earning enough money from its exports. [3] [Total: 15 marks] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 $ billions Brazil India Argentina Nigeria Bangladesh Imports Exports Debt Key

7 0453/01/O/N/05 © UCLES 2005 6 Study Fig. 6 which is a photograph of an informal settlement on the edge of Cape Town, South Africa. Fig. 6 (a) (i) In the developing world the proportion of the population living in cities is growing very rapidly. What is the name given to this process? [1] (ii) What name is given to the kind of informal settlement shown in Fig. 6? [1] (iii) Give three reasons why people are moving from the rural areas into these settlements. [3] (b) (i) What is the woman in the photograph doing? [1] (ii) Give two pieces of evidence from the picture that shows that people living in the settlement have some services. [2] (iii) What evidence is there that the buildings are becoming permanent. [2] (iv) Suggest two reasons why people may prefer to live in an informal settlement rather than another part of Cape Town. [2] (c) Give three ways (not the bringing in of water/electricity) in which the government of South Africa can help to improve this type of settlement. [3] [Total: 15 marks]

8 0453/01/O/N/05 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgement: Question 6 Photograph. Paula Jones © UCLES Every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders where the publishers (i.e. UCLES) are aware that third-party material has been reproduced. The publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights they have unwittingly infringed. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 question paper 0453 Development Studies 0453/01 Paper 1 Maximum mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously published with these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the Examination for this session. • CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 1 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2005 0453 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 1 (a) We need to conserve forests for the future/must imply conservation [1] (b) B and C [2] (c) (i) Two reasons: it is cheap/free it is easy to use/efficient they do not have anything else/electricity/kerozene stoves [2] (ii) One way: bring electricity to peoples home subsidise kerozene/other fuels encourage use of solar fuel No opposite statement to c (i) answers unless expanded [1] (d) Three laws: to prevent trees being cut/fines/punishment to force replanting/replacing what is cut timber cutting quotas set up National Parks/Forests/Conservation areas start a reforestation programme fines/ban the collection of wood for fuel/charcoal ban export of timber [3] (e) (i) Three reasons: to protect the ecosystem/habitats/biodiversity to provide attraction for tourists for everyone/future generations to enjoy loss of valuable plants and animals which may be of value in the future for medicines etc. [3] (ii) Burning of wood is increasing carbon dioxide levels in atmosphere
greenhouse effect Long term effect of loss of trees on climate and moisture levels Trees help to reduce air pollution/increase O2 in air NOT soil erosion, NOT it happens all over the world [3] [15 marks] 2 (a) (i) Pneumonia (ii) prevention
idea of avoiding disease allow examples to aid explanation cure
idea of remedy/putting right/medical assistance allow examples to aid explanation [2] (iii) clean water
germs and bacteria breed in dirty water bad sanitation
encourages flies and dirt
spread germs [2] (b) (i) by bites from mosquitoes [1] (ii) mosquitoes breed in dirty stagnant water [1]

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2005 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 (c) One other disease: Polio Typhoid Tetanus Cholera Mumps Hepatitis German measles Tetanus Whooping cough etc. TB Diptheria [1] (d) (i) Not enough food of the types needed to keep healthy [1] (ii) Three points: carbohydrates - energy proteins - growth and repair/strength/fitness fats - energy/build body cells fruit and veg: vitamins and minerals/make brain/nerves/muscles work properly [3] (e) Educate mothers/families to have healthier families by: feeding their families better teaching their children to be hygienic AIDS programmes avoid early/pregnancies/have smaller families/practise birth control allow only one mark for birth control answer [3] [15 marks] 3 (a) (i) 20% [1] (ii) Three reasons: No one to do the heavy work Loss of man’s income Often women on own suffer discrimination/difficulty borrowing money/joining co-operatives etc. Isolation/family without a father etc. [3] (b) (i) Sector of economy outside the legal framework/unofficial/does not pay taxes etc. [1] (ii) Two examples: market trading labouring recycling from rubbish dumps shoe shining selling crafts begging prostitution etc. [2] (c) (i) Three reasons: they look after the family/children they do all the housework/collect water/cook etc. to earn enough money discrimination [3]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2005 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 (ii) Two points: That there are many homes in the industrial world as well as the developing world where there is no adult male There are more homes in the industrial world (24%) than most of developing world where there are no adult males Women also work long hours in some industrial countries [2] (d) Three ways: Bring water supplies to homes Bring electricity to homes Legislation against discrimination Equal pay laws etc. [3] [15 marks] 4 (a) (i) 104 million (ii) Two points: Infant mortality improved/went from 128 to 45/dropped by 83 per 1000 Life expectancy went up/increased/went from 41 to 65/increased by 24 years [2] (b) Description 2 marks: Percentage of population living in urban areas/urbanisation increased and rate of urban growth increased [2] (c) (i) Level of living standard which is just acceptable [1] (ii) Two reasons: So many people live in poverty/can not afford to feed/keep children Orphaned children due to AIDS etc. To participate in crime Result of recent unrest/fighting/refugees [2] (d) (i) Rule by one person or small group [1] (ii) Three characteristics: rule by the people free elections freedom to have political parties representatives accountable to people/can be voted out everyone equal before the law freedom of speech/free press right to free and fair trial [3]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2005 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 (iii) Three points: Resistance to dictatorship Resistance to corruption Ethnic difficulties in E. Timor/resentment towards Javanese Dissatisfaction due to half population being very poor [3] [15 marks] 5 (a) (i) The difference between the value of imports and exports [1] (ii) Brazil. [1] (iii) One country either India or Bangladesh [1] (iv) Three difficulties: Shortage of foreign currency Inability to pay for essential imports (oil etc.) Debt/need to borrow Need to cut down on imported goods [3] (b) (i) Primary products/raw materials [1] (ii) Three ways: Export more goods and services Import less Set up export industries/invite MNCs to set up export industries Process primary products to gain value added Set up industries for import substitution Devalue its currency [3] (c) (i) Owing money/need for credit [1] (ii) $130 billion. [1] (iii) 1st mark − countries earn money from selling exports/goods and services abroad 2nd mark − if amount of annual income from exports/or from exports less cost of imports is much smaller than its debts it will take many years to repay them 3rd mark − for mentioning problem of paying off interest as well as initial debt [3] [15 marks] 6 (a) (i) Urbanisation (ii) Shanty, favela, squatter etc. [1] (iii) Three reasons allow push or pull factors: Unemployment/employment Lack of services - electricity, water, transport (one only) or reverse Lack of education - or reverse Drought/flooding/etc. allow one environmental factor MAX 1 for single word lists [3]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2005 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 (b) (i) Washing clothes [1] (ii) Two pieces of evidence: Wires for electricity Pavement/poor but permanent road service Nearby water/stand pipes Shop [2] (iii) 1 mark for stating upgrading of buildings 2nd mark for specific improvements or 2 marks for specific improvements The occupier of house has grown flowers/made garden Glazed windows Corrugated iron roof [2] (iv) Two reasons: It is cheaper to build/build as you go along Cheaper because not all services are laid on Can work from home Companionship of friends/relatives Close to Capetown/employment areas [2] (c) Three ways: Making the settlement official/giving people title to land Repairing the roads Improving the settlement with schools Providing the settlement with health centres Giving people cheap loans to buy land/house/improve house One mark for developing the idea of improving water supplies/electricity and street lighting (not just the bringing in of water/electricity/lighting which is already in photo) [3]