Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453 — 2004 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/01 Paper 1 October/November 2004 2 hours Additional Materials: Answer paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the Paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer any four questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page. SP (SC) S54255/3 © UCLES 2004 [Turn over www.XtremePapers.com

2 0453/1/O/N/04 1 Fig. 1 shows the causes of rural poverty in developing countries. Fig.1 (a) (i) What is meant by population pressure? [1] (ii) Suggest two reasons for population pressure in rural areas. [2] (iii) Give two ways in which population pressure contributes to environmental damage to farmland. [2] (b) (i) Why is there a lack of work, other than farming, in rural areas? [1] (ii) How would it help farming families if there was other work available in rural areas? [1] (c) Give three reasons why poor farmers often lack access to markets. [3] (d) Give an example of climate or weather conditions that could cause problems for farmers. [1] (e) Explain, giving examples, how government credit schemes might help farmers who are short of money to improve their farming. [4] [Total: 15 marks] Causes of Rural Poverty • Population pressure • Lack of work outside farming • Lack of access to markets • Dependence on climate and weather conditions • Lack of money for investment in rural areas • Lack of knowledge about modern farming methods © UCLES 2004

3 0453/1/O/N/04 [Turn over 2 Fig. 2 shows estimates of life expectancy for southern African countries in the years 1995 and 2000, and the percentage of the adult population living with HIV/AIDS in 2001. Fig.2 (a) (i) What is meant by life expectancy? [1] (ii) What has happened to life expectancy between the years 1995 and 2000 in southern Africa?. [1] (iii) Which country has shown the greatest change in life expectancy? [1] (iv) Life expectancy was improving in southern Africa until the1990s. Suggest three reasons for that improvement. [3] (b) (i) Which country has the largest percentage of its adult population living with HIV/AIDS? [1] (ii) How will the high percentage of adults with HIV/AIDS have affected death rates in southern Africa? [1] (iii) Give three reasons why the development of these countries is likely to slow down as a result of HIV/AIDS. [3] (c) Describe fully two government health programmes which could be used to help to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. [4] [Total: 15 marks] © UCLES 2004 % of total adult Country Life expectancy population living with HIV/AIDS Year Year Year 1995 2000 2001 Botswana 50 36 36 Lesotho 58 40 24 Malawi 41 39 16 Namibia 55 44 19 Mozambique 47 38 13 South Africa 65 47 20 Swaziland 59 38 25 Tanzania 51 51 8 Zambia 43 41 20 Zimbabwe 48 42 25

4 0453/1/O/N/04 3 Fig. 3 shows six people talking about politics. Fig. 3 (a) (i) What is meant by democracy? [1] (ii) Give two characteristics of a democracy. [2] (b) Give three characteristics of a market economy. [3] (c) Describe the role of the government in a planned economy. [2] (d) Why does one speaker say that a mixed economy is the best of both worlds? [2] (e) (i) Why does every government need taxes? [1] (ii) Name two types of tax collected in your country. [2] (f) Give two reasons why some people think that decisions should be made locally and not in the capital city. [2] [Total: 15 marks] © UCLES 2004 Decisions should be made locally not in the capital city. We should have a mixed economy, the best of both worlds. Having a democracy hasn't made me any richer. Which ever government we have we still pay taxes. I want a planned economy then all will get their basic needs. I believe in a market economy, no one interferes with me.

5 0453/1/O/N/04 [Turn over 4 Fig. 4 shows information about the Republic of South Korea. Fig. 4 (a) (i) What do the letters GNP stand for? [1] (ii) Explain why South Korea’s development is called a ‘success story’. [3] (b) (i) Explain what is meant by export-orientated industrialisation. [1] (ii) Suggest why South Korea put restrictions on imports. [2] (c) (i) What is a multinational company (MNC)? [1] (ii) Suggest three of the advantages for South Korea of putting strict controls on MNCs. [3] (d) (i) Give two characteristics of a dictatorship. [2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why the South Korean government did not allow trade unions. [2] [Total: 15 marks] © UCLES 2004 GNP per head (US $) Main exports Main imports Political system Development strategy Policies 1970s about 800 Textiles, clothes, shoes Restricted to raw materials for industry, capital goods and oil No consumer goods Dictatorship Export orientated industrialisation Import restrictions Planned export targets Foreign aid Encourage savings & investment Cheap loans to local business and strict limits on MNCs No trade unions Year 2000 17 500 Electronics, cars, machinery, steel, ships, textiles, clothes, shoes, fish Machinery, electronics, oil, steel Democracy Global trade Investment in infrastructure, research, education and high technology. Investment in less developed countries The South Korean Development Success Story

6 0453/1/O/N/04 5 Fig. 5 shows some of the major causes of global warming and the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth’s atmosphere since 1965. Fig. 5 (a) (i) What is meant by global warming? [1] (ii) By how much did the carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere increase between 1965 and the year 2000? [1] (iii) What is the connection between the increase in carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere and global warming? [1] (b) (i) Suggest two ways in which modern farming methods increase emissions of carbon dioxide. [2] (ii) Give two reasons (not farming) why forests are being cleared. [2] (iii) What measures can be taken by governments to prevent deforestation? [2] (c) Describe three ways in which industrialisation is contributing to the increase in carbon dioxide. [3] (d) Suggest three of the effects that global warming is likely to have in your own country. [3] [Total: 15 marks] 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 year CO2 in the atmosphere (parts per million) © UCLES 2004

7 0453/1/O/N/04 6 Fig. 6 shows the process of industrial production. Fig. 6 (a) From Fig. 6 identify the three factors of production. [1] (b) (i) Using Fig. 6 give three different ways that money capital is used in industrial production. [3] (ii) What kind of capital goods are used in industry? [1] (c) Describe the difference between semi-processed goods and finished goods. [1] (d) Suggest three different types of infrastructure needed to run an industry. [3] (e) (i) How would you describe an industry that employs a large number of unskilled workers? [1] (ii) Give two advantages of each worker in a modern factory doing only a small part of the process. [2] (iii) Suggest three difficulties which might result if a developing country set up an industry employing mainly skilled labour. [3] [Total: 15 marks] LAND CAPITAL LABOUR Capital Goods Unskilled Skilled Infrastructure Semi-processed goods Resources Raw materials Money Finished Goods © UCLES 2004

8 0453/1/O/N/04 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgement: Fig. 5. © World Wide Fund. The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the November 2004 question paper 0453 Development Studies 0453/01 Paper 1, maximum mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. • CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2004 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Grade thresholds taken for Syllabus 0453 (Development Studies) in the November 2004 examination. Minimum mark required for grade Minimum mark available A C E F Component 1 60 43 33 25 21 The threshold (minimum mark) for B is set halfway between those for Grades A and C. The threshold (minimum mark) for D is set halfway between those for Grades C and E. The threshold (minimum mark) for G is set as many marks below F threshold as the E threshold is above it. Grade A* does not exist at the level of an individual component.

November 2004 INTERNATIONAL GCSE MARK SCHEME MAXIMUM MARK: 60 SYLLABUS/COMPONENT: 0453/01 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Paper 1

Page 1 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2004 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 1 (a) (i) Overpopulation or increasing population on a piece of land without an increase in farming productivity [1] (ii) Two reasons: Increase in population/population growth/high birth rate/lack of birth control methods/early marriage Land being taken over for commercial farming/national parks Land degradation [2] (iii) Two ways: overgrazing deforestation overcultivation [2] (b) (i) One: no industrial development poverty of area gives no business opportunities that might employ people lack of services inhibits development [1] (ii) Members of family could earn money/work in dry season/would not have to migrate [1] (c) Three reasons: lack of roads lack of means of transporting crops/products lack of storage lack of consistent quality of goods lack of knowledge/contacts etc. remoteness [3] (d) Drought/flooding/failure of rains [1] (e) Examples of government credit schemes explained: e.g: money lent to buy new seeds and fertilisers
to produce higher yields money lent to fence grazing land
to enable rotational grazing to take place etc. money lent to build bore-hole/well etc.
to provide water for animals
to provide irrigation water Answer must make it clear that money is lent and how it improves farming [4] [15 marks]

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2004 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 2 (a) (i) The number of years a new born baby is likely to live/average number of years a person is expected to live [1] (ii) It has dropped/fallen/gone down [1] (iii) Swaziland [1] (iv) Three reasons: Better health facilities Clean water/personal hygiene Education about health Improved nutrition/diet Improved transport/accessibility to doctors etc. Better sanitation/sewage disposal system NOT better living conditions [3] (b) (i) Botswana [1] (ii) It will have gone up/risen [1] (iii) Three reasons: Loss of able bodied people/young people High cost of medical care/dependency Investment diverted from productive alternatives Loss of foreign earnings/tourists etc. Need to bring in experts to work in key jobs Orphans do not go to school - impact on literacy rates [3] (c) Two government health programmes named and described e.g: School health education programmes to alert young people to problem of AIDS Free distribution of drugs to prevent new born babies contracting AIDS TV/newspaper advertisements on AIDS Testing centres for HIV positive Programmes for young people in Health Clinics etc. [4] [15 marks]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2004 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 3 (a) (i) “rule by the people"/form of government in which representatives are elected every few years [1] (ii) Two: free elections/regular elections/universal adult suffrage No double counting of election of representatives from (a)(i) different political parties basic rights to a fair trial/free speech/freedom of association/free press [2] (b) (i) Three: Free enterprise/people free to set up own business/lack of government control of production Profit motive Competition Market/prices controlled by supply and demand [3] (c) Two points: Major industries and services are state controlled/state controls or owns the means of production State controls prices Competition is restricted Individual businesses are not allowed/discouraged People work for good of society and not for profit To provide people’s basic needs [2] (d) Because a mixed economy takes some of characteristics from both capitalist/market and socialist/planned types of government/economy. or allow an explanation that includes some nationalised industries and some private companies Answer must show both characteristics to gain full marks [2] (e) (i) To raise money to run the country and carry out development [1] (ii) Two: Income tax Company tax Sales tax Value added tax/VAT Import/export duty/tariffs [2] (f) Two: To allow local voices/grass roots to be heard/more appropriate to local needs To lessen the influence of central government/the urban elite/decentralise decision making Decisions made in the capital would be related to urban issues Services more likely with local support [2] [15 marks]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2004 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 4 (a) (i) Gross National Product [1] (ii) Three points: Growth of GNP per head or growth from 800 to 17,500 US$ per head Became democratic Able to invest in other countries Exports/manufactures’ greater range of goods Exports/manufacturers’ higher value goods [3] (b) (i) Concentration on exporting industrial goods [1] (ii) Two reasons: to save foreign currency to encourage savings to limit competition for local industries to protect employment in local industries [2] (c) (i) A company which operates all over the world [2] (ii) Three advantages: Profits stay in the country Employ own people/do not rely on expatriates No competition with local companies Not reliant on decisions made outside the country Protection of resources/environment Limit exploitation of cheap labour force Helps protect local economy/employment from MNC withdrawal [3] (d) (i) Two characteristics: Rule by a single person No personal freedom No accountability/no free elections etc. Military rule [2] (ii) Two points: No strikes Could pay low wages Could allow poor working conditions [2] [15 marks]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2004 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 5 (a) (i) The warming/heating of the earth’s atmosphere [1] (ii) 50 parts per million [1] (iii) The increase in CO2 is trapping earth’s heat/greenhouse effect etc. Reference to the positive correlation [1] (b) (i) Two ways: By the use of machinery which uses oil/diesel etc. By using fertilisers and pesticides which consume a great deal of power in their manufacture By clearing large areas of land by burning down forests etc. By removing vegetation/trees which absorb CO2 Increased production means more transport of goods to markets [2] (ii) Two reasons (Not farming): To make way for building/urbanisation/housing To make way for industry To make way for transport/roads For fuel For use in construction/industry [2] (iii) Two: Laws that trees must be replaced/replanting schemes Laws to prevent cutting/deforestation/punish those who do Designating National Parks/Green Belts Laws to prevent sale of trees from non-renewable sources/creation of sustainable forests Education about the benefits of conserving forests Encourage recycling Provision of alternative fuel supplies [2] (c) Three: By increased use of fossil fuels/energy in industries By increased trade and transporting goods long distances By increasing supply/encouraging demand for energy using/consumer products/cars By increasing demand for wood/ plastics NOT deforestation [3] (d) Three effects described: Flooding of low-lying land/estuaries/islands Changes in cropping patterns Less predictable weather patterns Increased likelihood of hurricanes/typhoons etc. Movement of ocean currents/loss of fishing industry Desertification/increases in rainfall/longer droughts as appropriate to country Effects on species Bush fires NOT increase in temperature [3] [15marks]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – NOVEMBER 2004 0453 1 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 6 (a) Land, labour and capital [1] (b) (i) Three ways: to buy raw materials to pay for labour to pay for infrastructure to pay for semi-processed goods [3] (ii) Machinery/factory buildings [1] (c) Semi-finished goods need further processing Finished goods are ready for sale to public [1] (d) Three: Power/electricity/gas/coal/fuel etc. Telecommunications/telephones/computers/internet etc. Water Transport [3] (e) (i) Labour intensive. [1] (ii) Two advantages: Speeds production/saves time Specialisation/each becomes better at particular job/improves quality Saves costs Increases efficiency [2] (iii) Three difficulties: Shortage of skilled labour High cost of paying for expatriate labour/shortage of foreign currency High cost of training/higher wages High costs due to break downs and shortages etc. [3] [15 marks]