Cambridge A Level Thinking Skills 9694 — 2016 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 2

This document consists of 6 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 insert. IB16 06_9694_22/4RP © UCLES 2016 [Turn over *2874285369* Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/22 Paper 2 Critical Thinking May/June 2016 1 hour 45 minutes No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer all the questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.

2 © UCLES 2016 9694/22/M/J/16 1 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A Extract from ‘The Alien Big Cat Phenomenon’ Phantom cats, also known as Alien Big Cats (ABCs) – large felines, such as jaguars, cougars, and panthers – allegedly appear in regions outside their normal range. Sightings, tracks and possible kills have been reported in a number of countries, including the UK, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark, Eastern United States, Hawaii, Italy and Luxembourg. For example, in 2005 a black cougar was allegedly spotted on several occasions in a wildlife reserve in the Netherlands, but the animal, nicknamed Winnie, was later identified as an unusually large crossbreed between a domestic and a wild cat. However, many people who have seen these big cats remain convinced that they are real and not just a false or mistaken perception. A retired policeman in the UK stated that one crossed the road in front of him and that it was probably about 1 metre high and 2 metres long, with a black, glossy, shiny coat, and incredibly muscular. Before this sighting he had been very sceptical about the existence of such animals. Source B Newspaper report from the Trimtown Echo Two pensioners, out walking, believe they stumbled across the fabled ‘Beast of Trimtown’ eating its kill. Herbert and Doreen Bukowski say they saw the creature, which is said to be the size of a husky or labrador, in a local wood. They quickly took a photo with the camera they had with them. There have been several other sightings in Trimtown. Another pensioner, Rita Pitt, described her sighting: “What struck me is that it was so very, very black and was much bigger than a dog.” Jim Card, 73, and his wife Anna, 71, have seen a panther-like creature in the town. He said: “I’ve seen it walking up the drive in the middle of the night without a care in the world.” Source C Extract from ‘The Mind Plays Tricks’ Whilst it is undeniable that many people claim to have seen large cats in places they shouldn’t exist, we can be certain these sightings are figments of their imagination. Three-quarters of all the cats reported are black, and they are commonly described as glossy and muscular. It seems odd that there is not more variety in these sightings. Large cats are creatures of regular habits. They have territories, dens in which cubs are raised, spraying points and scratching posts. They scatter print and hairs wherever they go. Yet nobody has found any evidence of this type to confirm the existence of large cats. Whilst there have been some photos, none of these is convincing. Some people attempt to explain this lack of clear photographic evidence in terms of the shyness and elusiveness of these animals. However, convincing photographic evidence of shy and elusive large cats in their natural habitat, such as the snow leopard of the Himalayas, has been produced. Most damning of all, nobody has ever managed to capture or kill one of these supposed ‘big cats’.

3 © UCLES 2016 9694/22/M/J/16 [Turn over Source D Extract from a psychology textbook It seems likely that many of the ‘big cats’ that people see are precisely that – big domestic cats. In an experiment, a large black domestic cat was placed in the same spot where an Alien Big Cat had been sighted, and photographed from where the original photographer had been. The domestic cat actually looked slightly bigger than the supposed Alien Big Cat. Another piece of convincing evidence is that a photo of another supposed Alien Big Cat showed that its eyes featured vertical slits. This is a feature of domestic cats – genuine ‘big cats’ have round pupils. Source E Extract from ‘Guide to UK Laws Governing Animal Ownership’ The Dangerous Wild Animals Act was a law passed in the UK in 1976. It was designed to control the increasingly popular practice of keeping wild animals, such as leopards, as pets. The passing of the act meant that anybody wanting to keep such an animal would have to have a licence, specialist accommodation for the animal and public liability insurance. These measures were expensive and it is thought that many people who could not afford these extra costs may have released their exotic pets into the wild rather than have them put down. (a) How reliable is the evidence in Source B about ‘big cat sightings’? [3] (b) How useful is the evidence in Source D? [3] (c) How significant is the evidence in Source E? [3] (d) What is the most likely explanation for the reported sightings of Alien Big Cats? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, with critical reference to the evidence provided and considering a plausible alternative conclusion. [6]

4 © UCLES 2016 9694/22/M/J/16 2 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A Extract from environmental magazine Dredging is a process used to deepen river channels by digging out sediment from the bottom. This increases the amount of water they can hold, and is often used to keep waterways navigable. People often see dredging as the solution to the problem of rivers flooding on flood plains. This may seem logical, as dredging does increase the capacity of the river. Where dredging has not taken place for many years, the capacity could be increased by 50%. However, the volume of flood water on the flood plain is far in excess of what the river channel could take, so this 50% increase could translate into a figure of a 1–2% increase in the rate at which flood water is dispersed. Moreover, dredging creates a number of problems, including causing areas downstream to flood more readily and harming wildlife, such as water voles and otters, that live by the river. Source B Information sheet from US Environment Agency The Hudson is an iconic American river, steeped in American history. However, an era of industrial pollution left its mark. Polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, were widely used as fire preventatives and insulators in the manufacture of electrical devices, like transformers and capacitors, because of their ability to withstand exceptionally high temperatures. During a 30-year period ending in 1977, when the production of PCBs was banned, it is estimated that approximately 600 tonnes of PCBs were discharged into the Hudson, which wiped out much of the river’s wildlife. However, in the last 10 years a programme of dredging has cleaned up the river by removing the PCB contaminated sediment. Wildlife is beginning to return to the river. Source C Extract from magazine article Opponents of dredging rivers often suggest that in making rivers flow faster, dredging simply transfers the problem of flooding further down the river. However, this ignores the point that rivers eventually reach the sea. If rivers prone to flooding are dredged right to the sea, then the problem is not simply transferred downstream: it is solved by discharging the water into the sea more efficiently. This prevents the build-up of water which causes flooding. An analogy might be with the efficiency of a three-lane highway. If the highway suddenly reduces to a single lane it is true that the problem of traffic congestion has simply been transferred up the highway. However, if the three lanes are maintained all the way to a final destination, then three-lane highways are efficient in moving traffic more effectively. By the same token, a river that is dredged all the way to the sea will be more efficient at discharging water than a river that is not dredged.

5 © UCLES 2016 9694/22/M/J/16 [Turn over Source D News report A study commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment means more bad news for proponents of the plan to deepen the River Elbe in Germany. The report confirms that further dredging could result in severe ecological damage. Supporters of the plan argue that a deepening of the river through dredging is necessary to accommodate new, bigger ships which require a depth of 14.5 metres. Failure to do this will mean the long term decline of Hamburg, the main port on the Elbe. Source E Dredging on River Gambo Amount of material dredged in tonnes 1985 1990 1995 2005 2010 no dredging 180 145 160 170 (a) Look at Source A. The author does not offer a conclusion. (i) Identify the conclusion which is implied by the reasoning in the passage. [1] (ii) Identify an unstated assumption upon which this conclusion would rely. [2] (b) ‘Highways are man-made, whereas rivers are natural features.’ To what extent does this difference undermine the use of the analogy drawn in Source C between dredging rivers and building three-lane highways? [3] (c) The data given in Source E is not sufficient to draw any conclusions about the effectiveness of the dredging on flood prevention. Suggest three of the pieces of additional information which would be necessary in order to draw such a conclusion. [3] (d) ‘Dredging is ineffective therefore it should be discouraged.’ To what extent do you agree with this claim? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, using and evaluating the information provided in Sources A–E. [6]

6 © UCLES 2016 9694/22/M/J/16 3 Read the passage and answer the questions below. 1 Paintings by famous artists such as Titian and Monet have risen to astronomic price levels in the last 50 years. A price of tens of millions of dollars for a single painting is by no means unusual. This is because the international rich see the purchasing of such art as a good investment. Paintings are now little more than a form of currency, a ‘banknote’, worth millions. This has undermined the aesthetic value of these works of art. 2 A painting that was once on display in a room in a house is now locked in a vault as if it is gold bullion which, in a sense, it has effectively become. Fewer and fewer people in the world can afford to buy these paintings. If this trend continues, eventually no-one will be able to enjoy works of art. 3 An artist should create a picture for purely aesthetic reasons and be moved to paint as a result of an inner spiritual drive. A painting created in order to make money is not a true work of art. The artist Van Gogh never sold a painting during his lifetime, so we can be sure that his work is true art and the product of this inner spiritual drive – his pictures now sell for millions of dollars. 4 Other forms of art have succeeded in avoiding the above problem. Whilst they command reasonable prices, first editions of the novels of Charles Dickens, for example, or the original score of a Mozart opera do not command the millions at auction that famous paintings do. This shows that action could be taken to combat the problem of paintings becoming a form of currency. 5 The art establishment should take immediate action to prevent artworks from becoming a form of investment. Only an international agreement that these works of art could not be bought or sold would remove them from the clutches of the super-rich. (a) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify the main conclusion. [2] (b) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify three intermediate conclusions. [3] (c) Evaluate the strength of the reasoning in the argument. In your answer you should consider any flaws, unstated assumptions and other weaknesses. [5] (d) ‘Painting makes no contribution to society.’ Write your own short argument to support or challenge this claim. The conclusion of your argument must be stated. Credit will not be given for repeating ideas from the passage. [5]

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Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/22 Paper 2 Critical Thinking May/June 2016 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 45 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 1 (a) How reliable is the evidence in Source B about ‘big cat sightings’? [3] Reliable because several sightings which corroborate each other [1]. However, all the witnesses are elderly and may have poor sight [1]. None of them appears to have any expertise which would help them to discern clearly what in fact they saw [1]. Also, there seems to have been a general awareness of the phenomenon (“Beast of Trimtown”) that may have contributed to an imagined sighting [1]; furthermore, people may have a vested interest to become involved in the hype and obtain 5 minutes of fame [1]. We do not know the quality of the photo and therefore cannot assess its reliability [1]. There seems to be inconsistency about the size of the beast [1]. (b) How useful is the evidence in Source D? [3] Very reliable as the first case features evidence based on a controlled scientific experiment [1]. There is convincing factual evidence (slits v. round pupils) [1] which shows the cat in the second case could not have been a ‘big cat’ [1]. However, this photo is only one case so it is not necessarily representative of the other sightings of big cats [1]. Source D is generally useful, as it shows some of the ways by which mistaken sightings come about [1]. (c) How significant is the evidence in Source E? [3] Significant as it gives a possible explanation for big cats being seen in alien environments [1]. This would mean that the sightings were real not imaginary [1]. However, the significance is decreased because we do not know if the UK has had significantly more cat sightings than other countries which do not have such laws [1] and we do not know whether cat sightings in the UK increased after this legislation was passed [1]. It would not provide significant evidence for any sightings outside the UK [1]. It also does not explain why the sightings are of big cats as opposed to other exotic animals which were probably released [1]. The UK law mentioned was passed 40 years ago, and so most if not all animals released for this reason would be dead and so could not be responsible for any recent sightings [1]. (d) What is the most likely explanation for the reported sightings of Alien Big Cats? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, with critical reference to the evidence provided and considering a plausible alternative conclusion. [6] Level 3 5–6 marks A strong answer, which provides a reasoned argument including thorough evaluation of all or most of the evidence to support an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and evaluates the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 2 3–4 marks An answer which evaluates some of the evidence, draws an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and may mention the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which refers to some of the evidence, possibly including a simple evaluative comment. The conclusion may be unstated or over-stated. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material.

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Indicative content Possible answers: • Alien Big Cats do exist and are the result of people releasing them/their escaping. • Alien Big Cats are figments of the imagination (influenced by media reports). • Alien Big Cats are a deliberate hoax (either by the media or other groups). Given the number of sightings across the world one cannot rule out the idea that there are big cats on the loose in areas to which they are not native. It seems feasible that such animals could have escaped from zoos or other private ownership. In the case of the UK, the Dangerous Animals Act would have given owners of such animals a pressing reason to release their ‘pets’ into the wild. However, the lack of convincing evidence for their existence, as indicated in Source C, is a problem. There is something of a contradiction between the number of sightings and then an explanation for the lack of irrefutable evidence on the grounds that these animals are shy, retiring etc. Some of the evidence, as in Source B, seems to suggest they are more like urban foxes and thoroughly at home in a situation where there are people around. Given that a variety of animals may have escaped from zoos etc., it seems odd that the sightings are nearly always of black big cats. Source D suggests that the sightings are actually of simply big domestic cats. This raises the question of why people transform their perception of domestic cats into a conviction that they have seen a ‘big cat’. This may because a general awareness of the Alien Big Cat phenomenon distorts their perception.

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 2 (a) Look at Source A. The author does not offer a conclusion. (i) Identify the conclusion which is implied by the reasoning in the passage. [1] Dredging is not the solution to the problem of rivers flooding on flood plains. (ii) Identify an unstated assumption upon which this conclusion would rely. [2] A 1–2% increase in the dispersal rate of flood water [1] is not sufficient to make a significant impact on the problem of flooding [1]. (b) ‘Highways are man-made, whereas rivers are natural features.’ To what extent does this difference undermine the use of the analogy drawn in Source C between dredging rivers and building three-lane highways? [3] Not at all [1]. The key point is that the solution creates problems if it is not maintained throughout the length of the route/river [1]. The difference being pointed out is irrelevant to this specific point [1]. (c) The data given in Source E is not sufficient to draw any conclusions about the effectiveness of the dredging on flood prevention. Suggest three of the pieces of additional information which would be necessary in order to draw such a conclusion. [3] The amount of flooding in each of the years. The amount of rainfall in each of the years / other sources of water e.g. snow melt. The timing of the dredging with respect to the timing of the rainy season. The capacity of the river (in each of the years) / rate flood water is dispersed. The rate at which the river collects silt. Whether any dredging took place in the intermediate years. Whether the river was prone to flooding before dredging commenced. Other measures that might have been taken to prevent flooding.

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (d) ‘Dredging is ineffective therefore it should be discouraged.’ To what extent do you agree with this claim? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, using and evaluating the information provided in Sources A–E. [6] Level 3 5–6 marks A reasoned argument, which uses and evaluates all or most of the evidence provided. Level 2 3–4 marks A simple argument, which uses and/or evaluates evidence. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which makes some correct reference to evidence but consists of opinion and/or assertion rather than argument or an argument which makes no reference to evidence. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content • Source A suggests that dredging is ineffective as regards preventing flooding and gives a good explanation of why it is ineffective. • This would give grounds for discouraging dredging if one assumes that one should discourage inefficient practices. However, if dredging provided a great many jobs, one might still want to continue it even though it was inefficient. • Source B shows us that in certain circumstances, dredging benefits the ecology of the river and restores it. This challenges the points about environmental damage in Sources A and D. • Source C challenges the point about causing flooding downstream by suggesting dredging does not cause this problem if carried out the whole length of the river. • However, this does not challenge the main point in Source A which is that the amount of water shifted by a dredged river is insignificant. • Source A also opposes dredging on different grounds than effectiveness namely environmental damage. • Source D backs this up but also suggests dredging is an effective way of keeping river channels navigable. • Even Source A does not challenge the effectiveness of dredging for the above purpose. The evidence suggests the claim is far too sweeping. There are no challenges to the effectiveness as regards shipping channels. The effectiveness as regards flood prevention is not clear. The statement could also be challenged by suggesting it is the environmental damage caused by dredging that is the key reason to oppose it. However, Source B challenges the idea that dredging is always environmentally damaging.

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 3 (a) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify the main conclusion. [2] 2 marks: The art establishment should take immediate action to prevent art works from becoming a form of investment. 1 mark: This has undermined the aesthetic value of these works of art. (b) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify three intermediate conclusions. [3] 1 mark for each of the following, to a maximum of 3: • This [paintings becoming a form of currency] has undermined the aesthetic value of these works of art. • If this trend continues, eventually no-one will be able to enjoy works of art. • A painting created in order to make money is not a true work of art. • action could be taken to combat the problem of paintings becoming a form of currency. Allow one additional element or one significant omission in each case. If more than three answers are offered, mark the first four only. (c) Evaluate the strength of the reasoning in the argument. In your answer you should consider any flaws, unstated assumptions and other weaknesses. [5] Marks for each evaluative point as follows, up to a maximum of 5 marks: 2 marks: Valid evaluative point, clearly expressed. 1 mark: Weak attempt at a valid evaluative point. Paragraph 1 • Generalisation – from famous notable paintings to all paintings. • Assumption – a form of currency cannot have aesthetic value Allow for 1 mark – a work of art cannot have both aesthetic and economic value Paragraph 2 • Assumption – more people would have seen the art work when it was in a room in a house. • The last sentence is a slippery slope argument. Paragraph 3 • Assumption – Van Gogh not selling a painting is a reliable indicator that he did not paint in order to pay the bills. • Inconsistency – having said paintings worth millions merely indicate a painting has become a ‘banknote’, the author now seems to be using the value of Van Gogh’s paintings to indicate their aesthetic merit. • Irrelevance – the issue of the role of money in the production of art is different from the issue of the role of money once art has been produced.

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Paragraph 4 • Invalid analogy – a painting has a unique, physical quality which books and musical compositions do not. The aesthetic impact of a novel is when it is read, a musical composition when it is performed. The original manuscript/score do not therefore have the same aesthetic function as an original painting. • Non-sequitur – the reasoning in the paragraph does not at all show that “action could be taken…”. Paragraph 5 • Contradiction – if other art forms have avoided becoming a form of currency/investment then it suggests an international agreement is not the ‘only way’. However, if it is the ‘only way’ in the case of paintings it suggests the comparison with these other forms of art is not valid. • Assumption – the super-rich could not obtain these works of art through other/illegal means. • Contradiction – if it were impossible to buy or sell these works of art, then those currently in the possession of the super-rich would remain in their clutches. General • Assumption – art was at an affordable price before it became a form of investment. (d) ‘Painting makes no contribution to society.’ Write your own short argument to support or challenge this claim. The conclusion of your argument must be stated. Credit will not be given for repeating ideas from the passage. [5] Level 3 4–5 marks Developed, coherent argument. Reasons strongly support conclusion. Development may include intermediate conclusion or apt examples. Simply structured argument – 4 marks. Effective use of IC etc. – 5 marks. Level 2 2–3 marks A simple argument. One reason + conclusion – 2 marks. Two or more separate reasons + conclusion – 3 marks. Level 1 1 mark Some relevant comment. Level 0 0 marks No relevant comment. Maximum 3 marks for wrong conclusion or if conclusion is implied but not stated. No credit for material merely reproduced from the passage.

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9694 22 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Specimen level 3 answers Support (98 words) Painting may be a central life interest for some individuals but it makes no contribution to society. Photography has replaced any practical use that painting may have once had. Even professional artists paint as a form of self-expression rather than with the intention of being socially useful. When expressing an opinion as to what skills are necessary in the economy, it is unknown for a businessman to say something like “I am looking for people who can paint.” So, painting does not involve any socially-useful skills, which means that painting does not make a contribution to society. Challenge (113 words) Painting is an important pastime for many people relieving stress and promoting relaxation. A failure to relieve this stress may mean such individuals are not productive at work or even become a burden on society due to demands on mental health services. Moreover, the paintings of the great artists such as Rembrandt and Picasso have an inspirational effect on many people. We cannot measure this effect, but it is not unlikely that many key professionals such as doctors would function less effectively without this effect. To say painting makes no contribution to society relies on a false distinction between the individual and society. So painting does make a contribution to society.