Cambridge A Level History 9389 — 2019 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 2

This document consists of 7 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert. DC (KN) 168529/3 © UCLES 2019 [Turn over Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level * 5 5 4 3 2 8 1 2 0 4 * HISTORY 9389/12 Paper 1 Document Question May/June 2019 1 hour No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. This paper contains three sections: Section A: European Option Section B: American Option Section C: International Option Answer both parts of the question from one section only. The marks are given in brackets [ ] at the end of each part question.

2 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 Section A: European Option Liberalism and Nationalism in Italy and Germany, 1815–1871 The impact of the Revolutions of 1848 on Germany 1 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A The events of 1848 have produced a remarkable Constitution. What the German people want from this fine Constitution, which has been decided by their representatives is: • unity in the service of freedom • material and social well-being • a unity which is decided not by princes, but by the people themselves • the conviction that the constitution does justice to the political demands of the nation • for it to bring peace, honour and freedom. There has been universal support for it. Underlying it all is the principle of nationality, which is dearer to many Germans now because it has been so ignored in the past, both internally and externally. From an article in the ‘The National Zeitung’, a liberal newspaper, April 1849. Source B The first act of the revolutionary drama on the Continent of Europe has closed. The powers that were in control before the great events of 1848 are the powers that are still in control now. A great defeat has been suffered by the revolution in Germany. The revolutionaries have been gunned down and destroyed. But what of it? The revolution was the work of many, and it will not go away. It is truly the first step forwards. The aristocracy and the bourgeoisie have got frightened. They will have to make political, constitutional and economic concessions, as well as some to the nationalists. The feudal system of Germany has been badly shaken and the masses will see a way forward. From an article on the German Revolutions by Friedrich Engels, a socialist writer,1851. Source C The King of Prussia has failed us in his reaction to the events of the past years. What would Frederick the Great have done? He would have done two things. He might have allied with Austria and helped us in the destruction of our common enemies which are liberalism and nationalism, or at the risk of war he might have dictated a solution to the German people which would have been great for both Germany and Prussia. What the King has done is to set back the cause of both Prussia and Germany, possibly for ever. From a speech by Otto von Bismarck in the German Diet, 1851.

3 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 [Turn over Source D Even if it had to fail, 1848 had been the first attempt to solve the German question. The Reich Constitution of 1849 had been a considerable advance. Its main merit consisted in casting the first bright light into the night of our political dreams and indicating the path which could lead us out of the great confusion of German fragmentation and disunity. There were defects in it as it did not really represent the views of many. While the inexperience and ineffectiveness of many of the Liberals who wrote it may have set back our cause, it must be seen as a significant move towards both one nation and liberalism. From a newspaper article by Hermann Baumgarten, journalist and academic,1853. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Compare and contrast the views expressed in Sources A and D of the Constitution. [15] (b) ‘The revolutions of 1848–49 had a positive impact on the cause of German nationalism.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? [25]

4 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 Section B: American Option The Origins of the Civil War, 1846–1861 The impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin 2 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A This year both our great leading parties voted to suppress all agitation on the issue of slavery. In both those parties were men who knew personally facts of slavery and the internal slave trade that one would think no man could ever forget. Men united in pledging themselves to the Fugitive Slave Law, who yet would tell you in private conversation that it was an abomination. I am surprised that both the wildest abolitionists and the extremest conservatives welcomed the book’s publication. The effects of Uncle Tom’s Cabin so far have been, I think, these: 1. To soften and moderate the bitterness of feeling in extreme abolitionists. 2. To convert to abolitionist views many whom this same bitterness had repelled. 3. To inspire the free colored people with self-respect, confidence and hope. 4. To inspire universally through the country a kindlier feeling toward the negro race. From a letter to a British liberal politician, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, c.1852. Source B Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the latest attack upon slavery. The book contains all the arguments against the institution, brought to life in scenes of great power and made attractive by highly-detailed accounts, mainly fictional, though, we are assured, not exaggerated. However, in reality, Beecher Stowe’s zeal has got the better of her and she has drawn a most wild and unreal picture of slavery. The consequence is that the book, with its vast circulation, will do infinite injury. Its dramatic power will have no other effect than to excite the fanaticism of one section of the country and to arouse the indignation of the other. It will carry an inaccurate picture of slavery to those who are only too willing to think ill of it. The book will confirm the growing view in the South that we are hated and misunderstood. From ‘Slavery in the Southern States’ by an anonymous author from South Carolina, 1852. Source C Sir – Will you allow me to make a few observations on Uncle Tom’s Cabin? I am an abolitionist heart and soul and though I admire the authoress, still, on reading the book, I look on her as the worst enemy of a good cause. I fear the book will raise the sneers of those whom we most want to bring round to our party. If this book were really a faithful record, there would be no need to abolish slavery. The book, which might have done the world of good in other hands, will sink into the sewer of literature, and be turned to the worst of instead of the best of purposes. From a letter published in ‘The Liberator’ (Boston), October 1852.

5 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 [Turn over Source D Instead of feeling disheartened by the almost universal effort to silence the anti-slavery movement, we see, in this attempt clear evidence of the soundness of our philosophy. One sign of the times we would especially mention: never were so many able anti-slavery publications issued from the press in one year. Uncle Tom’s Cabin has shone a light upon the evils of slavery and awakened sympathy for the slave in the hearts of those who previously did not care. Other able works on slavery have followed in rapid succession. Sympathy is diminishing for the oppressor and increasing for his victim. We now summon our sisters and friends, American and British, to come to the aid of our next anti-slavery festival. From a fund-raising appeal by 27 women meeting as the Ladies Anti-Slavery Sewing Society, Rochester, New York, 1852. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Compare and contrast the responses of Sources B and C to the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. [15] (b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that Uncle Tom’s Cabin advanced the abolitionist cause? [25]

6 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 Section C: International Option The Search for International Peace and Security, 1919–1945 The League of Nations’ sanctions against Italy, 1935–36 3 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A A great change has taken place. The League of Nations was powerless and dead, but now it is alive and active. Here are fifty sovereign states sitting down together to plan hostile economic sanctions against a great power, prohibiting the export of arms to Italy, taking concerted measures to destroy Italian credit and financial strength. It has been argued that economic sanctions will not really embarrass Mussolini and he knows this or else he would have bowed to them. That all depends on the length of time they are maintained. Do not let us under-value the extreme importance of the long, slow pressures which are being applied. Where will Mussolini be this time next year? He may be far into Abyssinia, but all the time Italy, opposed by practically the whole world, will be bleeding at every pore, her gold reserves melting away, her prices rising, her credit gone. The League of Nations has passed from shadow into substance, from theory into practice, from rhetoric into reality. Winston Churchill, addressing the British Parliament, October 1935. Source B The League of Nations has not only failed to prevent war between Abyssinia and Italy, but is unable to stop it now that it has begun. The British government, determined to revive the prestige of the League, is now establishing sanctions, transforming Italy from one of our best friends into a determined enemy. Every country now fears the prospect of war breaking out. British government ministers seem to look upon the League as a semi-divine instrument which is infallible, and think that, if it were to disappear, it would be an irreparable misfortune. I do not follow this argument at all. At the present moment, the League clearly does not work. I hope that the application of sanctions will stop, because I do not believe they will have any real effect and, in the long run, do more harm to the people who inflict them than to the people who are suffering from them. A British diplomat and Conservative politician addressing the British Parliament, December 1935. Source C Considerable pessimism still remains here regarding the possible cost of the Abyssinian campaign. This feeling is aggravated by increasing economic difficulties. The operation of sanctions has greatly contributed to this. For example, instead of seven steamers a month from here to South America, the service now consists of only two. No increased sales to other countries have compensated for the loss of markets in the countries applying sanctions. On the contrary, there has been a reduction in shipments to the USA. Although the official attitude seems to be that the effect of sanctions is negligible, it is noteworthy that economic inconveniences are generally attributed to their operation, even in cases of the increased price of goods of purely domestic origin. There is very considerable uneasiness with regard to any possible extension of the sanctions. As a result of sanctions, great difficulty seems to have been experienced financing supplies of necessary commodities from abroad. These hardships have led to outbreaks of discontent. Report to the British Ambassador in Rome by a British diplomat in Naples, Southern Italy, February 1936.

7 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 Source D We have met here to end a course of action which was designed to fulfil our obligations as members of the League to guarantee the independence of our fellow members but which was not carried to its conclusion. The moment came to reconsider this measure when the resistance of the valiant Ethiopian troops was broken. It appeared that by economic sanctions alone it would be impossible to drive the Italian army out of Ethiopia. I maintain that the League of Nations has such powerful weapons that every aggression can be broken. The experience of this conflict does not contradict this assertion. It is a fact that from the beginning there was a striving to confine the action taken to the barest minimum. Economic sanctions were limited in their scope and were not applied by all members of the League. Given these restrictions, sanctions could only have been effective through a more prolonged application. From a speech by Soviet Foreign Minister Litvinov, to the League of Nations at a meeting to discuss ending sanctions against Italy, July 1936. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Compare and contrast Sources A and B as evidence of British politicians’ opinions about the League of Nations. [15] (b) How far do Sources A to D support the view that economic sanctions against Italy never had a chance of succeeding? [25]

8 9389/12/M/J/19 © UCLES 2019 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

This document consists of 16 printed pages. © UCLES 2019 [Turn over Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level HISTORY 9389/12 Paper 1 May/June 2019 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 40 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2019 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 2 of 16 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 3 of 16 GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 4 of 16 Part(a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks Level 4: Makes a developed comparison Makes a developed comparison between the two sources, recognising points of similarity and difference. Uses knowledge to evaluate the sources and shows good contextual awareness. 12–15 Level 3: Compares views and identifies similarities and differences Compares the views expressed in the sources, identifying differences and similarities. Begins to explain and evaluate the views using the sources and knowledge. 8–11 Level 2: Compares views and identifies similarities and/or differences Identifies relevant similarities or differences between views/sources and the response may be one-sided with only one aspect explained. Alternatively, both similarities and differences may be mentioned but both aspects lack development. 4–7 Level 1: Describes content of each source Describes or paraphrases the content of the two sources. Very simple comparisons may be made (e.g. one is from a letter and the other is from a speech) but these are not developed. 1–3 Level 0: No relevant comment on the sources or the issue 0

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 5 of 16 Part(b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks Level 5: Evaluates the sources to reach a sustained judgement Answers are well focused, demonstrating a clear understanding of the sources and the question. Reaches a sustained judgement about the extent to which the sources support the statement and weighs the evidence in order to do this. 21–25 Level 4: Evaluates the sources Demonstrates a clear understanding of the sources and the question. Begins to evaluate the material in context, considering the nature, origin and purpose of the sources in relation to the statement. At the top of this level candidates may begin to reach a judgement but this is not sustained. 16–20 Level 3: Uses the sources to support and challenge the statement Makes valid points from the sources to both challenge and support the statement in the question. These comments may be derived from source content or may be about the provenance/nature of the sources. 11–15 Level 2: Uses the sources to support or challenge the statement Makes valid points from the sources to either support the statement in the question or to challenge it. These comments may be derived from source content or may be about the provenance/nature of the sources. 6–10 Level 1: Does not make valid use of the sources Describes the content of the sources with little attempt to link the material to the question. Alternatively, candidates may write an essay about the question without reference to the sources. 1–5 Level 0: No relevant comment on the sources or the issue 0

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 6 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1(a) Compare and contrast the views expressed in Sources A and D of the Constitution. Similarities • Source A describes the Constitution as ‘remarkable’ and refers to it as ‘this fine Constitution’. Similarly, Source D praises it as ‘a considerable advance’ and a ‘significant move’ towards achieving one nation and liberalism. • Source A focuses on the fact that the principle of nationality underlies it all and Source D, too, sees it as a significant move towards ‘one nation’. • Source A refers to ‘unity in the service of freedom and a unity ‘decided by the people themselves’ and Source D comments that the Constitution could lead German ‘out of fragmentation and disunity’. Differences • Source A presents everything in a positive light with no criticism, while Source D contains both positive and negative points. • Source A goes on to say that there has been ‘universal support’ for it, while Source D refers to its defects and points out in contrast that it did ‘not really represent the views of many’. Source D also begins with ‘even if it had to fail’, which recognises that despite the fact that it may have been a step in the right direction, ultimately it did not work. • Source A sees the Constitution as bringing ‘peace, honour and freedom’ alongside meeting the political demands of the nation, whereas Source D regards it as ‘the first bright light’ which could lead Germany towards unity but points out that it has defects. Source A was an article in a German Liberal newspaper. As the Constitution meets the demands of the Liberals, it is bound to be enthusiastic about it and report on it positively. Source D was written four years later and takes a more dispassionate view. Baumgarten was also a Liberal and he believes it ‘may have set back our cause’, but as both a journalist and an academic he was being more analytical. The Constitution had failed by this time and he could look back at it to make an assessment. 15

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 7 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1(b) ‘The revolutions of 1848–49 had a positive impact on the cause of German nationalism.’ How far do Sources A to D support this view? Source A Support: Source A praises the events of 1848 for producing a ‘remarkable Constitution’ which has ‘universal support’. Underlying the Constitution is the principle of nationality according to the source, which suggests that it has a positive impact on German nationalism ‘which is dearer to many Germans now’. This source is clearly from a particular perspective; it was published in a liberal newspaper before the Constitution was finally abandoned in June. The Constitution did not receive universal support as the source suggests and cannot be regarded as a reliable source. It does, however, demonstrate liberal enthusiasm for the Constitution. 25

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 8 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1(b) Source B Challenge: Engels is pessimistic in arguing that the powers that were in control before the events of 1848 are still in control and that the revolutionaries ‘have been gunned down and destroyed’, thus implying that nationalism has suffered a setback. Support: However, Engels writes about this being the ‘first step’ and that the aristocracy and bourgeoisie have been frightened by it. He believes that some concessions will have to be made to the nationalists and that the ‘masses will see a way forward’. Thus, a positive step had been made in the right direction. Engels was a socialist with communist views; as such he would believe that the masses would see a way forward. The first part of the source is undoubtedly correct as the revolution did indeed fail and he was also correct in saying that some concessions would have to be made. Source C: Support: He believes that the King of Prussia, by supporting the Constitution, has given some impetus to the nationalist cause which Bismarck himself opposes at this time. Challenge: Bismarck does say that the king has set back the cause of both Prussia and Germany, ‘possibly for ever’ which can be used to suggest challenge. In this instance while Bismarck firmly believed in nationalism where Prussia was concerned, he had not yet adopted the cause of German nationalism. When Bismarck made his speech to the German Diet, he was not a German nationalist; he believed firmly in promoting the power of Prussia; and it was only later that he changed his mind. Thus, this speech must be taken in the context of Bismarck’s views at the time.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 9 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 1(b) Source D Support: Source D believes that the Constitution had been ‘a considerable advance’ and could lead Germany away from fragmentation and disunity and that it was a significant move towards one nation. It writes of ‘the first bright light into our political dreams’. Thus, it had a positive impact. Challenge: The revolutions failed which set back the cause of German nationalism; there were defects in the Constitution, and it did not represent majority views. The Liberals who wrote it were criticised as inexperienced and had therefore set back the nationalist cause. This source was written by a liberal in 1853 when the Constitution had failed. He is optimistic though that the revolutions of 1848–49 would be a move towards one nation and subsequent years showed that concessions were made to the Liberals and that German unity and nationalism were to become realities. On balance the sources suggest that the revolutions had a positive impact on the cause of nationalism, but this was probably in the long rather than short term. In the short term there had been clear objections and setbacks (as shown in Source B and C), but the ‘principle of nationality’ (Source A and D) had clearly been established, which is evidenced by the fear of its detractors in Sources B and C.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 10 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 2(a) Compare and contrast the responses of Sources B and C to the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Similarities • Both sources believe the book to be inaccurate. According to the author of Source B, ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ is described ‘as a most wild and unreal picture of slavery’. Source C, too, does not regard the book as ‘a faithful record’. • Both sources believe that the book will be used for wrong purposes. Source B believes the book will turn people against slavery, while Source C believes it will lose support for the abolitionist cause. Differences • Source B regards the book as an attack on slavery that provides an inaccurate picture of slavery to ‘those who are only too willing to think ill of it’. It will ‘arouse the indignation’ of those who support slavery and ‘excite the fanaticism’ of those who oppose it. In contrast, Source C believes that the book will lose support for the abolitionist cause maintaining that if people accept this book to be true, there would be no need to abolish slavery. • Source B believes that the book is too negative about slavery, whilst Source C believes it paints too positive a picture. Source B is clearly written by an advocate of slavery. The author is anonymous but is from South Carolina, which is a slave state. The tone of the source suggests support for slavery and the author comments that people in the South will be ‘hated and misunderstood’. The book will ‘do infinite injury’. As the author is pro-slavery, the comments are likely to be exaggerated, but the source does give an example of how afraid the supporters of slavery were of the impact of this book. Source C is written by an abolitionist but sees the author as the enemy of the abolitionist cause because the book did not go far enough in its portrayal of slavery. It is published in ‘The Liberator’, an abolitionist newspaper in Boston. 15

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 11 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 2(b) How far do Sources A to D support the assertion that Uncle Tom’s Cabin advanced the abolitionist cause? Source A Support – from the author herself to a British politician. HBS argues that UTC has increased support for abolitionism and improved race relations in the USA. These claims are extravagant assertions. HBS will want to impress an admirer and enhance the reputation and impact her own work. No supporting evidence. Source B Support – because UTC will ‘excite the fanaticism’ of the abolitionists. Challenge – because the book will do little to further the abolitionist cause because it will divide the country, making the abolitionist goal harder to achieve. From a Southern source, this is fairly accurate in its assessment of the abolitionists, less so on the slavery cause, which rapidly goes beyond ‘the indignation’ of the South, as shown by Bloody Kansas. Thus, there is some reliability, given its origins. 25

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 12 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 2(b) Source C Challenge – because UTC is seen as a book likely to cause potential supporters of abolition to turn against the cause. It argues that slavery is worse than it is portrayed in the book. This source is interesting in that it is published in an abolitionist newspaper by a supporter of the cause but does not rate UTC. This shows that there was a range of opinions on the effectiveness of this book. Source D Support – because UTC has sparked other anti-slavery books and gained support for the abolitionist cause, shifting public opinion against the slave owner and for the slave. The group of female emancipationists are likely to exaggerate the impact of their cause in order to try and raise more money. It is true that many abolitionist works were published after UTC, but there is no mention of many pro-slavery sources as well. Thus, the source is partial and unreliable. On balance the evidence to suggest that UTC advanced the abolitionist is weak. Suggestions from A, B and D suggest that people who were already abolitionist would be strengthened in their views, but B and C indicate that it unlikely to win new supporters and may even further repel those who had doubts.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 13 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 3(a) Compare and contrast Sources A and B as evidence of British politicians’ opinions about the League of Nations. Similarities • Both suggest that Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia will be hard to stop. Churchill in Source A expresses doubt that Mussolini will be prevented from occupying Abyssinia, commenting that by next year ‘he may be far into Abyssinia’ and that it has been argued that Mussolini knows that economic sanctions won’t work, otherwise he would have stopped his invasion. Source B, too, makes the point that the League failed to prevent the war between Italy and Abyssinia and failed to stop it once it had started. • Both sources agree that sanctions will be imposed upon Italy. • Both suggest that the British government are determined to revive the prestige of the League. Differences • Source A regards the League as coming to life and ‘has passed from shadow into substance’ now that it is dealing with Italy, whereas Source B comments that the League ‘clearly does not work’. • Source A is very positive about the League of Nations whereas Source B is much more negative. Source A sees the imposition of economic sanctions on Italy as being successful in the long term; ‘Italy will be bleeding at every pore’, whereas Source B does not believe that they will have any real effect and will do more harm to the people imposing them than those who are suffering from them. In fact, according to Source B, Italy will be turned from a friend into an enemy. 15

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 14 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 3(a) • Churchill speaks of 50 nations together planning sanctions against Italy, whereas the British diplomat focuses on Britain, commenting on it being obsessed with the League and would regard it as ‘an irreparable misfortune’ if it were to disappear. Churchill was speaking in the British Parliament as a backbench MP; he was clearly happy that the League was prepared to take positive action. His main concern at this time was preventing appeasement. This speech was made before the disastrous Hoare-Laval Pact. Source B is a British diplomat and Conservative giving his view in December 1935 when it was clear that economic sanctions excluded oil, and when Hoare and Laval came up with their pact, showing that they were prepared to make concessions to Mussolini.

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 15 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 3(b) How far do Sources A to D support the view that economic sanctions against Italy never had a chance of succeeding? Source A Challenge: Source A believes that the sanctions will make Italy suffer. The source rejects the arguments of those who believe that the sanctions will have little effect on Mussolini. Churchill was clearly pleased that the League was taking positive action at long last as a politician who was vehemently opposed to appeasement. Source B Support: Source B claims that the sanctions will not work. The author wants the sanctions to stop because he believes that they will not have any effect. From another Conservative politician it shows the range of views within the party and country at the time. It also shows the concern for Britain’s own economic interests which underpinned much of the policy of appeasement. Source C Challenge: The British Ambassador is arguing that the sanctions have had a negative impact on Italy with Italy finding it difficult to finance supplies from abroad or maintain exports. It details some of the suffering that is taking place in Italy, especially around Naples. Support: Countries that have applied sanctions are also shown to have suffered economic loss and this contributes to the reluctance to extend the sanctions. 25

9389/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2019 © UCLES 2019 Page 16 of 16 Question Answer Marks Guidance 3(b) Naples is a port in the south of Italy in an underdeveloped area. The British Ambassador is likely to be in a position to know the effects of the sanctions there. He may be motivated to show optimism about the effects of the sanctions. Source D Support: Litvinov suggests that ‘by economic sanctions alone it would be impossible to drive the Italian army out of Ethiopia’ and suggests that conflict was always inevitable. He does however suggest that a more prolonged application of sanctions may have been more successful, which offers some challenge. A Soviet view of the actions of the League. The Soviet Union hoped that the League would deter the dictators, especially in the context of the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. On balance, the sources suggest that sanctions did have a chance of succeeding, but they would have to be widely supported and prolonged (Sources A, C and D). However, there are suggestions from B, C and D that, given the extent of the existing support and the unwillingness of other nations to incur costs, there were severe challenges facing any sanctions regime.